History of Tulsa, Oklahoma

This article traces the history of Tulsa, part of present day Oklahoma.

Indian Territory: 1830-1882

Indian Territory, Eastern part of present day Oklahoma.

What was to ultimately become Tulsa was part of Indian Territory, which was created as part of the relocation of the Five Civilized Tribes—the Choctaw, Cherokee, Muscogee(Creek), Chickasaw, and Seminole peoples. These Native American tribes moved into the region after the passage of the Indian Removal Act of 1830, when they were forced to surrender their lands east of the Mississippi River to the federal government in exchange for land in Indian Territory. Each of the larger tribes was given extensive land holdings, individual governments were formed, and tribal members began new lives as farmers, trappers, and ranchers. The majority of the American Indians (including the numerous Creek and Cherokee settlers) came from the Southern states. During the Civil War, they largely favored the Confederacy, in part because the institution of slavery being common within the Five Civilized Tribes. Most of modern Tulsa is located in the Creek Nation, with parts located in the Cherokee Nation and Osage Nation.

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The Creek Council Oak Tree in 2012.

The city now known as Tulsa was first settled by the Lochapoka (Turtle Clan) Muscogee(Creek) between 1828 and 1836. Driven from their native Alabama, the Lochapokas established a new home at a site near present-day Cheyenne Avenue and 18th Street. Under a large burr oak tree, now called the Creek Council Oak Tree, they rekindled their ceremonial fire (this tree survived the 2007 ice storm and is still standing in 2012).[1] The Lochapoka named their new settlement "Tulasi," meaning "old town" in their native language. Not coincidentally, 'tulasi' is the same word from which Tallahassee, Florida takes its name. Florida is part of the original home of the Muscogee people. The Lochapoka continued to use the site as late as 1896 for ceremonies, feasts and games. The area surrounding the tree was turned into the "Creek Nation Council Oak Park" in 1929.[2]

An 1832 visit to the area by the famous American writer Washington Irving is described in his book A Tour on the Prairies (1835). Irving accompanied a U.S. Army exploration party on an excursion from Fort Gibson west onto the prairie and the lands occupied by the Osage and Pawnee tribes. In it, he relates camping in a grove of large trees on the banks of the Arkansas River a few miles south of the present day Tulsa city-limits (now in the suburb of Bixby). Washington Irving Park sits near the location.

In 1846, Lewis Perryman built a log cabin trading post near what is now 33rd Street and South Rockford Avenue. Perryman, who was part Creek, established a business foothold in the rugged frontier until the Civil War. The reconstruction period after the war contributed to the growth of the area; in 1879 the first post office opened on a ranch belonging to one of Lewis' sons, Josiah Chouteau Perryman, southeast of town. Josiah was appointed Tulsa's first postmaster.[3] This was located in a log cabin near what would later become 31st Street and Lewis Avenue. Soon, it was officially moved to the George Perryman ranch house. By this time the area was known as 'Tulsey Town' and had grown to be a trading post and cattle town.

A Methodist minister, Rev. Sylvester Morris, built a house in the early 1880s that now stands in Tulsa's Owen Park. Originally, it stood on what became North Cheyenne St. Morris served from 1836 until 1907, according to a sign in front of the house. This is the oldest surviving house in Tulsa.[4]

Railroads: 1882-1901

In August, 1882, the population of Tulsa was about 200,[5] when the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad, which later merged into the St. Louis and San Francisco Railway (familiarly known as the Frisco), completed the extension of its line to Tulsa from the town of Vinita to serve the cattle business, the city's first industry.

