Holy Face of Lucca

The Volto Santo of Lucca
The legend of the fiddler in a Parisian miniature of 1400-20

The Holy Face of Lucca, Volto Santo di Lucca in Italian, is a venerated wooden corpus of a crucifix in Lucca, Italy. Medieval legends stated that it had been sculpted by that Nicodemus who assisted Joseph of Arimathea in depositing Christ in the tomb and specifically dated its arrival in Lucca to AD 742.

The present Volto Santo itself is an early thirteenth-century copy of the original ascribed to the circle of Benedetto Antelami.[1] It appears that the original was chipped away beyond repair by relic-seeking pilgrims. The earliest copies date from the early twelfth century, which may suggest that the original in fact dates only from the 11th century. Its presence in Lucca can only be securely documented from about 1100, although Abbot Leofstan of Bury St Edmunds Abbey, who died in 1065, recorded that the inspiration for a life-size crucifix he had made for Bury St Edmunds was one he saw at Lucca on his way to Rome.[2]

The Volto Santo is located in the free-standing octagonal Carrara marble chapel (the tempietto or "little temple"), which was built in 1484 by Matteo Civitali, the sculptor-architect of Lucca, to contain it. The tempietto stands in the right-hand nave of the cathedral of San Martino in Lucca, Italy.

Copies of a similar size from the 12th century are found widely spread across Europe. These include the Cross of Imervard in the Brunswick Cathedral at Braunschweig, Germany, the Volto Santo of Sansepolcro at Sansepolcro, Italy and possibly the Batlló Crucifix of Barcelona, Spain.[3]

History

The Legend of the Volto Santo, Die Bidnus zu Luca, and the fiddler. 16th century woodcut by Hans Burgkmair

In the traditional account, the year 742 marks the arrival of the Volto Santo in the Basilica di San Frediano; its transferral to the cathedral, justified by a miraculous translation in the Latin legend, De inventione, revelatione ac translatione Sanctissimi Vultus[4] may be connected with the episcopacy of Anselmo da Baggio (1060–70), who presented it at the consecration of the new Romanesque cathedral, 6 October 1070. Insistent details of the hagiographic legend (see below) also suggest that the image had previously been at Luni in Liguria, the former see of a bishopric and the early commercial rival of Lucca. Luni was a Byzantine possession that had been sacked by Saracens, disputed between Byzantines and Lombards, and reduced to a village by the eighth century.

The sculpture bears no stylistic relationship to Lombard sculpture of the tenth or eleventh century, however. The iconography of a completely robed crucified Christ wearing a colobium— an ankle-length tunic— is more familiar in the East than in the West, although a near life-size Crucifixion, carved in the round, is contrary to Byzantine norms.[5] Life-size crucified Christs were more common in Germany from the late eleventh century, following the Gero Cross of Cologne Cathedral of about 970, which seems to have been the prototype. The long robe may be a Byzantine influence, although many Western examples also exist, in Ottonian illuminated manuscripts and other media. The belt of the Volto Santo is unprecedented in a Crucifixion from either East or West.[6]

In Lucca, an annual candlelit procession, the Luminara, is devoted to the Volto Santo on 13 September, the eve of religious celebrations on the following day. The procession, which today no longer includes the sculpture as in the past, walks to the cathedral from the Basilica of San Frediano, where a fresco cycle commemorates the legend of Nicodemus' sculpting the image from cedar of Lebanon, during which, having completed all but the face, Nicodemus slept, awaking to find the Holy Face completed by an angel. In Eastern Christianity, similar legends accrue round icons said to be acheiropoieta, "not made by human hands".[7]

Discovered in a cave in the Holy Land by "Bishop Gualfredo", who was guided by a revelatory dream, the image was carried first to the Tuscan port of Luni in a boat without sails or crew.[8] But the men of Luni, when they tried to board the boat, found that it retreated miraculously from their grasp. Warned by an angel in a revelatory dream that the Volto Santo had arrived in Luni, Johannes, bishop of Lucca, with his clerics and a great crowd of Lucchesi, arrived at Luni, bid a stop to the attempts to retrieve the boat and, by calling upon God, found that the ship came miraculously to Johannes and opened to him its gangplank. When the people saw the Volto Santo they wept tears of joy and cried Gloria in excelsis[9]

Fresco of the Translation of the Volto Santo, San Frediano, Lucca

Once ashore, the legend brings the image to Lucca in a cart pulled by oxen with no driver, in a further miraculous demonstration of the "rightness" of its possession by the city of Lucca, and having been deposited in the church of San Frediano, it is miraculously translated to the church of San Martino, which was interpreted as the rationale for choosing this church as the cathedral. Thus the possession of the image by Lucca rather than Luni, and its location in its rightful church, were both justified by legend.

