Holdout (architecture)

Million Dollar Corner, a holdout on the corner Macy's department store block in New York City

A holdout is a piece of property that did not become part of a larger real estate development because the owner either refused to sell or wanted too much.

There are many examples of hold-outs in the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, China, Japan, and other countries. In one example, families have refused to move even as the original and subsequent runway construction projects began around them for the Narita International Airport outside of Tokyo, Japan.^[1]

Examples

Wickhams Department Store, Mile End Road, built around the Spiegelhalter jewellers shop

Macy's department store in New York City, for example, does not cover the whole block because of a holdout named the Million Dollar Corner on the corner of Broadway and W 34th Street. Wearing a Macy's shopping bag, the building is a holdout from the construction of Macy's Herald Square, and received its name from the fact that it sold for a million dollars in 1911, an unprecedented sum at the time.

Similarly, the GE Building (formerly known as the RCA building) at 30 Rockefeller center, also in New York, has slight setbacks at its corners of 49th and 50th streets on 6th Avenue due to two buildings at those corners. The owner of 1258 6th Avenue, John F. Maxwell, grandson of the original owner, outright refused to sell to John D. Rockefeller during his land grab for construction of the complex, whereas, while Rockefeller was successful in purchasing the townhouse at 1240 6th Avenue, the lessees, who had signed a long-term lease, refused to vacate unless they were bought out to their asking sum of $250 million.

In Whitechapel, in the East End of London, the construction of the department store Wickhams, completed in 1927, on the north side of the Mile End Road was obstructed by the Spiegelhalter brothers who owned and ran a jewellers at no. 81. The store building was completed around the jewellers shop.^[2]

Property law

Edith Macefield's Seattle home

In the United States, private property is protected by the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution from seizure by the government without "just compensation". Under the concept of eminent domain, local and national government agencies are entitled to take private property for purposes in the public interest, but must offer owners compensation amounting to the value of the property. The United Kingdom, New Zealand, and the Republic of Ireland have a comparable process called compulsory purchase, and there are equivalent laws in Australia and South Africa. In Kelo v. City of New London, the United States Supreme Court held that the government is entitled to take land from private parties for any reason, including to give to private developers. The decision was widely unpopular, and spurred various states to enact laws prohibiting the practice. However, the practice is common in other states.^[3] The efforts generally begin with an offer by the private group or government agency to purchase the land, and only become a question of eminent domain if the parties cannot negotiate a purchase price.

When eminent domain seizures do occur there are often disputes over the value of the property, and whether it should fully compensate the landowner for the holdout value of the land. A historical example of a San Francisco nail house resulted in railroad investor Charles Crocker building a spite fence around a house owned by undertaker Nicolas Yung in the late 1870s, after Yung refused to sell his small property to Crocker, who was consolidating lots on which to build a mansion. Other contemporary examples include Edith Macefield, who refused to sell her Seattle house to a developer, and Randal Acker who challenged the power of eminent domain in Portland.

The People's Republic of China passed its first modern private property law in March 2007 amid the property development bubble.^[4][5]

Nail house

A nail house is a Chinese neologism for homes belonging to people (sometimes called "stubborn nails") who refuse to make room for real estate development. The term, a pun coined by developers, refers to nails that are stuck in wood, and cannot be pounded down with a hammer.^[6][7]

Historical background

In the People's Republic of China, during most of the Communist era, private ownership of real property was abolished. The central government officially owned all real estate, and could in theory dictate who was entitled to control any piece of property according to national interests. Private citizens, therefore, did not have a legal right to keep their property if the government decided they should leave (although in practice, entitlements arose for various reasons). With a strengthening economy and the rise of free markets beginning in the late 1990s, private developers began building shopping malls, hotels, and other private developments in densely populated urban centers, which required displacing residents who lived on the land. Developers would typically offer relatively low compensation to the residents, reflecting the pre-development value of their properties or the cost of obtaining alternative housing elsewhere. Should residents resist, or try to take advantage of their bargaining position, powerful developers could persuade local officials and courts to order residents off the land. In other cases, residents would be arrested on false charges or thugs would be hired to scare away the residents.^[6][8]

More recently, the People's Republic of China has begun to accept private ownership of real estate, including the still-controversial notion that owners are free to earn money when their land becomes more valuable due to planned developments, or even simply not to sell. Discontent arose among the people over accusations of illegal land seizures by developers and corruption by complicit government officials.^[9]

In March 2007, the People's Republic of China passed its first modern private property law.^[4] The law prohibits government taking of land, except when it is in the public interest. The law strengthened the position of nail house owners, but did not entirely resolve whether making room for private commercial developments was a public interest that entitled the taking of land.^[10]

