Hong Kong Police Force

Hong Kong Police Force
香港警務處
Logo of the Hong Kong Police Force
香港警務處.
Motto We Serve with Pride and Care
服務為本 精益求精
Agency overview
Employees 33,092 (Est. 31 March 2011)
Annual budget HK$13.1 billion (2011–2012)
Legal personality Governmental: Government agency
Jurisdictional structure
Governing body Security Bureau (Hong Kong)
General nature
Operational structure
Headquarters Hong Kong Police Headquarters,
1 Arsenal Street,
Wan Chai,
Hong Kong Island,
Hong Kong
Sworn members 28,191
Minister responsible Lai Tung-kwok, Secretary for Security
Agency executive Andy Tsang, Commissioner of Police
Website
www.police.gov.hk
Hong Kong Police Force
Traditional Chinese 香港警務處
Hong Kong Police
Traditional Chinese 香港警察
Royal Hong Kong Police Force

Emblem of the Royal Hong Kong Police Force（1969─1997）
Chinese 皇家香港警務處
Royal Hong Kong Police
Chinese 皇家香港警察
Officers maintaining order
Officers stop and check a vehicle (a Hyundai Tiburon), and admonish the driver

The Hong Kong Police Force (HKPF), also known as the Hong Kong Police (HKP), is the largest disciplined service under the Security Bureau of Hong Kong. It is the world's second, and Asia's first, police agency to operate with a modern policing system. It was formed on 1 May 1844, with a strength of 32 officers. Queen Elizabeth II granted the 'Royal' prefix, through a Royal Charter, to the name of the Hong Kong Police Force in 1969 for their handling of the 1967 riots: the police force had, therefore, become the Royal Hong Kong Police Force (RHKPF); also known as the Royal Hong Kong Police (RHKP). Following the transfer of sovereignty, the Force is once again named the Hong Kong Police Force.[1]

The current Commissioner of Police is Andy Tsang.[2] Including the Hong Kong Auxiliary Police Force and civil servants, the force consists of about 40,000 personnel; which gives Hong Kong the second highest police officer/citizen ratio in the world as of 2014. In addition, the Marine Region with about 3,000 officers and a fleet of 143 vessels, is the largest of any civil police force.[3][4][5]

History

Police in 1906 include Indians and Chinese.

The Hong Kong Police has been serving Hong Kong since shortly after the island was established as a colony in 1841. On 30 April 1841, 12 weeks after the British landed in Hong Kong, Captain Charles Elliot established a police force in the new colony. The first chief of police was Captain William Caine, who also served as the Chief Magistrate.[6]

The 1950s saw the commencement of Hong Kong's 40-year rise to global eminence, during which time the Hong Kong Police tackled many issues that have challenged Hong Kong's stability. Between 1949 and 1989, Hong Kong experienced several huge waves of immigration from mainland China, most notably 1958–62. In the 1970s and 1980s, large numbers of Vietnamese boat people arrived in Hong Kong, posing challenges first for marine police, secondly for officers who manned the dozens of camps in the territory and lastly for those who had to repatriate them. The force was granted the Royal Charter in 1969 for their handling of the Hong Kong 1967 riots—renaming them: the Royal Hong Kong Police Force.

The recruitment of Europeans to the force ceased in 1994, and in 1995 the Hong Kong Police became responsible for patrolling the boundary with China. Prior to 1995, the British Army was responsible for border patrol. 1997 saw Britain's return of the sovereignty of Hong Kong to mainland China. The Force played a prominent role in the handover celebrations and continues to perform flag raising ceremonial duties to this day.

In more recent history, the police force has been accused of using excessive force in handling the 2014 Hong Kong protests, where it fired tear gas into crowds of peaceful protesters.[7][8]

Crest and flag

The current crest of the force was adopted in 1997 to replace the previous crest which contained symbols of British sovereignty. Changes to the crest included:

Structure

The Force is commanded by the Commissioner of Police, who is assisted by two deputy commissioners; a "Deputy Commissioner – Operations" supervises all operational matters including crime and a "Deputy Commissioner – Management" is responsible for the direction and co-ordination of force management including personnel, training, and management services.

