History of Gatwick Airport

The present-day Gatwick Airport was located in Surrey from 1958 until 1974, when it moved into West Sussex as a result of a county boundary change. The original, pre-World War II airport was built on the site of a manor in the parish of Charlwood. The land was first used as an aerodrome in the 1920s, and in 1933 commercial flights were approved by the Air Ministry.

Origins

Gatwick Airport area about 1925, with airport boundary in green. Gatwick Manor is at the northwest end of the racecourse. The modern runway runs roughly from the racecourse to the lane junction at Hydefield Farm, southeast of Charlwood.

• 1241: First record of the name "Gatwick" (as "Gatwik"). Gatwick was a manor in the parish of Charlwood, a village in Surrey.^[1] Gatwick manor house was on the site of today's airport, on the northern edge of the North Terminal's aircraft taxiing area (not the same as the present Gatwick Manor Hotel); until the 19th century, it was owned by the De Gatwick family.^[2] Its name derives from the Old English gāt (goat) and wīc (dairy farm); i.e. "goat farm".^[3]
• 21 September 1841: The London and Brighton Railway opened, and ran near Gatwick Manor.
• 1890: The descendants of the original owners sold the area to the newly established Gatwick Race Course Company.
• 1891: The new owners opened a racecourse adjacent to the London-Brighton railway, to replace a racecourse in Croydon, and a dedicated station included sidings for horse boxes.^[2][4] The course hosted steeplechases and flat races.
• 1907: Gatwick Golf Club was founded.^[5]
• 1916, 1917, 1918: The Grand National was run at Gatwick during the First World War.^[2] The Gatwick Golf Club disappeared following the end of the First World War.^[5]

1920–1945

• Late 1920s: Land adjacent to the racecourse (at Hunts Green Farm, along Tinsley Green Lane) was used as an aerodrome. The Hunts Green farmhouse on the land used for the aerodrome was converted into a clubhouse and terminal.^[4]
• November 1928: From then, Dominion Aircraft Limited based its Avro 504 G-AACX at Gatwick.
• 1 August 1930: Ronald Waters, manager of Home Counties Aircraft Service (based at Penshurst Airfield in Kent), who had come into possession of Gatwick Aerodrome, got a licence for it.^[6] He founded the Surrey Aero Club there.^{[7][8][9][10]}
• 2–3 August 1930: Flying began with pleasure flights for the local population in Avro 504s of Waters's Surrey Aero Club.
• 1932: The Redwing Aircraft Company bought the aerodrome, and operated a flying school; it was also used for pilots flying in for races.
• 1933: The Air Ministry approved commercial flights from Gatwick.
• September 1933: A. M. (Morris) Jackaman, who owned several light aircraft, bought the aerodrome for £13,500. He had bold ideas for its future, such as expanding it to make it suitable to use as a relief aerodrome for London (Croydon) Airport and providing a regular service to Paris using de Havilland DH.84 Dragon aircraft. He overcame resistance from the Air Ministry, which was concerned about the cost of draining the clayey land and diverting the River Mole.
• 1934: Jackaman oversaw Gatwick's transition to a public aerodrome, licensed for non-private flights, and planned a proper terminal building linked to a new railway station on the adjacent Brighton Main Line.^[11] He formed a new airport company, Airports Limited. Hillman's Airways became Gatwick's first commercial airline operator, beginning scheduled services from the airport to Belfast and Paris.
• 1935: A new airline, Allied British Airways, was formed with the merger of Hillman's Airways, United Airways and Spartan Air Lines. The new carrier, which later shortened its name to British Airways, became Gatwick's principal operator.^[2] Dorking and Horley Rural District Council was concerned about possible compensation claims from local residents and the threat of facing liability for flying accidents, and it "could see no benefit" to allowing further development of the aerodrome.^[11][12]