Josiah Perryman and his partner Has Reede opened a mercantile store at First and Main. Perryman moved the post office from his home to this store to provide better mail service to the community. He continued as postmaster until 1885, when he was succeeded by James M. Hall. Josiah died in 1889.[3]

The Hall brothers, James M. and Harry C., who had operated the railway's company store in Vinita chose the point at which the railroad stopped. They initially selected a site where the railroad crossed what would become Lewis Avenue and pitched a tent for the store there. This location was just inside the boundary of the Cherokee nation. When the Halls discovered that the Creek Nation had fewer restrictions on the activities of white merchants, they moved the store a couple of miles west to what would become First street and erected a more permanent wooden building. James M. Hall, who would later be referred to as the 'Father of Tulsa,' marked off Tulsa's first streets, built its first permanent store, organized its first church, school, and government, and served as Tulsa's first Interim Postmaster.[6]

The Presbyterian Church (PCUSA) established the Presbyterian Mission Day School, a one-story building at what would become 4th Street and Boston Avenue in 1884. A second story was soon added to accommodate the number of children who were to attend. This school operated until 1889.[7] After W. Tate Brady and many other prominent Tulsa businessmen signed the city charter in 1898,[8] the newly incorporated city government took over the school and made it the first public school. James M. Hall and three other men bought the property with their own funds and held the title until the city could reimburse them.[6][7]

Throughout the 19th century, the Native American tribes were made to accept a number of treaties that further reduced the size of their lands and introduced new tribes into Indian Territory. White settlers continued to push forward, and in 1892 the land was officially opened and all tribal members were forced to accept individual allocations of land. By 1898, the city had a population of 1,100. The city of Tulsa was incorporated in 1899.[6] The 1900 U. S. census reported a population of 1,390.[9]

The first newspaper in Tulsa, the Indian Republican, began publication in 1893.[10] It was renamed Tulsa World in 1905. Eugene Lorton bought the paper in 1913, and it has been owned by the Lorton family since then.

In 1900, Rev. C. W. Kerr arrived in Tulsa as the first permanent Christian minister. He organized the First Presbyterian Church of Tulsa, and remained as its senior minister until he retired in 1941. He also played a significant role in the growth of Tulsa.

Oil boom: 1901-1907

Tulsa changed from a small frontier town to a boomtown with the discovery of oil in 1901 at Red Fork, a small community southwest of Tulsa and on the opposite side of the Arkansas River. Wildcatters and investors flooded into the city and the town began to take shape. In 1901, the city contracted with Dan Patton and his brother Gus to perform an official survey and lay out streets.[11] Neighborhoods were established in Tulsa on the opposite side of the Arkansas River from the drilling sites, and began to spread out from downtown Tulsa.

A smallpox epidemic struck Tulsa in 1900. Few homes were large enough to isolate a patient from others in the family, so Dr. Fred S. Clinton, a pioneer surgeon, set up the area's first hospital in a four room cottage near the intersection of Archer and Greenwood. However, after the epidemic passed in the following year, this hospital closed.[12] Tulsa's next hospital opened in an unfinished large wooden building at Fifth and Lawton in 1906.[13] A nursing school opened at the hospital, and the first class graduated in 1908.[12]

There were a number of natural springs in the vicinity of Tulsa, but it was soon obvious that these would be inadequate to serve a large city. Therefore, Tulsa built a pumping plant in 1904 to deliver water from the Arkansas River to a standpipe atop a hill north of downtown. The hill was henceforth known as Standpipe Hill. Water then flowed by gravity to consumers in town. However, the source soon proved unsatisfactory, and unsuitable for domestic use. The water was high in silt, salt and gypsum. Filtration could remove most of the suspended solids, but not dissolved solids. There was no chemical treatment to further improve the taste or appearance. Wells also proved unsatisfactory because the water was either hard and salty or ran dry after a relatively short time. As a result, most Tulsans purchased potable water in 5-US-gallon (19 L) containers.[14]

In 1904, Tulsans constructed a bridge across the river, allowing oil field workers, supplies, food and equipment to cross the river, reaffirming Tulsa's position as the center of the oil field.

In 1905, the Glenn Pool oil field was discovered. This strike created such a large supply of crude oil that it forced Tulsans to develop storage tanks for the excess oil and gas and, later, pipelines. It also laid the foundation for Tulsa to become a leader in many businesses related to oil and gas, in addition to being the physical center of the growing petroleum industry. Eventually, Glenn Pool established Oklahoma as one of the leading petroleum producing regions in the United States. Many early oil companies chose Tulsa for their home base.