For day-to-day policing (Operations), the Force is organised into six regions:

The Force Headquarters (Management) is made up of five departments:

Regions are largely autonomous in their day-to-day operation and management matters, and each has its own headquarters, which comprises administration and operation wings, Emergency Units, as well as traffic and criminal investigation units. Each region is divided into districts and divisions and, in a few cases, sub-divisions. Currently there are 23 districts. The policing of Hong Kong Island, Kowloon and the main towns of the New Territories follow a similar pattern. Responsibility for law and order on the Mass Transit Railway, which runs through most police districts, is vested in the Railway District.

'A' Department (Operations and Support)

Police Force operational matters are coordinated by the Operations & Support Department. Land Operations and Support are divided into six regions, whereas marine matters are managed by the marine police—organised as one Marine Region. Each land region comprises two wings, the operations wing and support wing, and a traffic headquarters (which is part of the operations wing). The department is charged with the formulation and implementation of policies, the monitoring of activities and the efficient deployment of personnel and resources. Operations Wing coordinates counter terrorism, internal security, anti illegal-immigration measures, bomb disposal commitments and contingency planning for natural disasters—they are also responsible for the Police Dog Unit.

Operations Wing

The Operations Wing consists of three sections: Operations Bureau, the Police Tactical Unit and the Explosive Ordnance Disposal Bureau.

Support Wing

There are Support Wings in each of the land regions. A Support Wing oversees the execution and staffing of operational support matters, including the formulation of operational policies for both the regular and Hong Kong Auxiliary Police Force and for updating kits and equipment. It is also responsible for the various licensing functions of the Force. The co-ordination of all public relations activities is arranged through the Police Public Relations Branch. There are three branches in a support wing:

Gallery

"B" Department (Crime and Security)

A parked police command vehicle in Mongkok, displaying a public notice warning.
A Crime prevention campaign at Causeway Bay MTR station.

Crime & Security Department is responsible for the force policy regarding the investigation of crimes and matters of a security nature. Crime Wing consists of a number of operational bureau and specialised units. The operational bureau deal with specific areas of criminal activity whereas the specialised units provide support services to operational units in the force and deal with policy matters on various issues including child abuse, domestic violence and witness protection. Security Wing provides VIP protection and security co-ordination, including counter-terrorism.

Crime Wing

Security Wing

The Security Wing (Chinese: 保安部; Jyutping: Bou2on1bou6)[10] is responsible for a range of security-related matters including VIP protection, counter-terrorism and security co-ordination.[11]

"C" Department (Personnel and Training)

In recent years, the Personnel Wing has also usurped the near exclusive right in adjudicating disciplinary proceedings brought against Inspectors and Junior Officers. The establishment of a dedicated unit to preside over disciplinary proceedings gave senior officers in the Personnel Wing easy avenues to influence the outcome of the proceedings.

"D" Department (Management Services)

Information Systems Wing has two branches and one bureau dealing with communications, information technology and business services. Communications Branch designs, acquires, examines and maintains all force communications networks and equipment including radio, video, navigational aids, speed detection radar, mobile phones, pagers, office telephones and mini firing range equipment.

Information Technology Branch is responsible for the planning, development, implementation, operation and maintenance of information technology systems. It has over 10,000 terminals installed throughout Hong Kong supporting the Force in the spheres of command and control, criminal records, crime intelligence analysis, fingerprint identification, reports to Police, human and financial resources planning and management, transport management, licensing, and e-mail.

Business Services Bureau coordinates the business needs of the five departments of the Force. It consists of the Business Services Division, the e-Police Division and the Major Systems Division which acts as the System "Owner" for systems used Force-wide.

Service Quality Wing is responsible for spearheading initiatives to improve services provided to force customers both external and internal. The wing comprises three branches: Performance Review, Research and Inspections and Complaints and Internal Investigations (C&II). The Wing is responsible for implementing the force strategy on 'service quality' which aims at promoting efficiency, effectiveness and economy, whilst pursuing continuous improvement. The C&II Branch which includes the Complaints Against Police Office (CAPO) oversees the investigation and successful resolution of all complaints made both externally and internally against members of the force. The work of CAPO is closely monitored by the Independent Police Complaints Council to ensure that all complaints against police officers and traffic wardens are fully and impartially investigated. The findings of CAPO are then endorsed by the IPCC subject to their queries which is not rare after the enactment of IPCC Ordinance in 2009.