British Airways Ltd. DH.86 at the Beehive terminal building in 1936

• 6 July 1935: The aerodrome closed temporarily for renovations, which included building the "Beehive", the world's first circular terminal building.
• September 1935: Gatwick railway station opened on time, served by two trains per hour on the Victoria-Brighton line.
• 30 September 1935: Tinsley Green station opened 0.85 mi (1.37 km) south of the present Gatwick station.
• October 1935: The contracted opening date, but it was not met, partly because of drainage problems.
• 17 May 1936: The first scheduled flight departed from the Beehive terminal at 1:30 pm, bound for Paris Le Bourget. Jersey Airways operated this flight with a DH.86 under contract to British Airways Ltd., whose livery the aircraft wore. The airfare was £4 5s (including a first-class rail ticket from London Victoria Station), and there were up to three flights a day.^[2][13] Later the same day, British Airways Ltd. introduced another new scheduled service from Gatwick to Malmö, which routed via Amsterdam, Hamburg and Copenhagen. Total travelling time between Gatwick and Malmö was six-and-a-half hours.^[13]
• 25 May 1936: British Airways Ltd. and Southern Railway jointly launched scheduled air services between Gatwick and the Isle of Wight.^[13]
• 1 June 1936: Tinsley Green station was renamed "Gatwick Airport".^[14]
• 6 June 1936: The airport was officially reopened by the Secretary of State for Air, Lord Swinton. It featured four grass landing strips which were linked to the terminal area by two concrete taxiways, one each for arriving and departing aircraft respectively.^[15] The Beehive, the new terminal, was officially opened the same day. The Beehive was designed by Frank Hoar and incorporated several novel features, including a subway to the railway station at Tinsley Green which allowed passengers to travel from Victoria Station to the aircraft without stepping outside (with a transfer time from train to plane of as little as 20 minutes^[11][16]). Air Travel Ltd (a company specialising in aircraft and engine overhauls which had relocated to Gatwick from Penshurst) moved into the new airport's No. 1 hangar.^[17][18][19]
• July 1936: British Airways Ltd. inaugurated regular night mail flights linking Gatwick with Cologne and Hanover.^[20]
• September and November 1936: Two fatal accidents happened, raising questions about the airport's safety.^[21][22][23] The area was foggy, and its clay soil drained poorly; this caused the new subway to flood after rain.
• 17 February 1937: Gatwick was declared unserviceable due to waterlogging following repeated, heavy rainfalls. Because of this tendency to flood, and because longer landing strips were needed, the pre-war British Airways moved to Croydon Airport.^[24] Gatwick returned to private flying, and was used as a Royal Air Force (RAF) flying school.^[2]
• 1938: Airwork General Trading Co. moved into the hangar British Airways Ltd. had occupied at Gatwick. This enabled Heston-based Airwork to expand its aircraft manufacturing capacity on behalf of the Civilian Repair Organisation, which had awarded it a contract to modify Whitley bombers for the RAF.^[25]
• 3 September 1939: Following the British and French declaration of war on Germany, all civilian flying at Gatwick and elsewhere in the UK stopped. As a consequence, civil aircraft maintenance and manufacturing activities at the airport stopped as well.^[26] This resulted in the airport being requisitioned by the Air Ministry,^[2] and becoming a base for RAF night-fighters and an Army co-operation squadron during the Second World War (primarily for repairs and maintenance).^[27]
• 1940: Horse racing at Gatwick ended, and never restarted.

