Homelessness in the United Kingdom

A homeless man near Princes Street in Edinburgh.

Homelessness in the United Kingdom is kept somewhat at bay by a reasonable volume of housing, statutory rights, and various government initiatives.

Since the late 1990s, housing policy has been a devolved matter, and state support for the homeless, together with legal rights in housing, have therefore diverged to a certain degree.

Causes of homelessness

In 2007/2008, the relevant government office produced a table which showed some of the more immediate preludes to homelessness in England.;[1] these were not necessarily underlying reasons, but merely "things that happened" before the onset of homelessness. These were given as:[2]

For Scotland, statistics on the more direct immediate of homelessness have been provided:

The longer term causes of these events have been examined by a number of research studies. A number of different pathways into homelessness have been identified.;[3] research suggests that both personal factors (e.g. addictions) and structural factors (e.g. poverty) are ultimately responsible for the sequence of events that results in homelessness. For young people, there are additional factors that appear to be involved, most notably needing to face the responsibilities of independent living before they are ready for them [4]

History of homelessness support

Historically homelessness support was provided in the UK by monastic communities, but after the Reformation, governmental support was provided by means of the Poor Law, which differed in England, in Scotland, and in Ireland (though under the same Crown for most of this time, these were different jurisdictions).

Eventually, a system of elected local authorities replaced the looser organisation of disparate local administrative bodies, including those operating the poor law.

Modern Governmental assistance

All local authorities in the UK have a legal duty to provide 24-hour advice to homeless people, or those who are at risk of becoming homeless within 28 days.

Once an individual applies to a local authority for assistance, from a person claiming to be homeless (or threatened with homelessness), the local authority is also duty bound to make inquiries into that person's circumstances, in order to decide whether they suffer statutory homelessness. For people meeting such criteria, the authority has a legal duty to find accommodation for the person, and provide them with assistance.

According to Shelter, there has been a 2.5 per cent decrease on the number of Scottish households (which may contain more than one person) who made homeless applications in 2009–10, but the number of these actually accepted as homeless or potentially homeless has still increased by 25 per cent since 2000–2001.[5] Indeed, according to Shelter, in 2010–11,[6]

Statutory homelessness

Definition

A person suffers statutory homelessness if governmental regulations oblige the council to provide housing-related support to the person. At present this criteria is met if (and only if) all of the following conditions are true:

The definition of priority need varies between England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, but generally includes any of following conditions being met:

A person does not have to be roofless to legally qualify as lacking a permanent home. They may be in possession of accommodation which it is not reasonably feasible to continue to use by virtue of its affordability, condition, or location.

The requirement to have a local connection does not apply if it would lead to the applicant becoming a victim of violence, or at risk of violence.

Regional variations

As mentioned, in Scotland, it is no longer necessary to be in priority need to be treated as suffering statutory homelessness, and be entitled to the rights and assistance that is associated with that status. Prior to this, priority need was extended in Scotland, to also include individuals meeting any of the conditions of

In Wales, priority need was similarly extended to include individuals who are aged 18 to 20 and at risk of financial or sexual exploitation, but provided they are leaving care.

Consequences

Temporary accommodation must be provided to those that might be suffering statutory homelessness, pending a final decision. Often bed and breakfast hotels are used for temporary accommodation, unless a suitable hostel or refuge is available.

The suitability of temporary accommodation is often a topic of concern for local media, and pressure groups. In Scotland this lead to the creation of a formal obligation[9] on Councils, to ensure that pregnant women, and households with children, are not placed in unsuitable temporary accommodation, unless there are exceptional circumstances[10]

If the council concludes that the applicant suffers statutory homelessness then the local authority has a legal duty to find long-term accommodation for the applicant and their household (those dependants who would ordinarily be living with them), and any other person whom it is reasonable to expect to reside with them. The council must offer/continue to provide temporary accommodation to such an applicant, on an immediate basis, until long-term accommodation is found for them.

Long-term accommodation may not necessarily be a socially rented home (one provided by the council, or by a Housing Association); the council can discharge its duty by finding an appropriate private sector tenancy for the applicant.

Non-statutory homelessness

If the authority decides that a person does lack a home, but does not qualify as suffering statutory homelessness, then a lesser obligation applies.

Where the applicant merely lacks a local connection to the council, the council will usually refer the applicant's case to a local authority with which they do have a local connection.

If the applicant is in priority need, but became homeless intentionally, the local authority is obliged to provide temporary accommodation for as long as is reasonably necessary for the applicant to find long-term accommodation; this is usually a fortnight, but additional periods of similar length can sometimes be provided at the council's discretion (typically granted in cases of extenuating circumstances).

Rough sleeping

One of the rough sleepers of London. Southampton Street (a side street of the Strand, in the vicinity of Covent Garden).

The official figures for England[11] are that an average of 498 people sleep rough each night, with 248 of those in London. It is important to note that many individuals may spend only a few days or weeks sleeping rough, and so this number hides the total number of people actually affected in any one year.

A national service, called Streetlink, was established in 2012 to help members of the public obtain near-immediate assistance for specific rough sleepers, with the support of the Government (as housing is a devolved matter, the service currently only extends to England). Currently, the service does not operate on a statutory basis, and the involvement of local authorities is merely due to political pressure from the government and charities, with funding being provided by the government (and others) on an ad-hoc basis.

A member of the public who is concerned that someone is sleeping on the streets can report the individual's details via the Street Link website or by calling the referral line number on 0300 500 0914. Someone who finds themselves sleeping on the streets can also report their situation using the same methods. It is important to note that the Streetlink service is for those who are genuinely sleeping on the streets, and not those who may merely be begging, or ostensibly living their life on the streets despite a place to sleep elsewhere (such as a hostel or supported accommodation).

The service aims to respond within 24-hours, including an assessment of the individual circumstances and an offer of temporary accommodation for the following nights. The response typically includes a visit to the rough sleeper early in the morning that follows the day or night on which the report has been made. The service operates via a number of charities and with the assistance of local councils.

Where appropriate, rough sleepers will also be offered specialist support:

The service was piloted in London, in 2010, under the title No Second Night Out, which has been gone on to become the brand name used for the service in a number of other council areas. Since the launch in 2010, a number of charities have provided the core functions of the service in London:

Other sources of assistance

Practical advice regarding homelessness can be obtained through a number of major non-governmental organisations including,

See also

Further reading

External links

References

  1. ↑ Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, Homelessness Statistics, "Reasons for Homelessness in England", 2005/2006.
  2. ↑ "Housing needs, homelessness and lettings", UK Housing Review 2007/2008, University of York, England.
  3. ↑ Harding, Irving and Whowell,"Homelessness, Pathways to Exclusion and Opportunities for Intervention", 2011, The Cyrenians and Northumbria University School of Arts and Social Sciences Press.
  4. ↑ Harding, 2004, "Making it Work: the Keys to Success Among Young People Living Independently", 2004, Bristol: The Policy Press.
  5. ↑ Shelter, August 2011
  6. ↑ Shelter, August 2011
  7. ↑ Branigan, Tania, "Rough sleepers unit 'is fixing figures'", Saturday November 24, 2001, Guardian (UK)
  8. ↑ by the Homelessness Etc (Scotland) Act 2003
  9. ↑ brought in by the Homeless Persons (Unsuitable Accommodation) (Scotland) Order, of December 2004
  10. ↑ Homelessness statistics in Scotland:2006-07 > Part 1 The Scottish Government Publications, accessed March 30 2008
  11. ↑ "Homelessness Statistics September 2007 and Rough Sleeping – 10 Years on from the Target" September 2007 Department for Communities and Local Government: London