"E" Department (Finance, Administration & Planning)

Finance Wing is responsible for the financial management, stores and internal audit of the Force. Administration Wing is responsible for civilian staff, force establishment matters and the management of the Police Museum. Planning and Development Branch (P&D) coordinates strategic thinking and planning on options for the operational policing of Hong Kong into the foreseeable future. It is responsible for maintaining and modernising the police estate and for running projects for the construction of new police buildings/facilities.

Ranks and insignia

The HKPF continues to use similar ranks and insignia to those used in British police forces. Until 1997, the St Edward's Crown was used in the insignia, when it was replaced with the Bauhinia flower crest of the Hong Kong government. The crest of the force was modified in 1997. The rank structure, organisation and insignia are similar to that used by the Metropolitan Police Service until the mid-1970s.[12]

Uniform

Police officers in summer uniform. Everything, except for the shorts, was used until 2004.
Officers in formal dressing (previous winter uniform) to set up the flags at Golden Bauhinia Square, Wan Chai.

Hong Kong Police Force uniform currently comprises:

Uniform Branch

Dark navy blue jacket with the words Police, in English and Chinese, in reflective white tape, on the front left breast and back. Light blue shirts are worn by most officers, whilst white shirts are worn by senior officers. Dark blue cargo trousers and black caps are worn by all officers.

Tactical Units

E.g. EU, PTU and CTRU: Wear uniform identical to Uniform Branch officers, although berets are worn rather than caps and trousers are tucked into boots. Riot helmets are worn for riot control.

Traffic

Reflective yellow jacket and navy blue riding trousers. In warmer weather, reflective vests with white sleeves are an alternative.

Other uniform

Retired uniforms

Vehicles

One of the most commonly seen police vehicles in Hong Kong, a Mercedes-Benz Sprinter van.
Hong Kong Police Toyota Prius traffic branch car

Most police vehicles in Hong Kong are white, with a blue and red 3M retroreflective stripe around on the sides of the vehicle with wording "警 Police 察" in white, the only exception being the armoured personnel carriers specially designed for the Police Tactical Unit, which are wholly dark blue and with wording "警 Police 察" on a light blue background in white on the sides of the vehicle. Most police vehicles in Hong Kong are equipped with both red and blue emergency vehicle lighting. The vehicles which are allocated to the Hong Kong International Airport have an additional yellow emergency vehicle lighting. It should be noted that all police vehicle are government property and therefore have a license plate which starts with "AM".

Since 2008, the Hong Kong Police Force have brought in the use of Battenburg markings for new police vehicles of the Traffic Branch Headquarters. In addition, these new vehicles show the Force crest on the front part of the vehicle, which the Force has not used in the design of new vehicles for the last two decades.

The Hong Kong Police Force have unmarked police vehicles to catch and arrest criminals in the act; such vehicles include the discrete and high performance BMW M5 cars, among other types. Also, the Force operate unmarked police vehicles for surveillance to gather evidence of any criminal offence. In addition, for security purposes, armoured cars specially designed for the VIP Protection Unit (VIPPU) and bulletproof tactical police vehicles specially designed for the Special Duties Unit have no markings also.

The Hong Kong Police Force has ordered 10 new electric scooters for their officers to help reduce pollution in central Hong Kong.[14]