1945–1958

• 1946: The airport was officially decommissioned, but the Ministry of Transport and Civil Aviation continued operating it as a civil airfield (initially for a six-month trial period).^[2] Airwork provided maintenance at Gatwick and other charter airlines, flying war-surplus aircraft, began using the airport despite its persistent drainage problem. Most commercial air services were cargo flights. The original Gatwick railway station was renamed "Gatwick Racecourse".
• March 1947: Luton-based Hunting Air Transport established a base at Gatwick. It became the airport's first operator of post-World War II British-designed aircraft following delivery of a de Havilland Dove and two Vickers Vikings. (Hunting moved its base to Bovingdon soon after it had taken delivery of the Vikings.)^[28]
• January 1948: Airwork converted war-surplus Douglas Dakota aircraft for civil use at Gatwick, with work being carried out on up to 35 aircraft simultaneously. This included all BEA aircraft, as well as many BOAC, Aer Lingus and KLM aircraft.^[28]
• November 1948: The airport's owners warned that it might revert to private use by November 1949; Stansted was favoured as London's second airport, and Gatwick's future was unclear.
• 1950: Despite local opposition, the Cabinet chose Gatwick as an alternative to Heathrow (then known as London Airport). British European Airways (BEA) launched a seasonal scheduled service to Alderney in the Channel Islands, which operated for three consecutive summer seasons until 1952. At the time, there were three operational runways. These were aligned South-West–North-East, East–West and South-East–North-West. The first was 4,200 ft (1,300 m) long, 150 ft (46 m) wide and covered in steel mesh; the second was 3,600 ft (1,100 m) long, 150 ft (46 m) wide and covered in steel mesh as well; the third was of the same length and width as the second but was grass-covered.^[29][30]
• May 1950: Gatwick's first charter flight left the airport's original grass runway for Calvi on Corsica (with a refuelling stop in Nice). Jersey-based UK independent^{[nb 1]} airline Air Transport Charter operated this flight under contract to UK package tour pioneer Vladimir Raitz's Horizon Holidays with a 32-seat Douglas DC-3 carrying 11 passengers.^[31][32]
• 1952: BEA established a base at Gatwick for its helicopter operations.^[33] Silver City Airways introduced Gatwick's first car ferry flights. These were seasonal, operating in the summer twice a day between Gatwick and Le Touquet. They were flown with Bristol 170 Mk 31 Freighters, which were replaced with larger Mk 32 Superfreighters from April 1955.^[34]
• July 1952: The British government confirmed that the airport would be renovated, primarily for aircraft diverted from Heathrow in bad weather.
• 17 January 1956: The Gatwick Airport Consultative Commmittee held its first meeting.^[35]
• 1956 to 1958: The airport was closed for the £7.8 million renovation;^[2][27][36] during that period, BEA continued using Gatwick for its helicopter operations.^[36] The renovations were performed by Alfred McAlpine;^[37] they entailed diverting the A23 London–Brighton trunk road and the River Mole, building a runway across the former racecourse and rebuilding the former racecourse railway station next to the new terminal.^[36] The new concrete runway was the first in Britain to feature high-speed turn-offs on to a parallel taxiway.^[38]