Tulsa built its first two public schools in 1905. Construction of more schools began accelerating in 1906. In December 1907, control of the public schools passed from the city government to the Tulsa Board of Education. Tulsa High School' opened in 1906 on the same block formerly occupied by the Presbyterian mission school, which had been razed. The new school was a three-story cream colored brick building with a dome. The school was accredited by the North Central Association of Schools and Colleges in 1913. [7]

Statehood: 1907-1915

A 1909 panoramic view of Tulsa

Kendall College, a Presbyterian school, moved to Tulsa from Muskogee in 1907. This school, the forerunner of the University of Tulsa, became the start of higher education in Tulsa.

By the time Oklahoma achieved statehood in 1907, Tulsa had a population of 7,298.[9]

According to the 1910 U. S. census, the population of Tulsa had increased to 18,182.[9]

The first petroleum refinery in Tulsa, built by Texaco, went onstream in 1910 in West Tulsa, across the Arkansas River from Tulsa. Texaco continued to operate the plant until 1983, when the facility was sold to Sinclair Oil Company. At the time the refinery was sold to Sinclair, the refinery capacity was rated at 50,000 barrels (7,900 m3) per day.[15]

The second refinery was built in West Tulsa two miles (3 km) upstream on the Arkansas River in 1913 by Joshua Cosden, who also founded the Cosden Petroleum Company. The refinery later operated as the Sunray D-X and Sunoco brands. Holly Corporation of Dallas, Texas bought both the former Texaco and Sunoco refineries in 2009 and announced that it would operate both as a single refinery.[16]

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Downtown Tulsa, looking east on 2nd Street from Main Street, 1908.

High rise buildings began to appear downtown during this decade. The Tulsa Hotel and the Brady Hotel annex were both constructed around 1910. The 16-story Cosden Building was constructed in 1918, and is considered the first skyscraper in Tulsa. It was later acquired by Mid Continent Oil Company, who built an adjacent tower integrated with the older structure. This is now called the Mid-Continent Tower.

1917 saw the construction of the Federal Building that contained both the main post office and courtrooms of United States District Court for the Eastern District of Oklahoma. The building was substantially expanded in 1933, covering the west side of Boulder Avenue between Second and Third Streets.

Second oil boom: 1915-1930

By 1920 the population boomed to over 72,000. Many of these new residents came from Pennsylvania, Ohio, and New York. The second surge of oil discoveries occurred between 1915 and 1930, and firmly established Tulsa as the "Oil Capital of the World". Wealthy oilmen such as Waite Phillips, William G. Skelly and J. Paul Getty built stately mansions and beautiful modern headquarters. The prevalence of the Art Deco style of architecture during this period resulted in a treasure trove of beautiful structures. Cultural institutions such as a Symphony and professional Ballet and Opera Companies were founded, as well as Theatre Tulsa, the oldest surviving community theatre west of the Mississippi River. In 1932, Waite Phillips donated his exquisite Italianate mansion "Philbrook" to the city of Tulsa for use as an art museum.

Roaring twenties: 1920-1930

Another community that flourished in Tulsa during the early oil booms was Greenwood. It was the largest and wealthiest of Oklahoma's African American communities and was known nationally as "Black Wall Street". The neighborhood was a hotbed of jazz and blues in the 1920s. The scene in Greenwood was so hot that story has it that in 1927 while on tour, Count Basie heard a dance band in a club in Greenwood and decided to focus on jazz.

Race riot: 1921

The Tulsa Race Riot of 1921 – also known as the 1921 Race Riot, the Tulsa Race War, or the Greenwood Riot – was one of the nation's worst acts of racial violence and large-scale civil disorder. From May 31 to June 1, 1921 during 16 hours of rioting, 39 people were officially reported killed, over 800 people were admitted to local hospitals with injuries, an estimated 10,000 were left homeless, 35 city blocks composed of 1,256 residences were destroyed by fire, and $1.8 million (nearly $17 million after adjustment for inflation) in property damage. There are long-standing reports that whites dropped dynamite and/or incendiaries from airplanes, as well as reports of shooting from the planes at fleeing blacks.[17] This attack killed upwards of 75 people and destroyed more than 1,100 homes.[18] Confined mainly to the segregated Greenwood neighborhood of Tulsa, the riot was responsible for wiping out nearly all of the prosperity and success that Black Wall Street had achieved to that time, although the neighborhood had rebuilt within a few years and flourished until the 1960s.[19]