Firearms

Model Service Details
Smith & Wesson Model 10 (United States)) Service revolver and firearm of HKPF. Used by PTU, EU, PSU, QRF, Rural Patrol Team (RPT), Border Patrol Unit (BPU), Task Force Sub Unit (TFSU) in operations and HKPC for training issues. Also issued to the HKAPF officers.
SIG Sauer P250 Dcc (USA/Switzerland/Germany) Standard semi-auto pistol for crime-investigation units of HKPF and the replacement handgun for Colt Detective Special. Used by District Crime Squad (DCS), Regional Crime Unit (RCU), District Anti Triad Squad (DATS), Regional Anti Triad Unit (RATU), Special Duty Squad (SDS), Regional Special Duty Squad (RSDS), CID, OCTB, CIB, CCB, Support Group (SG), NB in operations and HKPC for training issues.
Glock 17 / Glock 19 (Austria)|- Standard semi-auto pistol for special units of HKPF. Used by SDU, VIPPU / G4, ASU, CTRU, SBDIV, WPU, Hit Team in operations and HKPC for training issues
Heckler & Koch MP5 (Germany) Standard SMG of HKPF. Various variants used by ASU, SDU, Marine Region, CTRU, OCTB, CIB, SSU, NB, VIPPU / G4, EU, SBDIV, WPU in operations and HKPC for training issues
Remington 870 (United States) Standard shotgun of HKPF. Used by CIB, EU, Hit Team, OCTB, NB, PTU, SDU (both long and short barrel for SDU only) in operations and HKPC for training issues. Also issued to the HKAPF officers in a small quantity.
Colt AR-15 (United States) Used by PTU and ASU in operations and HKPC for training issues
Benelli M1 Super 90 (Italy) Used by SDU and ASU
Heckler & Koch G36KV (Germany) Used by SDU
Colt M4 (United States) Used by SDU, Maritime Emergency Response Team (MERT)
KAC SR-25 (United States) Used by SDU
Accuracy International L96A1 (United Kingdom) Used by SDU
SIG Sauer SSG 2000 (Switzerland/Germany) Used by SDU
M16 rifle (United States) Used by SDU (A1/A2) and ASU
Federal M201-Z (United States) Used by PTU and EU
M1911 (United States) Standard semi-auto pistol for Hit Team before replaced by Glock 17 pistol
Mini-14 (United States) Standard SMG for Hit Team before replaced by MP5 SMG
Colt Detective Special (United States) Standard revolver for DCS, RCU, DAT, RATU, SDS, RSDS, CID, OCTB, CIB, CCB, SG, NB and HKPC before replaced by SIG Sauer P250 pistol
Browning Hi Power Mark III (Belgium) Standard semi-auto pistol for ASU, SDU and HKPC before replaced by Glock 17 pistol
Ithaca 37 (United States) Used by SDU

Equipment

Model Service Details
Motorola scanner (United States) Standard police scanner for HKPF. Used by PTU, EU, PSU, QRF, RPT and BPU. MTP750 with receiver, MTM700, MTM800 for Police Vehicles and EU Vehicles
Flashlight (United States) Used by all units as light options.
Handcuffs (United Kingdom) British made models, used by all units as restrains.
Sabre Red Pepper Spray (United States) Mk. 3 and Mk. 9 models, used by all units as less than lethal options.
Expandable Baton (United States) 18-inch models by Phoenix and 21-inch models by ASP Inc., used by all units as less than lethal options.
Speedloader (United States) Used by officers armed with revolvers. 12 rounds of ammunition are issued.
Spare magazine (Austria/Switzerland/Germany) Used by officers armed with semi-automatic pistols. Vary number of rounds are issued based on the unit.
Swiss Army knife (Switzerland) Used by PTU, EU, PSU, QRF, RPT, BPU and ASU
Police Log Book (Hong Kong) Used by all patrolling units
Hatch BNG190 Gloves (United States) Used by all units
Mark 3 Knife (United States) Used by SDU and CTRU.
First Aid Kit (United States) Used by all units as first aid options.
Cell Phone (United States) Used by all units as communication options.

Special equipment

Explosive Ordnance Disposal Bureau

Reputation

Immediately after the war, corruption was rife within the Royal Hong Kong Police, as it was then known. The colonial administration had been very much afraid to tackle the issue, fearing a complete disintegration of law and order. However, public discontent about the police was on the rise, and the government started investigation into senior officers. The flight of Peter Godber, who had amassed HK$4.3 million, for Britain just shy of his retirement caused a great deal of public concern and prompted the establishment of the Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) in 1974. Many officers fled the colony, some for Taiwan, and the ICAC caseload peaked in 1977 and an amnesty was offered to quell unrest within police ranks.[15]

Since the 1980s, the HK Police has a strong track record for fighting crime, and has thus enjoyed the reputation of one of the most professional, efficient, honest and impartial police forces in the Asia Pacific region.[16][17] Although the media has often dubbed it "Asia's Finest", its reputation has taken a serious drubbing following the heavy-handed treatment of protesters during the "Umbrella Revolution".[16] Andy Tsang, the police commissioner appointed in 2011, is held responsible for the procedural escalation of police violence in the face of protesters, through deployment of riot police and 87 instances in which tear gas was released to disperse unarmed students that has also caused disquiet among senior police staffers.[16][18] Known to be a hard-liner, Tsang's unpopularity is borne out by his nickname, "The Vulture".[16] In the words of Fung Wai-wah, president of the Professional Teachers' Union, "the police have made themselves enemy of the people", literally overnight.[19] Under Tsang, incidents of police harassment of protesters have increased.[20] This has led to accusations that the police has been turned into a political tool in a governance system that is seeing an erosion of the rule of law in favour of "rule by law".[19][21][17][22]