1958–1969

• Late 1950s and after: A number of British contemporary private airlines relocated to Gatwick from rival airports that closed down, closed to commercial air traffic and/or could not accommodate modern aircraft, including large commercial jet aircraft such as the Boeing 707 and Douglas DC-8.^[39]
• 27 May 1958: The original Gatwick railway station (which had been rebuilt) reopened as Gatwick Airport station, and Tinsley Green station was closed.
• 30 May 1958: Transair operated the first commercial air service from the new Gatwick;^[2][40][41] a Jersey Airlines de Havilland Heron was the first aircraft scheduled to arrive at the rebuilt airport.^[6][42]
• May–June 1958: Transair became the first airline to establish a base at the new Gatwick.^[43]
• 9 June 1958: Official opening. Queen Elizabeth II flew into Gatwick in a de Havilland Heron of the Queen's Flight for the opening. The first "official" flight after the reopening ceremony was a BEA DC-3 operating a charter for the Surrey County Council to Jersey and Guernsey.^[36] Gatwick was the world's first airport with a direct railway link and the first to combine mainline rail, trunk road facilities and an air terminal building in one unit.^[27] It was also one of the first with an enclosed pier-based terminal, which allowed passengers to walk under cover to waiting areas near the aircraft (with only a short walk outdoors).^[2] At the time, this comprised a single pier (the central and main pier pier of what is now the South Terminal). Another feature of Gatwick's new air terminal was its modular design, permitting subsequent, phased expansion.^[36]
• 1958 and 1959: Sudan Airways and BWIA West Indies Airways were among Gatwick's first scheduled overseas airlines. The former's "Blue Nile" service was the first scheduled flight from Gatwick by a foreign airline.^{[nb 2]} The service, between Khartoum and Gatwick via Cairo, Athens and Rome, initially used Airwork Vickers Viscount aircraft. US supplemental carriers^{[nb 3]} Capitol International, Overseas National Airways, President Airlines, Seven Seas Airlines and Transocean Airlines and several South European and Scandinavian charter airlines were among the airport's early overseas users.^[44] Among the transatlantic flights Gatwick received during that period were several Pan American aircraft that diverted from London Airport due to bad weather in the Heathrow area. This included the first appearance of a Boeing 707 at the airport.^[45]
• February 1959: Transair assumed the operation of the African "Safari" low-fare flights from parent company Airwork, along with two dedicated Viscount aircraft. This resulted in the service's London terminal moving from Blackbushe to Gatwick. Airwork ended its manufacturing and large-scale, third part aircraft maintenance activities at Gatwick following completion of a large scheduled servicing and repair contract for RAF F-86 Sabre fighters stationed in West Germany, which employed 550 at its peak.^[46]
• September 1959: Morton Air Services moved to Gatwick following Croydon Airport's closure.^[47]
• November 1959: Air Safaris moved to Gatwick from Southend Airport.^[48]
• 1960: Overseas Aviation moved to Gatwick from Southend Airport.^[49]
• 1 June 1960: Airwork, Dan-Air Services, Falcon Airways, Orion Airways and Pegasus Airlines moved to Gatwick following Blackbushe Airport's closure to commercial air traffic.^[50]
• 1 July 1960: Airwork (incorporating Gatwick-based Morton Air Services and Transair, Redhill-based Bristow Helicopters, and Southend-based Air Charter and Channel Air Bridge) merged with Hunting-Clan to form British United Airways (BUA). BUA assumed most of its predecessors' fixed-wing aircraft services, becoming Britain's biggest independent (and Gatwick's foremost resident) airline during the 1960s.^[44][51] By the end of the decade, it was the airport's leading scheduled operator, with a 44,100 mi (71,000 km) network of short-, medium- and long-haul routes across Europe, Africa and South America using contemporary BAC One-Eleven and Vickers VC10 jet aircraft.^[52] Despite the rapid expansion of BUA's (and other airlines') scheduled activities at Gatwick, the airport was dominated by non-scheduled services from the early 1960s until the end of the 1980s. Most were inclusive tour (IT) passenger services provided by a number of British independent operators and their overseas counterparts. This earned the airport its "bucket and spade" nickname.^[44][53]
• 1960 and 1961: Flying Tiger Line, Riddle Airlines and Saturn Airways began operating regular summer charters carrying passengers and cargo between Gatwick, the US, the Republic of Ireland, Continental Europe and Asia. These services compensated for traffic lost as a result of the collapse of several of Gatwick's resident airlines during that period.^[54]

