History of the Hmong in Fresno, California
The Hmong are a major ethnic group in Fresno, California. The Fresno Hmong community, along with that of Minneapolis/St. Paul, is one of the largest two urban U.S. Hmong communities.[1] As of 1993 the Hmong were the largest Southeast Asian ethnic group in Fresno.[2] As of 2010, there are 24,328 people of Hmong descent living in Fresno, making up 4.9% of the city's population.
History
Kou Yang stated that in 1977 Fresno had one Hmong family. According to Kou Yang, this increased to four in 1978 and five in 1979. In 1980 there were 2,000 Hmong in Fresno. In 1981 this increased to 7,000. In 1982 12,000 Hmong lived in Fresno. In 1989 there were about 26,000 Hmong in Fresno. As of 1993 there were about 35,000 Hmong in Fresno.[2]
Many Hmong who arrived in Fresno lived on public assistance in public housing projects; they were unable to work in agriculture due to a lack of technical skills and English skills. About half of the Hmong who arrived in the 1980s wanted to work in agriculture but the percentage who remained interested decreased to 20% after arrival, and they had insufficient funds to make another move.[3]
From 1998 to 2001, eight Hmong teenagers in Fresno committed suicide.[4]
Demographics
Mai M. Na Lee, the author of an encyclopedia article titled "Hmong of Minnesota and California," wrote circa 2013 that "The Fresno Hmong have the highest rate of poverty compared to those in other places."[4]
Economy
As of 2013 there were ten supermarkets in Fresno. Other businesses include financial service agencies, farms, video rental stores, medical offices, ranches, insurance companies, and chiropractic clinics.[4]
Politics
In 2002 Tony Vang received a school board position at the Fresno Unified School District. He was the first Hmong elected official in Fresno,[5] and the first Hmong elected official in California. The Fresno Hmong had advocated for California bill AB78 which established a requirement for Southeast Asian history education in the California school system; this bill passed in 2003.[4] In 2006 Blong Xiong was elected to the Fresno City Council. This person was the first Hmong person elected to a city council in California, and the first Asian elected to the Fresno City Council.[5]
Institutions
As of 2013 the Fresno Center for New Americans (FCNA), a Hmong nonprofit organization has a yearly budget of over $2 million and 40 employees. It helps to serve as one of the Hmong political and civil organs and assisted with the 2006 election of Bong Xiong. Other Hmong nonprofit organizations include the Stone Soup Fresno, Fresno Interdenominational Refugee Ministries (FIRM), and Lao Family Community of Fresno.[4]
Media
As of 2013 Fresno has two Hmong radio stations.[4]
The radio station KBIF 900 AM, located in Fresno, airs programming oriented towards Hmong people. As of 2004 the station staff members state that 95% of the area Hmong community listens to the station.[6]
Hmong Today airs on KNXT.
Recreation
The Hmong New Year is celebrated in Fresno. The celebrations are held outdoors and collectively it is the largest Hmong New Year celebration in the United States.[4] As of 2013 there are two separate celebrations, the Hmong International New Year at the Fresno Fairgrounds and another at Calwa Park in southeast Fresno.[7] Col. Youa True Vang founded the Hmong International New Year, which has about 100,000 annual participants. The United Hmong Council organizes the celebration at Calwa Park, which has no admissions charge. As of 2013 about 1,500 participated in the UMC celebration.[8]
The Hmong Music Festival (HMF) is celebrated in Fresno annually.[9]
As of 1993 in order to avoid competing with Fresno's Hmong New Year celebrations, organizers outside of Fresno schedule the Hmong New Year celebrations on days different from Fresno's.[2]
Notable residents
- Vang Pao (general) and his wife,[10] May Song Vang. Diana Aguilera of the Fresno Bee wrote that May Song Vang "became the face of the Hmong community" after Vang Pao died in 2011.[8]
- Vang Pao Elementary School of the Fresno Unified School District is named after Vang Pao.[11]
- During the Hmong New Year of 2013 a statue of Vang Pao was erected at the Fresno Fairgrounds. The statue is 6 feet (180 cm) tall and weighs over 1,000 pounds (450 kg). A smaller statue was dedicated in the 2011 Hmong New Year. The new statue, made by Monster City Studios of Fresno, replaced the older one.[12]
- Wangyee Vang, National President, Founder and President of the Fresno-based Lao Veterans of America Institute, and President Emeritus of the Lao Veterans of America, the nation's largest Lao- and Hmong-American veterans organizations. Wangyee Vang helped to lead efforts in Washington, D.C. and Arlington National Cemetery to dedicate the Lao Veterans of America monument, Laos Memorial, to honor the Lao- and Hmong-American veterans and their American advisers who fought to assist the United States during the Vietnam War.