Still frame of seven plainclothes policemen roughing up a handcuffed protester. News subtitle said he was "punched and kicked" (拳打腳踢).
External video
seven plainclothes policemen assaulting a handcuffed protester on 15 November

Police were criticised for reacting too lightly and too late when protesters were under attack in October 2014,[23] as well as for allegedly colluding with triads and thugs against peaceful protesters.[21][24][25] Seven police officers were suspended after a video tape surfaced of them beating a handcuffed protester in police custody on 15 October 2014, sparking outrage and accusations of police brutality.[26][27][28][29] In December 2014, public satisfaction with the police had declined to 56% (from 62.3% five months earlier); its net satisfaction rate plunged to a record low of 29%, the lowest level since 1997 and lower than that of the PLA Hong Kong Garrison. Pollsters drew the conclusion that the sharp decline was due to policing actions during the 2014 protests, and said that to repair its reputation, the police would need to "strengthen its professionalism in executing its duties, and also its affection and care for the society. It should not lean towards any political force, nor resort to improper means, just let political problems be resolved in political ways".[30]

In December 2014, Police caused concern when they applied for Care and Protection Orders (CPO) for two youths, one of whom was arrested during the protests.[31] Police arrested one 14-year-old male for contempt of court during the clearance of Mong Kok and applied for a CPO.[32][31] The CPO was cancelled four weeks later when the Department of Justice decided that they would not prosecute.[31] In a second case, a 14-year-old female who drew a chalk flower onto the Lennon Wall on 23 December 2014 was arrested on suspicion of criminal damage, but was not charged. A magistrate decided in favour of a CPO pursuant to a police application, deeming it "safer". The incident created uproar as she was taken away from her hearing-impaired father, and was unable to go to school.[33][34][35] On 19 January, another magistrate rescinded the protection order for "Chalk Girl" after reviewing a report from a social worker.[36] The handling of the situation by the police raised concerns, as there was no explanation as to why the police failed to locate and consult a social worker before applying for the order in accordance with proper procedures.[37] Use of the device against minors involved in the Umbrella movement was seen as "white terror" to deter young people from protesting.[31]

Since 2014, there have been reports of police officers sexually molesting or raping female suspects within Police Headquarters toilets or interrogation rooms.[38]

In April 2015, police reputation suffered a further blow when a student accused by a police officer of attacking him during the clearance of the Mong Kok occupation on 28 November 2014 was acquitted. In three written statements and during questioning at the witness stand, Constable Lau Kam-wing accused the defendant of approaching him from the front and hitting him in the mouth.[39][40] Video evidence submitted by an independent witness clearly showed that Lau was in a highly agitated state, and that the defendant was behind him and had not assaulted Lau.[40] Lau changed his testimony under questioning, and again in light of the video evidence. The judge observed that the case was "highly suspicious" and that the defendant had been falsely accused; he criticised Lau's wavering testimony and reproached him for being a dishonest and thus unreliable witness. The judge ordered the incident to be referred to the police complaints department, and asked to be kept informed of the progress of the investigation.[41][39]