Its popularity was expressed in copies as well as legends, to satisfy the pilgrims who made the cathedral of Lucca the goal of their voyages from all parts of Europe. Like other famous relics or images, such as the Virgin's Belt of Prato to this day, it appears to have often only been available to view on certain appointed days in the year, and at least some of the time wore rich textile clothing as well as the wooden carved robe. "By the face of Lucca" was the 'customary oath' of William II of England.[10] The Volto Santo appears on medieval Luccan coins. Dante mentions the Volto Santo of Lucca in his Inferno, Canto XXI, where a demon cries:

Qui non ha luogo il Volto Santo!
qui si nuota altrimenti che nel Serchio.[11]

The legend of the fiddler

German woodcut, 1492

A legend of a fiddler devotee of the statue receiving a shoe in precious metal, with a number of variants in the story, is first recorded from the 12th century. Typically the statue allows the shoe to drop, or kicks it over to the fiddler (despite, in some versions, a nail through it). The fiddler may be a poor pilgrim, or a devotee who is rewarded for frequently playing in front of the statue; or he may only take up the fiddle after his good luck. The slipper may be filled with gold coins, and the slipper may be returned by the fiddler and the gift repeated. The fiddler may be tried for theft of the slipper, but escape condemnation. The legend also became part of the cult of Wilgefortis, the alter ego of the Volto Santo.[12]

Images showing the legend normally feature the fiddler playing below the statue, which is placed (as apparently in reality) just over an altar. The statue seems to be wearing actual clothes - like other much venerated statues, it seems to have been dressed in "festive clothes", at least some of the time. On the altar are the slipper, and a chalice below one of the statue's feet. This also reflects the medieval arrangement, where such a "chalice" was placed to receive offerings. In fact it was fixed and lacked a bottom, and led to a tube that carried offerings to a strongbox below the altar.[13]

Wilgefortis

At the end of the fourteenth century, such a Holy Face inspired miracles and veneration in the Low Countries, Bavaria and the Tyrol,[14] though its connection with Lucca had been forgotten. The long robe appeared to signify a woman, and to account for the beard, a saint was supposed, who, in order to maintain her virginity against the wishes of her father that she marry a king of Sicily, was granted a miraculous beard, rendering her unmarriageable, upon which occasion her father had her crucified. This saint assumed various local names: Sankt Wilgefortis or Kümmernis in Germany or Sainte Débarras in France,[15] and was duly entered in the Martyrologium Romanum in 1583, retaining a devoted following as late as the nineteenth century.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Volto Santo (Lucca).

Holy Face of Jesus

Notes

  1. ↑ R. Hausherr in Engelbert Kirschbaum (ed.) and others, Lexikon der christliche Ikonographie vol. 4.
  2. ↑ Dodwell, C.R.; Anglo-Saxon Art, A New Perspective, p. 211, 1982, Manchester UP, ISBN 0-7190-0926-X (US edn. Cornell, 1985)
  3. ↑ Gertrud Schiller, Iconography of Christian Art. Volume 2. The Passion of Jesus Christ. Janet Seligman (tr.), Greenwich, CT: New York Graphic Society, 1972: 144-5, 472-3.
  4. ↑ The author, Leboino or Leobino, appears to date from the late eleventh or early twelfth century. ("Il Volto Santo e la Sindone").
  5. ↑ David Talbot-Rice, Byzantine Art, 3rd edn 1968, Penguin Books Ltd, pp. 417-9. The Second Council of Nicaea in 787, while restoring the use of icons, condemned sculpture in the round as "sensual" - Schiller, Vol 2, p. 140
  6. ↑ G Schiller, Iconography of Christian Art, Vol. II, 1972 (English trans. from German), Lund Humphries, London, p. 144, figs 471-75, ISBN 0-85331-324-5
  7. ↑ sanctissimum Vultum non sua sed arte divina disculpsit, according to the Latin legend: "the most holy Face, sculpted not by his craft but divine."
  8. ↑ Compare the miraculous translation of Saint James to Hispania or the legend of the Three Maries.
  9. ↑ The Latin hagiography.
  10. ↑ Bosanquet, G. (tr.), Eadmer's History of Recent Events in England, Cresset, 1964, p. 31. Eadmer was a well-placed observer: see Cresset, pp. ix-x. See also William of Malmesbury, in e.g. A History of the Norman Kings (1066 - 1125), Llanerch, 1989, p.63; and Schaff, Philip, History of the Christian Church, Volume V: The Middle Ages ( {http://www.ccel.org/s/schaff/history/5_ch03.htm on-line text]).
  11. ↑ "Here the Volto Santo has no place! Here you swim otherwise than in the Serchio"— in boiling pitch, rather than in the Serchio, the river of Lucca.
  12. ↑ Friesen, 35-40
  13. ↑ Friesen, 38
  14. ↑ See Friesen throughout
  15. ↑ The martyr also bore the local names Ontkommer, Hülpe, Liberatrix. (Koraljka Kos, "St. Kümmernis and Her Fiddler (An Approach to Iconology of Pictorial Folk Art)" Studia Musicologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 19.1 [1977, pp. 251-266] p 253).

References

External links

Coordinates: 43°50′26″N 10°30′22″E / 43.84056°N 10.50611°E