History of the Puerto Ricans in Philadelphia

As of the 2010 U.S. Census, there was an estimate of 121,643 Puerto Ricans living in Philadelphia, up from 91,527 in 2000. Representing 8% of Philadelphia's total population and 75% of the city's Hispanic/Latino population, as of 2010. Puerto Ricans are the largest Latino group in the city and that, outside Puerto Rico, Philadelphia now has the second largest Puerto Rican population.[1]

Many Puerto Ricans in the Philadelphia area usually have engaged in circular migration where they live part-time in Philadelphia and part-time in Puerto Rico.[2] Recent 2012 estimates put the number of Puerto Ricans in Philadelphia at 135,501.[3]

History

In the late 1800s and early 1900s Puerto Ricans including students, laborers, cigar markets, tradespeople, organizers, merchants, and pro-Puerto Rican Independence organizers exiled from Puerto Rico.[2] In 1910 there were fewer than 100 Puerto Ricans in Philadelphia and they were among many Latin American groups. In the 1920s labor recruiters in Philadelphia focused on attracting Puerto Ricans because they were already U.S. citizens: the Immigration Act of 1924 had restricted immigration into the U.S.[4] In the early 20th Century, due to inexpensive housing and the proximity to employment, concentrations of Puerto Ricans moved to Northern Liberties, Southwark, and Spring Garden. Between 1910 and 1945 those three areas had the majority of Philadelphia Hispanophones.[5] Additional Puerto Ricans moved to Philadelphia during World War I and the period between World War I and World War II.[5]

A mass migration from Puerto Rico to Philadelphia coincided with an industrialization Puerto Rican economy from the late 1940s to 1970. Most Puerto Ricans came from rural areas.[6] During the period many Puerto Ricans worked in factories. Puerto Rican neighborhoods and organizations formed during the area.[2] By the 1950s Puerto Ricans became the largest Latino and Hispanic group in Philadelphia.[4] In the 1950s many pan-Latino areas were becoming predominately Puerto Rican.[5] By 1954, 65% of Puerto Ricans in Philadelphia lived in three neighborhoods north of Center City. In the 1950s Puerto Ricans were settling in those three neighborhoods and two of them became no longer majority white. Spring Garden, the third, remained predominately White.[7] In the period from 1950 to 1970 the Puerto Rican community expanded by over 60,000.[2] By the 1960s an increase of Cubans arrived in Philadelphia and the proportionate percentage of Puerto Ricans began to decline.[4]

Since 1970 Puerto Ricans coming to Philadelphia have originated from Puerto Rico and from communities outside of Puerto Rico including New York.[2]

Although U.S. citizens, Puerto Ricans migrating to Philadelphia encountered racism, discrimination, and limited economic opportunities, and to some extant, still do. Throughout the 1980s and '90s, the Puerto Rican community was notorious for being heavily involved in the city's drug trade.[8][9] During that time, the Puerto Rican community was also the poorest of all ethnic communities in the city.[10] Retaining strong ties to the island, they also worked hard to make a home here and build a community structure of businesses, organizations, houses of worship, and other institutions that have become the foundation of Latino life in the city. The Puerto Rican community is credited for revitalizing North 5th Street in North Philadelphia by opening numerous Puerto Rican-owned businesses, they have also done this to Kensington Avenue, and Lehigh Avenue(between 5th and Front Streets).[11] Philadelphia is also one of the few large US cities with a significant number of middle-class Puerto Ricans, though in Philadelphia, even the middle class Puerto Ricans live in segregated communities, thus they are more visible.[12] Philadelphia is often considered a preferred destination among Puerto Rican migrants, because of its position as a Northeastern city and its cheaper cost of living compared to other cities in the Northeast region.[13] Throughout the 1950s, many Puerto Rican migrants settled east and west along Spring Garden Street. Puerto Ricans were not always welcome newcomers, however, and many faced prejudice and discrimination in their neighborhoods. As the Puerto Rican population continued to grow in the 1960s, it expanded east towards the Delaware River and north towards Lehigh Avenue. During the 1980s and 1990s, the Puerto Rican community grew further north into Olney and into the lower sections of the Northeast.

Since 2010, Philadelphia replaced the city of Chicago as the city with the second-largest Puerto Rican population, Chicago's slightly shrunk and Philadelphia's continued to grow, more than ever before, not only having the second largest Puerto Rican population, but also one of the fastest-growing.[14] Most sources, including the most reliable, the United States Census Bureau, estimated that as of 2010, Puerto Ricans made up between 70-80 percent of Philadelphia's Hispanic/Latino population.[4][4][15] Other sources put the percentage Puerto Ricans make up of Philadelphia's Hispanic population, as high as 90% and others as low as 64%.[16][17][18][19] The influx of other Latino and Hispanic groups between 2000 and 2010, may have slightly decreased the proportion Puerto Ricans make up of the city's total Latino and Hispanic population. Though, unlike many other large northern cities, which have declining Puerto Rican populations, Philadelphia has one of the fastest-growing Puerto Rican populations in the country.