References

  1. ↑ Carroll, John M. (2007). A Concise History of Hong Kong. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-7425-3422-7.
  2. ↑ Hong Kong Police Force. "Hong Kong Police Force – Organization Structure: Senior Officers". Retrieved 3 March 2011.
  3. ↑ "Overview – The Future". Government of Hong Kong.
  4. ↑ 香港警務處－警隊歷史
  5. ↑ 水警總區
  6. ↑ The First Century
  7. ↑ "Police fired at least 3 teargas canisters". Apple Daily (in Chinese). Retrieved 29 September 2014.
  8. ↑ "Police fire tear gas and baton charge thousands of Occupy Central protesters". South China Morning Post. 29 September 2014. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
  9. ↑ "Occupy cases litmus test for Hong Kong's rule of law". South China Morning Post. 6 January 2015.
  10. ↑ "乙部門(刑事及保安處)." (Archive) Hong Kong Police Force. Retrieved 11 July 2013. Simplified version (Archive)
  11. ↑ "'B' Department (Crime & Security)." (Archive) Hong Kong Police Force. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
  12. ↑ "Metropolitan Police Service /". uniforminsignia.org.
  13. ↑ "Organization Structure: Organization Chart of HKPF". Government of Hong Kong.
  14. ↑ "Boys in blue go green". Boys in blue go green. CNN. 27 November 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  15. ↑ Stephen Vines (14 November 1997). "Hong Kong: A corrupt police force haunted by its criminal record". The Independent.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Te-Ping Chen, Lorraine Luk and Prudence Ho (4 October 2014). "Hong Kong Police's Use of Tear Gas During Protests Hurts Reputation of 'Asia's Finest'". The Wall Street Journal.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "Hong Kong police charge leaves protesters injured". Business Insider. 18 October 2014.
  18. ↑ David Tweed (2 October 2014). "Tear Gas Erodes Hong Kong Police Force’s Hard-Won Reputation". Bloomberg L.P.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "Hong Kong: Massive anti-government protests after attempted police crackdown". chinaworker.info. 1 October 2014.
  20. ↑ "Hong Kong police's harassment of protesters tarnishes good name of Asia's Finest, South China Morning Post.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Dapiran, Antony (15 Dec 2014). "Mixed legacy for Hong Kong's Umbrella Movement", Business Spectator.
  22. ↑ "Hong Kong police to remove protesters from streets after court order". Los Angeles Times. 9 December 2014.
  23. ↑ Browne, Andrew; Chen, Te-Ping; Steger, Isabella (4 October 2014). "Clashes Break Out at Hong Kong Protest Site". The Wall Street Journal.
  24. ↑ Branigan, Tania; Batty, David; agencies (4 October 2014). "Hong Kong legislator says government using triads against protesters". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 27 January 2014. Retrieved October 2014.
  25. ↑ "Hong Kong clashes continue in Mong Kok". CNN. 3 October 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2014.
  26. ↑ "US calls for swift probe into Hong Kong police brutality". EJ Insight. 17 October 2014.
  27. ↑ Hong Kong police arrest 7 officers for beating protester, Associated Press, USA Today. 27 November 2014.
  28. ↑ Wright, DS (15 October 2014). "Hong Kong Police Officers Suspended After Video of Beating Occupy Central Protester Goes Viral". firedoglake.com.
  29. ↑ "Hong Kong Police Officers Suspended After Allegedly Beating Pro-Democracy Protester". The Huffington Post. 15 October 2014.
  30. ↑ "'Asia's Finest' take poll fall". The Standard, 10 December 2014.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 Lau, Chris. "Police won't seek protection order for Hong Kong teen arrested during Occupy clearance". South China Morning Post.
  32. ↑ Khan, Natasha (18 December 2014). "Schoolboy May Lose Parents as Repercussions Dawn in Hong Kong". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
  33. ↑ "Girl, 14 who drew flower on Hong Kong's 'Lennon Wall' sent to Children's Home". Agence France-Presse. 31 December 2014. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
  34. ↑ "Teen arrested for drawing with chalk on wall at Hong Kong protest site". CNN. 31 December 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
  35. ↑ Chu, Julie (1 January 2015). "Girl sent to children's home for drawing flowers on Occupy's 'Lennon Wall' freed after outcry". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  36. ↑ "Hong Kong protest 'graffiti teen' allowed to stay with family". Channel NewsAsia.
  37. ↑ Chu, Julie (19 January 2015). "Chalk Girl who drew on Occupy ‘Lennon Wall’ released as court refuses to put her in children's home". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  38. ↑ http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/art/20150410/19107544
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 "學生涉襲警脫罪 官斥警口供不實 轉介投訴課". TOPick 話題. 2 April 2015.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 "Video casts doubt on cop’s claim student hit him during protest". EJ Insight. 27 March 2015.
  41. ↑ "學生被控旺角襲警罪名不成立". i-cable.com. 2 April 2015.

External links

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Preceded by
First in Order of Precedence		 Hong Kong Police Force Succeeded by
Independent Commission Against Corruption