Gatwick in 1961

• 1 April 1961: The airport's designation became "London (Gatwick)", emphasising its status as a London airport. (London Airport became "London (Heathrow)".) Following agreement with the British government to transfer some flights from Heathrow to improve Gatwick's utilisation, BEA and Air France moved some of their flights to Paris (Le Bourget) to Gatwick. BEA also moved some flights to other European destinations to Gatwick.^[55][56]
• 29 November 1961: A Caledonian Airways Douglas DC-7C that was chartered by London Transport Executive landed at Gatwick with 95 immigrants from Barbados on board. This was the airline's first revenue flight.^[56]
• 1962: Two additional piers were added to the terminal.^[6]
• 1 May 1963: Non-scheduled operators began implementing the Ministry of Aviation's instruction to transfer all regular charter flights from Heathrow to Gatwick, restricting Heathrow's use for non-scheduled operations to "occasional" charter flights.^[57]
• 26 May 1963: BUA launched "Silver Arrow", a twice-daily combined rail-air service between London and Paris, with a Viscount for the cross-Channel Gatwick–Le Touquet air service.^[44][58][59]
• 1 January 1964: BEA Helicopters made Gatwick their administrative and engineering base.^[60]
• 1964: Gatwick's original, relatively short 7,000 ft (2,100 m) late-1950s paved runway was extended by 1,200 ft (370 m) to 8,200 ft (2,500 m) due to new noise rules governing the operation of jet aircraft at airports near (or surrounded by) densely populated urban areas.^[2][61]
• 1965: By now, each of the three piers was nearly 1,000 ft (300 m) long, and the terminal complex had a floor area of 100,000 sq ft (9,300 m²).^[2][27]
• 9 April 1965: a BUA One-Eleven operated the type's first commercial service from Gatwick to Genoa.^[62]
• 3 June 1965: BEA Hawker Siddeley Trident 1C G-ARPB became the first aircraft to fly an approach to Gatwick Airport automatically as part of a demonstration flight to journalists that included a total of nine fully automatic approaches to the airport.^[63]
• 4 January 1966: BUA began Gatwick's first scheduled domestic jet service to Glasgow, Edinburgh and Belfast. The new service, known as "InterJet", made BUA the first UK domestic airline using jet aircraft exclusively.^[64][65]
• 1966: Canadian charter airline Wardair launched the first of a series of transatlantic charter flights from Gatwick to Canada with Boeing 727s.^[64]
• Summer 1966 and after: Busy summer weekends featured frequent arrivals and departures throughout the night as there were no night flying restrictions at Gatwick at the time. These were mainly passenger charter flights to Mediterranean resorts, although some were cargo charters to the Channel Islands and special, seasonal low-fare scheduled services flown by Iberia, SAS and Swissair. As many airlines had begun phasing out their obsolete piston airliners, a growing number of these night flights were operated by first and second generation jet aircraft powered by noisy turbojet or low-bypass turbofan engines.^[66]
• 1967: Gatwick's last car ferry flight flew, following British Air Ferries' decision to withdraw the service it inherited from Silver City Airways when it merged with Channel Air Bridge in 1963 to form British United Air Ferries.^[34]
• May 1967: Green Line Coaches launched an hourly inter-airport express coach service between Gatwick and Heathrow.^[67]
• 12 November 1968: Pioneering Icelandic low-cost carrier Loftleiðir inaugurated Gatwick's first transatlantic scheduled passenger flight to New York's John F. Kennedy Airport via Reykjavík-Keflavík Airport.^[68]
• 25 June 1969: Westward Airways began the first inter-airport air shuttle between Gatwick and Heathrow using Britten-Norman Islanders. The airline's nine-seater aircraft plied this route six times a day each way. The flying time was 15 minutes (compared with an average surface travelling time of one-and-a-half hours). Fares charged were £4 one-way.^[69][70][71]

1970–1979

Airport apron in 1970

• 1970: A second 875-foot (267 m) extension of Gatwick's runway was completed, bringing it to 9,075 ft (2,766 m) and allowing non-stop jet flights to the US east coast with a full payload and full range and payload operations by British United Airways and Caledonian Airways BAC One-Eleven 500s.^[2][72] BEA Airtours made Gatwick their base.^[73]
• May 1970: The British Airports Authority (BAA) published a 10-year draft plan for Gatwick. This envisaged expanding the area covered by the airport by 840 acres (340 hectares) to 2,273 acres (920 hectares), including a second, 7,513 ft (2,290 m) long, parallel runway, 2,998 ft (914 m) to the north of the existing runway to enable processing of 20 million passengers per annum at the end of this period. The draft plan also made provisions for another terminal and considered the possibility of a third, short takeoff and landing (STOL) runway further north of the proposed second runway at a future date.^[74]
• 22 August 1970: Westward Airways discontinued its inter-airport air shuttle between Gatwick and Heathrow.^[71][75]
• November 1970: Caledonian Airways bought British United Airways, following which the combined airline began trading as Caledonian/BUA. The acquisition let Caledonian become a scheduled airline; in addition to the routes inherited from BUA, it began scheduled services to Europe, North and West Africa, North America and the Middle and Far East during the 1970s and 1980s.
• March 1971: Green Line extended its Gatwick–Heathrow inter-airport express coach service to Luton Airport.^[76]
• September 1971: Caledonian/BUA was renamed British Caledonian (BCal).^[77]
• 1 November 1971: BCal began the first scheduled service between London and Paris by a private UK airline since the 1930s, operating between Gatwick and Le Bourget.^[78]
• 9 October 1972: The arrival at Gatwick of a Wardair Boeing 707 on a positioning flight from Honolulu was thought to be the longest non-stop flight of a Boeing 707 at the time.^[79]
• November 1972: Laker Airways became the first operator of wide-body aircraft at Gatwick after the introduction of two McDonnell-Douglas DC-10-10 aircraft.^[80] Laker's DC-10 fleet expanded during the 1970s and early 1980s; this included longer-range -30s, introduced in 1980.
• 21 November 1972: A Laker Airways DC-10-10 performed the first revenue flight of a DC-10 in Europe carrying 331 charter passengers from Gatwick to Palma de Mallorca. At the time, this was also the highest number of passengers carried on a single aircraft from the airport.^[81]
• 1973: The third extension of Gatwick's runway was completed, bringing it to 10,165 ft (3,098 m) and allowing for non-stop narrow-body operations to the US west coast and commercially viable, long-range wide-body operations.^[2]