Spavinaw water project

Tulsa built a pumping plant in 1904 to deliver water from the Arkansas River to consumers. However, the source soon proved unsatisfactory, and unsuitable for domestic use. The water was high in silt, salt and gypsum. Wells also proved unsatisfactory because the water was either hard and salty or ran dry after a relatively short time.[14] Spavinaw Dam, near the town of Spavinaw, Oklahoma and about 50 miles (80 km) northeast of Tulsa, was completed in 1924. It created Lake Spavinaw, which was fed by Spavinaw Creek, a perennial stream that drained 400 square miles (1,000 km2) of Ozark Mountain foothills. In 1922, a pipeline was begun to bring this water to Lake Yahola in Tulsa's Mohawk Park. On June 23, 1923, the Arkansas River flooded the city waterworks. The flood caused the city to relocate the waterworks to Mohawk Park.[20] The line became operational in 1924, and was the longest such line in the U. S. at that time. Five years later, the city completed the Mohawk Water Treating Plant. This has been the principal source of Tulsa's domestic water since then. Tulsa completed a second pipeline in 1954, doubling the capacity. According to the City of Tulsa, the average monthly water pumpage rate in 2009 was 103 million US gallons (390,000 m3) per day. The range during that year was 81.5 million US gallons (309,000 m3) per day in February to 138.2 million US gallons (523,000 m3) per day in July.[14]

In 1952, Lake Eucha was created by completion of the Eucha dam, which functions as additional storage and as a buffer for Lake Spavinaw.[14] W. R. Holway is credited with the design and construction of both projects.[21]

Annexations during 1920s

Tulsa annexed the community of Red Fork across the Arkansas River in 1927.[5] In 1928, Tulsa annexed the community of Carbondale. Both are now considered neighborhoods in West Tulsa.

The Great Depression: 1930 - 1940

In 1930, the population was over 140,000 people, approximately double that of the 1920 census. Some significant events continued from the previous decades. The Tulsa Union Depot, completed in 1931, consolidated all passenger railroad traffic in one location. Passenger service was discontinued in 1967, and the building stood vacant for 14 years. In 1982, it was converted into offices.

The Philcade Building, commissioned by Waite Phillips, was completed in 1931. It was the last high-rise Art Deco office building constructed in the downtown area. For many years, the Philcade was also known as the Stanolind Building or the BP Building. A new terminal building was completed for the Tulsa Municipal Airport in 1932.

The Great Depression arrested population growth in Tulsa. The change in population was insignificant (increasing less than one percent) between the 1930 census and the 1940 census, and the land area increased by only half a square mile.[5] However, the local economy was not devastated in the same degree as much of the rest of the Midwest.

"America's Most Beautiful City": 1940 - 2007

Tulsa annexed the town of Dawson on July 7, 1949, adding 3,500 residents and 2.5 square miles (6.5 km2) of area.[5]

For the majority of Tulsans, the mid 20th Century proved a time of continuing prosperity. The wealth generated by the early oil industry also helped Tulsa become a leader in the aviation industry. During WWII, the Spartan School of Aeronautics, which belonged to Spartan Aircraft Company was a training site for hundreds of allied pilots. In 1942, Douglas Aircraft built its mile-long Air Force Plant No. 3 to build bombers. Following the war, Tulsa become an important maintenance center for American Airlines and numerous other aviation related businesses developed alongside.

A master plan for the city that resulted in the creation of numerous parks, along with such attractions as its oil mansions, beautiful churches, museums and rose gardens, led to Tulsa being dubbed "America's Most Beautiful City" in the 1950s.