Examples

A number of high-profile nail houses have received widespread attention in the Chinese press. In one case in 2007, one family among 280 others at the location of a six-story shopping mall under construction at the location of a former "snack street" in Chongqing refused for two years to vacate a home their family had inhabited for three generations.^[5] Developers cut their power and water, and excavated a 10-meter deep pit around their home.^[6][11] The owners broke into the construction site, reoccupied it, and flew a Chinese flag on top. Yang Wu, a local martial arts champion, used nunchakus to make a staircase to their house, and threatened to beat any authorities who attempted to evict him.^[6] His wife, a restaurateur named Wu Ping who had planned to open a restaurant in the home's ground floor, granted interviews and frequent press releases to generate publicity.^[7] The owners turned down an offer of 3.5 million yuan (US$453,000), but eventually settled with the developers in 2007.^[5]

In another example, a nail house remained in Changsha, even after a shopping mall was built around it, and now sits in a courtyard of the mall.^[12] One owner in Shenzhen was paid between 10 and 20 million yuan (US $1.3 million to $2.7 million) for selling a seven-story building at the site of the future 439-meter (1,440 foot) Kingkey Finance Tower, that had cost him 1 million yuan ($130,000) to build ten years before. The resident held out for months following an eviction order, and was subject to harassment and extortion attempts even after he reached a settlement.^[13] Two other nail house owners held out against the Kingkey development.^[14]

Another nail house became notable after it ended up in the middle of a new road in Wenling, Zhejiang Province. The elderly couple had refused to sell the property for the price offered by the government since 2001.^[15] Eventually a major two-lane road to a new train station was constructed around the house. Pictures of the home went viral on the Internet and were widely published by Chinese media.^[15] The property was demolished in December 2012 after the owners accepted a compensation offer worth $41,000.^[16]

Media coverage

Nail houses have received an unusual degree of coverage in the Chinese press. The Chongqing incident was initially called "coolest nail house in history" by a blogger,^[11] after which the incident was picked up by major media throughout China, including state-run newspapers, and became a national sensation.^[8] 85% of respondents to a poll on sina.com supported the couple rather than the developers.^[5] Later, however, the Chinese government forbade newspapers from reporting on the event.^[8][17][18] Another blogger, vegetable vendor Zhou Shuguang, traveled by train from his home in Hunan province to cover the incident, funded by donations from his readers. Writing under the pen name "zola", Zhou interviewed the participants, as well as crowds that had gathered and others who claimed to have been evicted from their homes. He was popularly referred to as China's first "citizen journalist" although his site was blocked as well.^[19] Others defied the prohibition as well, including the Chinese edition of Sports Illustrated, which worked a subtle reference of the incident into a magazine cover.^[20]

In popular culture

• In early 2010 the China Film Group Corporation, China's state-run film distributor, withdrew the film Avatar from screens early. Many commentators in China drew connections between nail house evictions and depictions in the film of forced relocation of indigenous populations by a large company.^[21] The Los Angeles Times reported that the decision was due to concerns that the film would trigger dissent over the country's nail house phenomenon.^[22]
• At the end of the film Batteries Not Included, the elderly couple's home remains standing and the developer is forced to construct his skyscraper around it.
• An online flash game developed by Mirage Games, The Big Battle: Nail House Versus Demolition Team, became popular in China in 2010.^[23][24]
• The 1954 eminent domain-spoofing cartoon No Parking Hare involves Bugs Bunny refusing to vacate his burrow for highway construction.
• The 1974 film Herbie Rides Again features a firehouse being menaced by an aggressive developer who wants to put a 130-story building in its area.
• Up, a film by Pixar, features a retired widower who is threatened with being forced out of his holdout house.

See also

• Tragedy of the anticommons
• Spite house
• St. Joseph Catholic Church (San Antonio, Texas)
• Real estate in China

References

• Alpern, Andrew; Durst, Seymour (1997), New York's Architectural Holdouts, ISBN 978-0-486-29425-4 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Holdout (architecture).

• http://www.nypl.org/locations/tid/45/node/133855?lref=45%2Fcalendar
• http://ephemeralnewyork.wordpress.com/tag/holdout-buildings/
• http://www.godine.com/isbn.asp?isbn=9781567924435
• http://daytoninmanhattan.blogspot.com/2011/12/remarkabe-hold-out-at-no-249-west-end.html
• http://dornob.com/small-hold-out-nail-houses-versus-huge-developers/