Apron in 1973

• April 1973: BCal began the first transatlantic scheduled service by a private UK airline to New York and Los Angeles from Gatwick.^[82][83]
• May 1973: KLM augmented its Heathrow–Amsterdam service with a Gatwick–Amsterdam route, making it the first non-UK airline to split operations between Heathrow and Gatwick for commercial reasons rather than to comply with government directives. Wardair and US supplemental World Airways became the first airlines to operate Boeing 747s at Gatwick.^[84][85]
• 1974: The borough of Crawley was extended northwards to include Gatwick Airport and its surrounding land. Gatwick Airport thus moved from Surrey into West Sussex.^[86]
• July 1974: BAA published a revised master plan for Gatwick to take account of lower demand for air travel than anticipated at the time of publication of the draft plan in May 1970, as a consequence of a fall in disposable incomes caused by the 1973 oil crisis. This resulted in abandoning the proposal for a second runway and in a downward revision of the number of passengers the airport was expected to handle in the early 1980s to 16 million.^[87]
• March and May 1977: BCal introduced its first two DC-10-30s (its first wide-body aircraft) at the airport.^[88]
• 26 September 1977: Laker Airways launched Skytrain, Gatwick's first daily long-haul, no-frills, non-stop flights to John F. Kennedy (JFK) Airport.^[89]
• Late 1970s: By now, government initiatives supporting Gatwick's development resulted in steady growth in passenger traffic. Among these were policies seeking to transfer all scheduled services between London and the Iberian peninsula from Heathrow to Gatwick,^[90] banning whole-plane charters at Heathrow^[91] and requiring all airlines planning scheduled services to London for the first time to use Gatwick instead of Heathrow. This policy was known as the London [Air] Traffic Distribution Rules. The government also approved a high-frequency helicopter shuttle service linking Gatwick with Heathrow.^[92]
• 1 April 1978: The London [Air] Traffic Distribution Rules became effective, retroactive to 1 April 1977. The rules were designed to increase Gatwick's utilisation and improve its efficiency across the operating day, all-year round to help it become profitable.^[93][94] British Airways (BA) and Aer Lingus began daily scheduled flights between Gatwick and Dublin,^[92][95] the first use of Gatwick as a London terminal for scheduled services between the British and Irish capitals and the first BA scheduled service from Gatwick with aircraft based at the airport.^{[nb 4][92]} For Aer Lingus, it was the first scheduled service from Gatwick.^[92][95]
• 9 June 1978: 20th anniversary of Gatwick's reopening by Queen Elizabeth II. BCal, British Airways Helicopters and the BAA jointly introduced Airlink, a helicopter shuttle service operating 10 times daily to Heathrow.^[96][97]
• 31 December 1978: By now, scheduled passengers outnumbered charter passengers for the first time since the early 1960s.^[98][53]
• 23 April 1979: The Gatwick–Heathrow Airlink carried its 50,000th passenger.^[99]
• August 1979: BAA signed a legally binding agreement with West Sussex County Council not to build another runway at Gatwick for 40 years in return for gaining approval to upgrade the taxiway running parallel to the airport's existing runway to an emergency landing strip.^[99]
• Late 1970s and early 1980s: Fully extendible jet bridges were added when the piers were rebuilt and extended.^[2]