In 1957, a brand new 1957 Plymouth Belvedere was buried underground near the downtown courthouse in an enclosed 6-inch (150 mm) thick concrete tomb to celebrate Oklahoma's semi-centennial. The plaque above the burial stated the car was to be excavated in 2007 to celebrate Oklahoma's centennial. Included in the concrete enclosure was a time capsule with items including an American flag, proclamations from the city government, and more. By the time the car was excavated in 2007, the concrete tomb had leaked so that the car's engine had become a pile of rust. The time capsule had remained intact.

During the 1950s, Tulsa annexed 25.80 square miles (66.8 km2), increasing its total area to 49.93 square miles (129.3 km2). One such area was the square mile suburb known as Highland Park, which was annexed in 1956.[5]

Urban Renewal: 1960 - 1980

Tulsa was the first major Oklahoma city to begin an urban renewal program. The Tulsa Urban Renewal Authority was formed in July, 1959. Its first project, the Seminole Hills Project, a public housing facility was begun in 1961 and completed in 1968.[22] The Tulsa Urban Renewal Authority was renamed the Tulsa Development Authority (TDA) in 1976. TDA acquires distressed or unwanted properties within designated urban renewal zones in order to encourage new and better development. Members of the TDA Board are appointed by the Mayor, confirmed by the City Council, and supported by city staff employees. As a public trust, TDA can exercise the right of eminent domain.[23]

One of the first major urban renewal projects was the Williams Center. The most notable feature of this project is the BOK Tower (originally named One Williams Center). This required the clearing of several blocks in downtown Tulsa near the Frisco railroad tracks, generally bounded by Detroit on the east to Boulder on the west the railroad tracks on the north and Third Street on the south. Thus, many of the oldest buildings in the city were razed. In all, nine city blocks were cleared of buildings. Notable historic buildings lost included the Daniel Building, Hotel Tulsa, the former Grand Opera House, Lynch Building (then Tulsa's oldest remaining building) and Tulsa's first bank building.[24] The only pre-1910 building remaining in downtown Tulsa is the Pierce Block at Third and Detroit.

Construction of the Tulsa Civic Center also required demolition of many blocks of downtown properties. The city acquired six square blocks, bounded by West Fourth Street on the north, Denver Avenue on the east, West Sixth Street on the south, and Guthrie Avenue West. It began to develop this area over time, beginning with the new Tulsa County Court House.

Oil bust and recovery: 1982-Present

Tulsa's skyline from Central Park in 2008.
Downtown Tulsa with the Mid-Continent Tower in the middle, behind the Philtower Building.

Following the "Oil Bust" of 1982-84 the title of "Oil Capital of the World" was relinquished to Houston. City leaders worked to diversify the city away from a largely petroleum-based economy, bringing blue collar factory jobs as well as Internet and telecommunications firms to Tulsa during the 1990s, and enhancing the already important aviation industry. During this time, customer-service and reservations call centers became an important part of the local economy. Showing that petroleum is still an important player, an abundant supply of natural gas also helped with recovery.

Centennial time capsule

In 1998, to celebrate the first century of Tulsa's incorporation as a city, the city sealed a Plymouth Prowler in a time capsule buried in Centennial Park (formerly known as Central Park) at 6th Street and Peoria Avenue. The city plans to open it in 2048.[25] This time, the car was encased in a specially-constructed plastic box, which was then entombed in an above-ground concrete vault. The Rotary Club added various other memorabilia to the contents of the time capsule.[26]

21st Century developments

The early 21st century saw Tulsa's economy, along with the national economy, facing another economic down-turn and a loss of jobs. However, recovery was reported beginning as early as 2004 and by 2006 the total number of jobs in Tulsa had increased to levels exceeding those prior to the downturn. Helped by relatively low housing prices, Tulsa continued to be an attractive market for business expansion. The efforts by city leaders led to the passage of the "Vision 2025" program in 2003 with the purpose of enhancing and revitalizing Tulsa's infrastructure. The keystone project of Vision 2025 was the construction of the BOK Center in downtown Tulsa. The multi-purpose arena, designed by famed architect Cesar Pelli, is intended to be a home for the city's WNBA (women's basketball), minor league hockey and arena football teams, as well as a venue for major concerts and conventions. Groundbreaking on the structure occurred in 2005 and was completed in 2009. Much recent attention has been paid to ideas for "destination development" along the banks of the Arkansas River. Tulsa has shown interest in the past to have major league sports teams, most notably the NFL and Major League Soccer, and the NBA pro basketball team, the Oklahoma City Thunder co-owns the Tulsa Shock of the WNBA.

