History of the Maccabiah

The History of the Maccabiah, a quadrennial International Jewish multi-sport event, dates back to 1912 and the Games of the V Olympiad.

History

Yosef Yekutieli during the 1st Maccabiah.
Bikers during the opening parade of the 1st Maccabiah; 1932. Such motorcyclists were instrumental in spreading the word about the upcoming Jewish Olympics across Europe.

At the end of the 19th century, Jews in Europe weren't allowed to take part in official athletic competitions and were forbidden membership in sports associations.[1] The vision for the Maccabiah started with Yosef Yekutieli; a Russian Jew that immigrated to Eretz Yisrael in 1909 with his family. In 1912 Yekutieli obtained a booklet about the Stockholm Olympics that held in 1912. The booklet included many Jewish athletes who participated in the name of their country and the medals they won. This booklet was the origin of Yekutieli's idea: To help athletes in Eretz Yisrael participate in the Olympics.[2]

With the start of World War I, Yekutieli was recruited into the Turkish army. Upon his return to Mandatory Palestine in 1918, Yekutieli returned to his job at the Eretz Yisrael Office. For almost a decade Yekutieli thought on ways to make his idea a reality, however, it wasn't until 1928 when Yekutieli presented his Jewish Olympics proposal to Menachem Ussishkin, the Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Jewish National Fund.[3][2][4] As a way to promote interest, Yekutieli proposed that the First Maccabiah should take place in time for the 1800th anniversary of the Bar Kochba Rebellion.[3][5][4]

Coincidentally, at about the same time, the Maccabi World Union was trying to come up with a way to allow athletes living in the British Mandate of Palestine to participate in important international sporting events; a way that would also act as a form of international recognition of Palestine as the Jewish National Home.[2][4] In 1929 Yekutieli went to Czechoslovakia to present his proposal in front of the Maccabi World Congress where his proposal was met with great enthusiasm by the Jewish Community in the diaspora and the Jewish population in the Eretz Yisrael.[6] The Maccabi Federation formed an organizing committee for the Maccabiah. The first Maccabiah, called the Maccabiada (Hebrew: המכביאדה‎), was organized with the help of many different sports organization, including the recently created Israeli football association, and devoted volunteers. Many of the tasks such as improvising sports sites and mobilize financial resources were driven by volunteers. Local communities took it upon themselves to raise the money to build a stadium in Tel Aviv, the Maccabiah Stadium. The last obstacle the committee had to overcome was the High Commissioner for Palestine: Sir John Chancellor. While Chancellor admired some Zionist leaders, his general attitude towards Jews was negative.[2][7][4][8] Chancellor refused to approve the Maccabiah.[8]

Approval of the Games & the Motorbikes Tour

High Commissioner of the British Mandate of Palestine, Sir Arthur Grenfell Wauchope; image 1920-1940.

The Maccabiah, could not take place without the approval of the British Palestine High Commissioner.[2] In the fall of 1931, Great Britain appointed Sir Arthur Grenfell Wauchope as the new High Commissioner of Palestine.[9] Wauchope, who showed great admiration to Zionist Palestine as well as the Jewish sports movement in general,[3] approved the Maccabiah on the condition that it also host Arab and official British Mandate athletes in addition to Jewish sportsmen.[9] The conditions were agreed on and the Maccabiada was scheduled for March of 1932.[2][9]

With the news of Wauchope's approval of the games, two separate delegations of Jewish motor-bikers set off from Tel Aviv on a promotional tour to the Jewish communities across Europe, where the vast amount of Jews were living at the time. In 1930, one delegation left Tel Aviv to Antwerp, Belgium.[5][2] A year later a second delegation left Tel Aviv for London. Yekutieli also toured with that delegation. On a second tour, May 10th through July 16th 1931, the intrepid band of Maccabiah bikers covered roughly 5,825 miles (9,375 kilometers) from Tel Aviv to Egypt and through a ship to many of the big cities in Europe including Nuremberg, Paris, and London. At the end of the tour, the group returned to Eretz Yisrael via Beirut.[2][5]

The Maccabiada

The Rishon LeZion delegation to the 1st Maccabiah; 1932.
Main article: 1st Maccabiah

The 1st Maccabiah opened on March 28, 1932.[10][9][3] The Games were nicknamed "White Horse Olympics" because Tel Aviv's Mayor Meir Dizengoff led a parade honoring the Games through the city streets while riding a white horse.[11][12] During these first games 390 sportsmen took part from 18 countries.[10][9] The games included everything from swimming, football, and handball, to various athletics. The games were regarded as a great success and planning for its successor were already on their way by the end of that year.[12]

Olympic Committee & 2nd Maccabiah

The Egyptian delegation waits for the cue to enter the stadium, 2nd Maccabiah opening ceremony.

With the success of the first games, in 1933, with the help of Maccabi, Yekutieli founded the Israel Olympic Committee (then known as the Palestine Olympic Committee). Eretz Israel was formally invited to participate in the 1936 Olympics in Berlin - an invitation that was refused due to the growing fear of Nazi Germany. Instead, Yekutieli decided to proceed with a second Maccabiah.