With increased crime and unemployment in Puerto Rico, migration from Puerto Rico to the US mainland is at all-time highs, with Pennsylvania being the second most popular destination after Florida.[20] Also, many Puerto Rican Americans ("Nuyoricans") are moving to Philadelphia from states like New York and New Jersey, because of the close proximity and cheaper cost of living when compared to New York City, as well as the similarly large Puerto Rican population.[21] Between 2000 and 2010, over 40% of Puerto Ricans who moved from other US states and Puerto Rico itself to Pennsylvania, moved to the city of Philadelphia, the remaining nearly 60% moved primarily to the South Central and Eastern sections of Pennsylvania, as well as to Philadelphia suburbs.

Geography

Of Philadelphia's 12 Planning Analysis Sections, the ones with significant Puerto Rican populations include Upper and Lower North Philadelphia, the Kensington section, the Lower Northeast, and the Olney-Oak Lane section locally known as 'Uptown'.[22]

When Puerto Ricans first started settling in Philadelphia they came to the Spring Garden neighborhood. As of 2010, the majority of the Puerto Rican population lives in North Philadelphia, in areas east of Germantown Avenue, between Girard Avenue and Roosevelt Boulevard, in fact, this area has one of the highest concentrations of Puerto Ricans in the country. Especially the blocks between 6th street and B street, north of York street and south of Erie avenue, located in the Fairhill neighborhood, these blocks have some of highest concentrations of Puerto Ricans in the country, with most blocks usually being around 85-90% Puerto Rican alone.[23] This particular area is represented by the zip-codes 19133, 19140, and 19134, though these zip-codes heavily overlap with majority black or white neighborhoods.[24] Fairhill has the highest concentration of Hispanics in the city, a large majority of which, are Puerto Rican. Though, there is also a large Puerto Rican population in Northeast Philadelphia, especially the Kensington section. From these areas, the Puerto Rican population is largely spreading eastward and northward, to other areas in upper North Philadelphia and the lower Northeast, and to a much lesser extant westward as well, to areas around Broad Street. Other parts of the city have smaller populations, including Northwest Philadelphia. Many smaller cities in the Philadelphia metro area, also have large Puerto Rican populations, with Camden, New Jersey have the largest said population in the metro, outside Philadelphia. Also, Montgomery County has a signicant number of middle-class Puerto Rican families. Significant Puerto Rican populations are scattered throughout the city and the suburbs.[25][26]

Institutions

By the 1950s and into the 1960s and 1970s Puerto Ricans became the leaders of Latino and Hispanic community organizations, which been founded and previously operated by Spaniards and Cubans.[4] By 2005 most of the leadership was still Puerto Rican.[27]

Recreation

There is an annual Puerto Rican Day Parade held in Philadelphia, in late September.[28]

Notable Puerto Ricans from Philadelphia

See also

References

Notes

  1. ↑ http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP10&prodType=table
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 "Latino Philadelphia at a Glance." (Archive) Historical Society of Pennsylvania. p. 1. Retrieved on January 15, 2014.
  3. ↑ http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_1YR_DP05&prodType=table
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Vázquez-Hernández, p. 88.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Vázquez-Hernández, p. 90.
  6. ↑ Whalen, Chapter One (Archive) p. 2.
  7. ↑ Whalen, p. 184.
  8. ↑ http://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs27/27509/27509p.pdf
  9. ↑ http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0955395913002375
  10. ↑ http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/3196195?uid=3739832&uid=2460338415&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&uid=83&uid=63&uid=3739256&sid=21101608641167
  11. ↑ http://levins.com/GCAproto/gca_story4.shtml
  12. ↑ http://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/28/nyregion/new-york-s-puerto-ricans-split-in-economic-success.html
  13. ↑ http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/real-estate/thought-living-philadelphia-article-1.257836
  14. ↑ http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_00_SF1_QTP9&prodType=table
  15. ↑ http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP10&prodType=table
  16. ↑ http://www.temple.edu/tempress/chapters_1400/1524_ch1.pdf
  17. ↑ http://axisphilly.org/article/the-new-era-of-latino-politics/
  18. ↑ http://articles.philly.com/2014-10-13/news/54933530_1_poverty-rate-deep-poverty-latinos
  19. ↑ http://www.csgeast.org/2013annualmeeting/documents/matos.pdf
  20. ↑ http://content.usatoday.com/dist/custom/gci/InsidePage.aspx?cId=thedailyjournal&sParam=53490820.story
  21. ↑ http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/real-estate/thought-living-philadelphia-article-1.257836
  22. ↑ http://www.phila.gov/CityPlanning/resources/Publications/Political_boundaries.pdf
  23. ↑ http://www.congreso.net/census.php
  24. ↑ http://www.zip-codes.com/zip-code/19133/zip-code-19133-2010-census.asp
  25. ↑ http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP10&prodType=table
  26. ↑ http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP10&prodType=table
  27. ↑ Vázquez-Hernández, p. 88-89.
  28. ↑ "Annual Puerto Rican Day Parade" (Archive). City of Philadelphia. Retrieved on 15 January 2014.

External links