- Bee Vang (actor in Gran Torino)[13]
References
- Lee, Mai M. Na. "Hmong of Minnesota and California." In: Zhao, Xiaojian and Edward J.W. Park, PH.D. Asian Americans: An Encyclopedia of Social, Cultural, Economic, and Political History [3 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Social, Cultural, Economic, and Political History (Google eBook). ABC-CLIO, November 30, 2013. ISBN 1598842404, 9781598842401.
- Lor, Yang. "Hmong Political Involvement in St. Paul, Minnesota and Fresno, California" (Archive). Hmong Studies Journal. Volume 10, p. 1-53. Available at EBSCOHost
- Ng, Franklin. "Towards a Second Generation of Hmong History." Amerasia Journal 19:3 (1993): 51-69. In: Ng, Franklin (editor) Adaptation, Acculturation, and Transnational Ties Among Asian Americans, Volume 4. Taylor & Francis, 1998. Start page 99. ISBN 0815326939, 9780815326939.
- Withers, Andrea C. (2004), "Hmong Language and Cultural Maintenance in Merced, California", Bilingual Research Journal 28 (3): 299–318
Notes
- ↑ Lor, Yang, p. 1.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Ng, Adaptation, Acculturation, and Transnational Ties Among Asian Americans, Volume 4, p. 102.
- ↑ Lee, Mai M. Na, p. 509.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Lee, Mai M. Na, p. 510.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Lor, Yang, p. 2.
- ↑ Withers (2004:430)
- ↑ Lee, Bonhia. "Fresno to enjoy two Hmong New Year celebrations." The Fresno Bee. December 24, 2013. Retrieved on February 8, 2014.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Aguilera, Diana. "Fresno New Year festivities honor Hmong 'mother'." Fresno Bee. December 26, 2013. Retrieved on February 8, 2014.
- ↑ AZN Live. "AZN LIVE to Host Second Annual Hmong Music Festival In Fresno" (Archive). Hmong Times. November 28, 2012. Retrieved on February 8, 2014.
- ↑ "Vang Pao statue to grace Fresno fairgrounds." The Business Journal (TBJ). December 26, 2013. Retrieved on February 8, 2014.
- ↑ "Vang Pao Elementary School." California Department of Education. Retrieved on February 8, 2014.
- ↑ "New Gen. Vang Pao statue dedicated at Fresno Fairgrounds." Fresno Bee. December 27, 2013. Retrieved on February 8, 2014.
- ↑ Baenen, Jeff (16 January 2009). "Clint Eastwood makes novice teen actor's day". Associated Press. Retrieved 2009-05-18.
Further reading
- The Hmong resettlement study: site report, Fresno, California. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Social Security Administration, Office of Refugee Resettlement, 1983.
- Yang, Kou. The Hmong in Fresno: A Study of Hmong Welfare Participation and Self-sufficiency. University of California, Davis, 1995.
External links
- Reaching the Hmong Community - Central California Consortium
- Fresno Center of New Americans
- National Hmong American Farmers
- Stone Soup Fresno
- Fresno Interdenominational Refugee Ministries (FIRM; Tsoom Ntseeg Fresno Pab Neeg Thojnam)
- Hmong Music Festival (HMF)
- Hmong Student Association - California State University of Fresno
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