The second Maccabiah were held on from April 2 to 10, 1935 despite official opposition by the British Mandatory government.[9] The games were held after only three years instead of four as was customary in the Olympics. They decided on three years in order to not make it look like they were imitating the Olympics. Additionally, the Maccabiah served a more important goal - during the first Maccabiah a large portion of the athletes stayed in Eretz Yisrael, effectively bypassing the British White Paper. The organizers were hoping the second Maccabiah would function as a way to allow more athletes to make Aliyah. During the second games over 1,300 athletes from 28 nations participated.[9]

3rd Maccabiah

Yosef Sprinzak, first Speaker of the Knesset, during the opening ceremony of the 3rd Maccabiah.

Following the success of the 2nd Maccabiah, the 3rd Maccabiah was originally scheduled to be held in sprint of 1938.[13] However, due to British concerns that that the games would once again create large-scale illegal immigration, especially in light of the spread of Naziism in Germany and Europe the games were cancelled indefinitely. Following the outbreak of World War II and later on the War of Independence, the games were postponed even further.

It was not until 1950 that the games were renewed. The 3rd Maccabah took place during the Jewish holiday of Sukkot from September 27 to October 8, 1950. The games were the first International sporting event to take place in The State of Israel. The games served as a Confluence of all outstanding Jewish athletes from around the world, after a 15-year break. The games also served a significant milestone in the life of the Jewish people, after The Holocaust and the War of Independence. During those games, many prominent Jewish athletes from Eastern Europe were conspicuously absent from - some were killed in the Holocaust and the remaining were banned from participating by the communist regimes of their countries. The Maccabiah opening ceremony took place in a new 50,000-seat stadium in Ramat Gan that was especially built for the games.[13][10]

4th Maccabiah to present day

Main articles: 4th Maccabiah, Maccabiah Games and 19th Maccabiah

The fourth Maccabiah took place during Sukkot of 1953. The games ballooned to almost 2000 athletes from over 20 countries. Following the 4th Maccabiah, it was decided that the Maccabiah be held every four years like the Olympics to gain an olympic recognition. The games were then changed to take place quadrennially on the year following the Olympics - a change that's been in effect ever since.

The most recent games, the 19th Maccabiah took place between July 18 to 30, 2013.

The Maccabiah and the Aliyah

The Bulgarian athletes parading in the stadium at the 2nd Maccabiah Games opening ceremony, most of which stayed in Eretz Yisrael after the games.[14][15]
Main articles: Aliyah and Aliyah Bet

The early Maccabiah games that took place in 1932 and 1935 served as a way to illegally bring Jews to Eretz Yisrael and to effectively bypass the limited Jewish immigration permitted by British authorities in the same period. It was for that reason, the 2nd Maccabiah was nicknamed "Aliyah Olympics".[14][15] Some notable delegations to the 2nd Maccabiah completely stayed in the land of Israel after the games. Most notable, the Bulgarian delegation that brought 350 Jews, athletes, their family members, and an orchestra, which arrived in Jaffa Port, returned to Sofia, Bulgaria empty,[14][15] sending only their equipment back.[9] It is one of the reasons the British authority at the time refused to allow the 3rd Maccabiah to take place in the spring of 1938. The tradition of making an Aliyah continued onward during the 1950s with the 3rd and 4th Maccabiah games. Today, Jews who want to make Aliyah to Israel often do so during the Maccabiah.[16][17]

References

  1. ↑ Kassimeris, Christos (2008). European Football in Black and White: Tackling Racism in Football. Lexington Books. ISBN 9780739119600.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 "The Maccabiah Story". Maccabi World Union. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Torah Aura Productions (2011). Eizehu Gibor: Living Jewish Values (illustrated ed.). Torah Aura Productions. pp. 19–21. ISBN 9781934527245.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 State of Israel - Israel Ministry of Education and Sport. "Maccabiah" (in Hebrew). Israel Ministry of Education and Sport - South Region. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 "THE MACCABIAH GAMES". International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
  6. ↑ "Maccabiah - history". Maccabiah USA. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
  7. ↑ Evyatar Friesel (1993). "Through a Peculiar Lens: Zionism and Palestine in British Diaries, 1927-31". Middle Eastern Studies 29: 419–44. doi:10.1080/00263209308700959.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Shindler, Colin (2006). The Triumph of Military Zionism: Nationalism and the Origins of the Israeli Right. I.B.Tauris. p. 100. ISBN 9781845110307. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 Nauright, John (2012). Sports around the World (illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO. pp. 364–366. ISBN 9781598843019.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Garber, Leah (July 15, 2013). "The Maccabiah Is an Expression of Jewish Pride". Jewish Community Centers of North America. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
  11. ↑ "Jews in Sports: The Maccabiah Games". American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "A Pacifist and Transnational Movements". Mémorial de la Shoah. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Third Maccabiah Games". Center for Israel Education. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Klein, Steven (June 30, 2013). "2nd Maccabiah (1935): The 'Aliyah Olympics'". Haaretz. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 נתן רועי (August 26, 2013). "Little-known Maccabiah moments - revealed!". Jewish Agency for Israel. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
  16. ↑ "2013 Maccabiah Games - The Jewish Olympics". Chess News. 2013-07-24. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
  17. ↑ Jspace Staff (March 13, 2013). "19th Maccabiah Games Announced, Aly Raisman Special Guest". Retrieved 19 February 2014.

External links