Historiae animalium (Gessner)
Historiae animalium ("Histories of the Animals") published at Zurich in 1551–58 and 1587, is an encyclopedic work of "an inventory of renaissance zoology" by Conrad Gesner, a doctor and professor at the Carolinum in Zürich, the precursor of the University of Zurich. It is the first modern zoological work that attempts to describe all the animals known, and the first bibliography of natural history writings. The five volumes of natural history of animals cover more than 4500 pages.[1]
Overview
The Historiae animalium was Gesner's magnum opus, and was the most widely read of all the Renaissance natural histories. The work was so popular that Gesner's abridgement, Thierbuch ("Animal Book"), was published in Zurich in 1563, and in England Edward Topsell translated and condensed it as a Historie of foure-footed beastes (London: William Jaggard, 1607).[1] Gesner’s monumental work is a record that attempts to build a connection between the ancient knowledge of the animal world and modern science. He then adds his own observations to formulate an all-inclusive description of the natural history of animals.
Gesner’s Historiae animalium is based on the Old Testament, Hebrew, Greek, and Latin sources. The encyclopedic work is a compilation from folklore and ancient and medieval texts. The work compiled the inherited knowledge of ancient naturalists like Aristotle and Pliny.[1] Gesner was known as "the Swiss Pliny."[2] For information on mythical animals he relied heavily on the material from the Physiologus.[2] His research style was based on four principles: observation, dissection, travel, and an accurate description of the animals. These viewpoints from actual experience were new to Renaissance scholars. They had usually depended on information obtained solely on previous Classical authors for their reference material.
Though in his large work Gesner sought to distinguish facts from myths, his encyclopedic work also included mythical creatures and imaginary beasts, intermixed with the strange newly discovered animals of the East Indies, those of the far north and animals brought back from the New World. The work included extensive information on mammals, birds, fish, and reptiles. It described in detail their daily habits and movements. It also included their uses in medicine and nutrition.[1]
Historiae animalium showed the animals' places in history, literature and art. Sections of each chapter detailed the animal and its attributes, in the tradition of the emblem book. Gesner's work included facts in different languages such as the names of the animals. His information drew from folktales, myths, and legends. The colored woodcut illustrations were the first real attempts to represent animals in their natural environment. It is the first book with fossil illustrations.[3]
Gesner acknowledges one of his main illustrators was Lucas Schan, an artist from Strasbourg. He likely used other illustrators as well as himself. Gesner's approach to natural history was unusual for sixteenth century readers - it contained illustrations and pictures.[2]
The first volume is an illustrated work on live-bearing four-footed animals (1551). Volume 2 is on egg-laying quadrupeds (1554). Volume 3 is on birds (1555). Volume 4 is on fish and aquatic animals (1558). A fifth volume, on snakes and scorpions, was published in 1587, after Gesner’s death.
There was extreme religious tension at the time Historiae animalium came out. Under Pope Paul IV it was felt that the religious convictions of an author contaminated all his writings,[4] so it was added to the Catholic Church's list of prohibited books. Gesner was Protestant.[2]
Notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Featured book archive: Historia animalium libri I-IV. Cum iconibus. Lib. I. De quadrupedibus uiuiparis. Zurich: C. Froschauer, 1551. N*.1.19(A)". Cambridge University Library. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "Conran Gesner biography". Retrieved 2008-09-17.
- ↑ Anzovin, p. 366 item 5210 The first fossil illustrations were contained in the Historiae animalium, published in 1551 by Swiss physician and naturalist Conrad von Gesner.; Tallack, Peter, The Science Book, Sterling Publishing Company, Inc., 2006, ISBN 1-84188-254-2, p. 46 Gesner’s classical training taught him to give pride of place to naming and classifying the fossils he described. Most importantly, he was concerned with precise identification. His book was the first to present fossil illustrations so students may more easily recognize objects that cannot be very clearly described in words.
- ↑ Schmitt, p. 46,
Sources
- Anzovin, Steven (2000). Famous First Facts. H. W. Wilson Company. ISBN 0-8242-0958-3.
- Daston, Lorraine et al. (2001). Wonders and the Order of Nature, 1150-1750. Zone books. ISBN 0-942299-91-4.
- Eamon, William (1994). Science and the Secrets of Nature: Books of Secrets in Medieval and Early Modern Culture. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-02602-5.
- Fudge, Erica (2004). Renaissance Beasts: Of Animals, Humans, and Other Wonderful Creatures. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-02880-5.
- Gmelig-Nijboer, Caroline Aleid (1977). Conrad Gessner's 'Historia animalium': an inventory of renaissance zoology. Meppel.
- Gesner, Conrad et al. (1971). Curious Woodcuts of Fanciful and Real Beasts - A Selection of 190 Sixteenth-century Woodcuts from Gesner's and Topsell's Natural Histories. Dover Publications. ISBN 04862270-1-4.
- Huxley, Robert et al. (2007). The Great Naturalists. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-25139-8.
- Jardine, Secord et al. (1996). Cultures of Natural History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-55894-8.
- Library Company of Phil, Steven (2000). Legacies of Genius: A Celebration of Philadelphia Libraries: A Selection of Books, Manuscripts, & Works of Art. ISBN 1-151-45471-0.
- Ogilvie, Brian W. (2006). The Science of Describing: Natural History in Renaissance Europe. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-62087-5.
- Pavord, Anna (2005). The Naming of Names - The Search for Order in the World of Plants. Bloomsbury. ISBN 1-59691-071-2.
- Rudwick, Martin J.S. (1976). The Meaning of Fossils. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-73103-0.
- Schmitt, Charles B. et al. (1990). The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-39748-0.
- Topsell, Edward, Konrad Gesner et al. (1967). The history of four-footed beasts and serpents and insects. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-70923-6.
External links
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- Page through a virtual copy of Gessner's Historiae Animalium
- Historiae Animalium Liber Primum online access to full book