1980–1989

Apron in 1981 (note the prominence of wide-bodied aircraft)

• 1 August 1980: BCal launched the UK's first private scheduled air service to Hong Kong (via Dubai) from the airport.^[82][83]
• 9 November 1980: The departure from Gatwick of a Dan-Air Comet on a one-hour special charter flight for aircraft enthusiasts marked the last revenue service of the world's first commercial jet airliner.^[100]
• 1982: BCal began operating a small fleet of Boeing 747-200s from Gatwick.^[101] BAA and British Airways Helicopters ended their involvement in the Gatwick–Heathrow Airlink, leaving BCal to assume sole responsibility for this service. This included British Caledonian Helicopters supplying both the helicopter and engineering backup.^[102]
• 28 May 1982: Pope John Paul II arrived at Gatwick on an Alitalia Boeing 727-200 Advanced, beginning the first papal visit to the United Kingdom.^[103][104]
• 2 June 1982: The Pope left Gatwick at the end of his visit aboard a BCal Boeing 707.^[105]
• December 1982: The Gatwick Hilton opened as the first hotel in Britain to be part of an airport complex.^[106]
• 1983: As passenger numbers grew, a circular satellite pier was added to the terminal building connected to the main terminal by the UK's first automated people mover system.^[2] (This replaced the original North pier dating from 1962, and the people mover connecting the main terminal with the satellite pier was subsequently replaced with a walkway and travelators). A second terminal was planned, and construction began on the North Terminal on the land earmarked for a second runway in the draft plan of May 1970. This was the largest construction project south of London in the 1980s, costing £200 million.^{[107][108][109][110]}

Gatwick in 1984, with new control tower in background

• 1984: Gatwick's new air-traffic control tower opened, the tallest in the UK at the time.^[109] The Gatwick Express was launched by British Rail, the world's first non-stop airport-to-city-centre rail service (between the airport and Victoria Station).^[109][111]
• 22 June 1984: Virgin Atlantic's first commercial flight left Gatwick for Newark Liberty International Airport.
• 1985: Work began on converting the northern parallel taxiway into a second runway for emergency use.^[6]
• June 1985: British Airways operated the first commercial Concorde flight from Gatwick.^[6]
• 6 February 1986: The last Airlink helicopter shuttle service from Gatwick to Heathrow flew.^[112]
• Year ending in April 1987: Gatwick overtook New York JFK as the world's second-busiest international airport with 15.86 million international passengers.^[113]
• Late 1987 and early 1988: British Airways took over British Caledonian; the takeover began on 21 December 1987 and was completed on 14 April 1988.
• 18 March 1988: The North Terminal was opened by Queen Elizabeth II (including an automated rapid transit system link to the South Terminal).^[114]

1990–1999

A Dan-Air Boeing 727-200 Advanced and Garuda Indonesia Boeing 747-200B at Gatwick in 1990

• End of the 1989–90 fiscal year: By now, scheduled passengers consistently outnumbered non-scheduled passengers at the airport; non-scheduled passengers had accounted for more than half the airport's passengers for most of the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s.^[53][115]
• 1991: A second aircraft pier was added to the North Terminal. Dan-Air replaced Air Europe as Gatwick's principal short-haul scheduled operator after Air Europe ceased trading early in 1991; both played important roles in the development of the airport's short-haul scheduled route network.^{[116][117][94][118][119][120]}
• 1994: The North Terminal international departure lounge and the first phase of the South Terminal international departure lounge opened, at a cost of £30 million.^[2]
• 1998: The main runway was extended for a fourth time, reaching 10,879 ft (3,316 m), to enable longer-range operations with wide-body aircraft.^[2]
• December 1999: EasyJet began operating from the airport; its first route served Geneva with aircraft and crew from EasyJet Switzerland based at Geneva Airport.