In June 2007, the City of Tulsa decided to back a plan prepared by the Indian Nations Council of Government (INCOG), an agency of Tulsa County, for River development.[27] The plan calls for 2 additional low-water dams to keep water in the river. More pedestrian bridges across the river that would feature small retail kiosks and food vendors would be included, as well as wharf on the southwest corner of 71st St and Riverside. The plan also includes plans for redevelopment on the west bank of the river and retail scattered and tucked away throughout river parks. A complete overhaul of trails, lighting and signage would be done. The plan calls for $277 million in public money and would be put along with $100 Million dollars from the Kaiser family. The plan has the backing of the Mayor and the City Council. The project is a lot less expensive than the Channels project and covers more of the River.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Tulsa Preservation Commission, "Creek Council Oak Tree Survives Ice Storm." December 20, 2007. Retrieved February 16, 2011.
  2. ↑ Best of Tulsa Local Guides Website, "Creek Nation Council Oak Park." Accessed May 14, 2011.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Heath C. Henry, "Perryman, Josiah Chouteau. "Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, " Accessed September 30, 2010.
  4. ↑ "Oldest Surviving House in Tulsa, Oklahoma." Accessed February 21, 2011.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Tulsa City Council, "A History of Tulsa Annexations." 2004. Accessed January 20, 2011.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 James M. Hall Obituary, Tulsa World, May 27, 1935
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Tulsa Preservation Commission Website. "Tulsa History - Education.(1880 - 1941)" Accessed December 28, 2010.
  8. ↑ Chapman, Lee Roy. This Land Press. Published Sept. 1 2011. Accessed Sept. 19, 2011.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Carl Gregory. "Tulsa". Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Retrieved February 26, 2015.
  10. ↑ "Tulsa Gal: Indian Republican Newspaper."
  11. ↑ TulsaGal Website "Tulsa street names, October 10, 2010."
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Tulsa County Medical Society Website-"A History of Tulsa Hospitals 1900 - 1968." Accessed April 6, 2011.
  13. ↑ "Tulsa Hospital: Tulsa, Indian Territory," Accessed February 21, 2011
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 City of Tulsa, Retrieved January 4, 2011
  15. ↑ Website "Downstream Today: Tulsa Refinery." September 10, 2008. Accessed February 7, 2011.
  16. ↑ Tulsa World. "Holly to buy Sinclair refinery." October 21, 2009. Accessed February 8, 2011.
  17. ↑ "Airplanes and the Riot." Warner, Richard S., in The Tulsa Race Riot: A report by the Oklahoma Commission to Study the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921.
  18. ↑ Lies My Teacher Told Me. Loewen, James W.
  19. ↑ Death in a Promised Land. Ellsworth, Scott.
  20. ↑ City of Tulsa. "Setting and History: Learning the Hard Way." Retrieved November 2, 2011.
  21. ↑ Robertson, Joe. "Great Lake,"Tulsa World, January 12, 1998, last modified February 27, 2007, retrieved January 4, 2010.
  22. ↑ Steven Lackmeyer, "Urban Renewal." Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Accessed August 24, 2011.
  23. ↑ Bates, Michael D. "The Control Freaks' Squeeze Play. Urban Tulsa Weekly. August 6, 2008. Accessed August 24, 2011."
  24. ↑ TulsaGal Website. "Urban Renewal - What We Lost." March 10, 2010. Accessed August 24, 2011..
  25. ↑ "Tulsa, Oklahoma - Time Capsule: 1998 Car buried here."
  26. ↑ "The other Tulsa time capsule." June 24, 2007. Accessed May 15, 2011
  27. ↑ City of Tulsa, "Downtown Tulsa Intensive-level historic resources survey." October 7, 2009. Retrieved April 26, 2011.