History of London (1900–39)
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This article covers the history of London of the early 20th century, from 1900 to the outbreak of World War II in 1939.
London entered the 20th century at the height of its influence as the capital of the largest empire in history, but the new century was to bring many challenges.
London was the largest city in the world from about 1825 until it was overtaken by New York in 1925.[1]
Urban poverty
Round About a Pound a Week, a report by the Fabian Society of an intervention between 1909 and 1913, describes the lives of the "respectable poor"; one in five of their children died in the first year, and hunger, illness, and colds were the norm.
First World War
During World War I, London experienced its first bombing raids, carried out by German zeppelin airships and later by aeroplanes. On 31 May 1915 the first aerial bombing raid on London was carried out by a zeppelin, which dropped high explosives over the East End and the docks, killing seven people. There were a further ten airship raids over London during 1915 and 1916 and a further one in 1917.
By 1917, British success at shooting down airships persuaded the German military to instead use aeroplanes to attack London. The first attack by bombers occurred in May 1916 when a single plane attacked the East End. By May 1917 a squadron of Gotha biplanes was assembled. On 13 June 1917 the largest World War I air raid on London was carried out, resulting in about 160 deaths. In this raid fourteen Gotha bombers bombed numerous targets in the City and the East End, including the Fenchurch Street/Aldgate area, Royal Albert Dock, Liverpool Street Station and Upper North Street School in Poplar. Sixteen children were killed at the school, causing public outrage. Further raids followed during 1917 and 1918. However, by May 1918 British air defences had improved sufficiently to start inflicting heavy German losses, and this persuaded Germany to call the raids off.
These air raids killed around 670 people, injured 1,960 and caused great terror among London's population, though of far greater impact was the number of Londoners who were killed in combat: about 124,000 young men never returned from the war.
The largest explosion in London's history, the Silvertown explosion, occurred during World War I. A munitions factory containing 50 tons of TNT exploded, killing 73 and injuring 400.
Interwar expansion
The early 20th century, especially during the interwar years of the 1920s and 1930s, saw the geographical extent of London's urban area grew faster than at any point before or since. Most of the development was of suburban expansion into the neighbouring counties of Essex, Hertfordshire, Kent, Middlesex and Surrey. A preference for lower density suburban housing, typically semi-detached, by Londoners seeking a more "rural" lifestyle, superseded Londoners' old predilection for terraced houses. The rapid expansion of London during this period swallowed up large swathes of countryside. Fears over the loss of countryside led eventually to the introduction of the Metropolitan Green Belt, restricting urban growth.
This meant that London outgrew the boundaries of the County of London, which led to calls by the London County Council for the creation of a single Greater London authority covering the entire urban area, although this was rejected by a Royal Commission in 1921.
The rapid growth of London during this period was facilitated by a rapid expansion and modernisation of transport networks. A large tram network was constructed by the London County Council, through the LCC Tramways. And the first motorbus service began in the 1900s (decade).
Large scale electrification of London's commuter railways took place during the interwar period, mostly by the Southern Railway, and the London Underground system was expanded to London's northern outer suburbs. In 1933, the London Passenger Transport Board was created to coordinate transport over a large area of south-east England. The road network was modernised with a network of arterial roads being constructed in the 1920s.
The population of London's urban area reached its all time peak of about 8.6 million in 1939. All of this growth occurred outside of the boundaries of the County of London; the population of which actually fell during the interwar years from 4.5 to 4 million.
Large numbers of Jewish immigrants fleeing from Nazi Germany, settled in London during the 1930s, mostly in the West End.
Economy
Unlike much of the rest of Britain during the interwar years, London's economy remained fairly prosperous. This was largely due to the effects of the building boom which buoyed up London's economy.
London escaped the worst effects of the Great Depression of the early 1930s. Although unemployment rates briefly reached as high as 13.5% at the height of the depression, by the end of the decade, they were among the lowest in the country. London had relatively little heavy industry which was badly affected by the depression. London attracted many of the new and growing industries such as the electrical industry during the interwar years; almost half of the new factories opened in Britain during the 1930s were in the Greater London area.
Politics
The London County Council for much of its early years was controlled by either the Progressive Party (allied to the Liberal Party) or the Municipal Reform Party (allied to the Conservative Party).
In 1934 the Labour Party led by Herbert Morrison won control of the LCC for the first time. The Labour Party would dominate the council until its abolition and replacement by the Greater London Council in 1965.
In the East End during the 1930s, politically extreme parties of both right and left flourished. The Communist Party of Great Britain won a seat in the House of Commons, and the far-right British Union of Fascists received extensive support. Clashes between right and left culminated in the Battle of Cable Street in 1936.
See also
- Timeline of London 1900s-1930s
References
- Inwood, Stephen. A History of London (1998) ISBN 0-333-67153-8
- Constantine, Stephen (1983) Social Conditions in Britain 1918–1939 ISBN 0-416-36010-6
- Winter, Jay, and Jean-Louis Robert, eds. Capital Cities at War: Paris, London, Berlin 1914-1919 (2 vol. 1999, 2007), 30 chapters 1200pp; comprehensive coverage by scholars vol 1 excerpt; vol 2 excerpt and text search
Notes
Further reading
1900s-1910s
- A Pictorial and Descriptive Guide to London, London: Ward, Lock & Co., Ltd., 1904
- Robert Donald, ed. (1907). "London". Municipal Year Book of the United Kingdom for 1907. London: Edward Lloyd. pp. 5–47.
- Brief Guide to London, London: D.H. Evans & Co., 1908, OCLC 21996391
- W. W. Hutchings (1909), London Town: Past and Present, London: Cassell and Company, Limited, OCLC 4074936 + v.2
- Albert Allis Hopkins (1910), "Practical Guide to London", The Scientific American Handbook of Travel, New York: Munn & Co.
- "London". List of Works Relating to British Genealogy and Local History. New York: New York Public Library. 1910. pp. 203–224.
- Arthur St. John Adcock (1913). The Booklover's London. Macmillan.
- Wilfred Whitten (1913), A Londoner's London, London: Methuen & Co.
- G. K. Chesterton; Alvin Langdon Coburn (1914), London, London: Privately printed
- London and Its Environs (17th ed.), Leipzig: Karl Baedeker, 1915
1920s-1930s
- Cook's Handbook to London. London: Thos. Cook & Son. 1921.
- Post Office London Directory. London: Kelly's Directories. 1921.
- Findlay Muirhead, ed. (1922), London and its Environs (2nd ed.), London: Macmillan & Co., OCLC 365061
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