2000–2009

• 2000 to 2001: Gatwick's two terminals were further expanded to add seating, retail space and catering outlets, at a cost of £60 million; this included an extension to the North Terminal departure lounge, completed in 2001.^[2]
• 2002: EasyJet began stationing planes at Gatwick.

The bridge to Pier 6 in the North Terminal opened in 2005.

• 2005: An extension and refurbishment to the South Terminal's baggage reclaim hall (doubling it in size) was completed.
• 16 May 2005: Pier 6 opened at a cost of £110 million, adding 11 pier-served aircraft stands. The pier is linked to the North Terminal's main building by the largest air passenger bridge in the world, spanning a taxiway and providing passengers with views of the airport and taxiing aircraft.^[121]
• May 2008: An extension of the South Terminal's departure lounge was completed, and a second-floor security search area opened. This terminal is now primarily used by low-cost airlines; many former users moved to the North Terminal.
• 12 October 2009: Qatar Airways's daily QR076 Gatwick–Doha scheduled service became the first commercial flight powered by fuel derived from natural gas. The Airbus A340-600HGW operating the six-hour flight ran on a 50–50 blend of synthetic gas-to-liquids (GTL) and conventional, oil-based kerosene developed by Shell instead of oil-based aviation fuel.^[122][123]
• 3 December 2009: Following the agreement to sell the airport to Global Infrastructure Partners, ownership of the airport transferred from BAA Limited to a consortium of private equity funds (led by GIP).^[124]

2010–present

• After the sale of the airport to GIP, Gatwick's new owners announced their intention to proceed with a previously agreed £1 billion investment programme to upgrade and expand the airport's infrastructure from 2008 to 2014.^[125] GIP raised the improvement budget to £1.172 billion,^[126] and an additional £1 billion from 2014 to 2019 was agreed in February 2013.^[127] GIP is expected to use its relationships to persuade new and existing airlines to consider launching additional routes from Gatwick, reinstating services suspended as a result of the global recession following the 2007–2009 financial crisis and the EU-US Open Skies Agreement and expanding existing operations.^[128][129]
• 22 June 2010: Gatwick Airport Limited (GAL) began a new advertising campaign (by Lewis Moberly) for the airport, featuring the slogan "Your London Airport – Gatwick" and dropped "London" from the airport's name.^[130][131]
• 6 July 2012: An Emirates Airbus A380 operated the type's first scheduled service from Gatwick for the airline's 25th anniversary at the airport, in the UK and Europe and to test the aircraft's suitability for the airport.^[132][133]
• Late February 2013: Two A380-compatible stands were completed, enabling jet bridge access from the west end of the North Terminal's Pier 6.^[134][135]

An Emirates Airbus A380 at Gatwick in 2013

• 26 March 2013: Emirates operated a second, one-off scheduled A380 flight from Gatwick to test the airport's new three-bridge gate facility at Pier 6's stand 110. This marked the opening of Gatwick's first pier-served, £6.4 million A380 stand.^[135][136]
• 31 May 2013: Demolition began of Pier 1, Gatwick's second-oldest pier (the original 1962 South pier of what is now the South Terminal) for its replacement with a £180 million, two-storey structure with five pier-served aircraft stands and an automated baggage-storage facility, due to become operational by summer 2015.^[137][138]
• 21 June 2013: Thomson Airways operated the airport's first Boeing 787 Dreamliner flight, a charter to Menorca which was also the commercial debut of the type for the airline.^[139][140]
• 30 March 2014: Emirates became Gatwick's first airline to operate a regular (as opposed to one-off) scheduled service with the A380.^[141]
• 29 August 2014: Gatwick's main runway handled a record 906 movements, equating to an aircraft taking off or landing every 63 seconds. This was believed to be the first time a commercial airport handled more than 900 aircraft movements in one day using only one runway.^[142]

References

External links

• Official website