Hispano-Suiza HS.404

HS.404

HS.404 in the TCM-20 twin anti-aircraft configuration, displayed at the Israeli Air Force Museum.
Type Aircraft cannon
Place of origin France
Service history
Wars World War II
Korean War
Production history
Designer Marc Birkigt
Manufacturer Hispano-Suiza
Specifications
Weight 43 kg (94 lb 13 oz)
Length 2.52 m (8 ft 3 in)
Barrel length 80 calibres
Cartridge 20×110 mm
Caliber 20 mm (0.79 in)
Action gas operated
Rate of fire 700 rounds/min
Muzzle velocity 880 m/s (2,900 ft/s)
Feed system Drum magazine, belt (later models)
20mm M1 Automatic Gun
Type Aircraft cannon
Place of origin United States
Service history
In service United States Army Air Force
Used by United States
Wars World War II
Korean War
Production history
Manufacturer International Harvester
Produced 1941 – April 1942
Variants A/N M2, A/N M3, M24
Specifications
Weight 64.5 lb (29.3 kg) (breech mechanism)
47.5 lb (21.5 kg) (barrel with Muzzle Brake)
22 lb (10.0 kg) (loaded 60-round M1 drum magazine)
19 lb (8.6 kg) (M1 Feed Mechanism).
Length 100.6 in (2.56 m)
Barrel length 67.5 in (1,710 mm)
Rifling: 9 grooves, right-hand twist, 1-in-63 inches (1:160 cm) turn.
Cartridge 20×110mm Hispano "A"
Calibre 20 mm (0.79 in)
Action gas operated
Rate of fire 600–700 rounds/min
Muzzle velocity 2,850 ft/s (870 m/s)
Maximum firing range 7,000 yards
Feed system 60-round M1 drum or linked belt
Hispano Mk.V
Type Aircraft cannon
Place of origin United Kingdom
Service history
Used by United Kingdom & the British Empire, Commonwealth, United States
Wars World War II
Korean War
Specifications
Weight 42 kg (92 lb 10 oz)
Cartridge 20×110mm
Calibre 20 mm (0.79 in)
Action gas operated
Rate of fire 750 rounds/min
Muzzle velocity 840 m/s (2,800 ft/s)
Feed system Belt

The HS.404 was an autocannon produced by Hispano-Suiza and derivates and was widely used as both an aircraft and land based weapon in the 20th century by French, British, American and numerous other military services, particularly during the Second World War. The cannon is also referred to as Birkigt type 404, after its designer Marc Birkigt, and later versions based on British development are known as 20mm Hispano.[1] Firing a 20 mm caliber projectile, it delivered a useful load of explosive from a relatively light weapon. This made it an ideal anti-aircraft weapon for mounting on light vehicles, as well as a fighter aircraft gun, replacing the multiple 7.62 mm (.30 caliber) and .303 inch (7.7 mm) machine guns commonly used in military aircraft of the 1930s. The HS.404 was produced by the French subsidiary of Hispano-Suiza.

Development

From Oerlikon to Hispano

In the 1930s, Hispano Suiza S.A. was licensed to build an engine drive shaft version of the Swiss Oerlikon FF S or Becker model, an advanced primer ignition blowback design, firing from an open bolt. The Oerlikon FF S was based on the Oerlikon 20 mm anti-aircraft auto-cannon. The Hispano-Suiza version was called the "Hispano-Suiza Automatic Cannon Type HS.7" and HS.9. The Swiss cannon, like all pre-war Oerlikon guns, was a blowback weapon with certain unique features: a barrel that does not recoil and a heavy breechblock which is never locked against the breech and actually moves forward when the gun is fired. Shortly after production began, the Hispano-Suiza and Oerlikon companies disagreed over patent rights and their business connection came to an end.

In 1933, the chief engineer of Hispano-Suiza, Marc Birkigt, began work on the design of an entirely new weapon to replace the Oerlikon contract, based on a locking mechanism patented in 1919 by the American machine-gun designer Carl Swebilius.[1] The result was the Type 404, or HS.404. While the HS.404 resembled the parent Oerlikon FF S in many respects, its repeating mechanism was gas-operated. When the projectile passes a port cut into the barrel, hot gas behind the projectile is siphoned off and enters a chamber. There it pressed against a piston. The piston is connected to a rod that unlocks the bolt, allowing the gas pressure in the barrel to drive the bolt backward. Since the bolt was locked during firing, the heavy bolt of the Oerlikon could be replaced by a much lighter one, which greatly increased the rate of fire to 700 rounds per minute, about 200 rounds/minute greater than the Oerlikon. In 1938, Birkigt patented it and started production in their Geneva factory.[1] In the comparable MG FF — a Swiss development of the Oerlikon—the mechanism remained an advanced primer ignition blowback, and lightening of the bolt was only achieved by a lighter charge, which also lowered muzzle velocity. Still, the Hispano retained its advantage in rate of fire throughout the war compared to the MG FF.

Anti-aircraft gun

Israeli anti-aircraft M3 Half-track with twin H.S. 404 auto-cannons

The HS.404's predecessor, the Oerlikon auto-cannon, was rather heavy and the movement of the heavy bolt made it best suited in static and maritime anti-aircraft defence. In contrast the lighter bolt of the HS.404 made it well suited to mounting on vehicles. The M16, an anti-aircraft version of the M3 Half-track, could be equipped with single or double American made copies of the Hispano-Suiza auto-cannon. This variant of the M3 Half-track was used by US and Commonwealth forces late in the Second World War and in the Korean War and was further developed by Israel in the post-war era.[2]

Aircraft gun

In 1938, an aircraft based version of the HS.404 was produced at the request of the French government. It was installed on a wide range of pre-war French fighter plane designs, notably in installations firing through the drive shaft of the Hispano-Suiza 12Y engine, a system referred to as a moteur-canon ("engine cannon"). The HS.404 was fed by drum magazines that could accommodate 60 rounds at most. Since in most installations the magazine could not be switched during flight, the small ammunition capacity was a weakness. In 1940, Hispano-Suiza was developing a belt-feeding system, as well as derivatives of the HS.404 in heavier calibres such as 23 mm but these projects were halted with the German occupation of France.[1]

British production

In the buildup to the Second World War, the United Kingdom had embarked on a programme to develop cannon-armed fighters.[3] They acquired a licence to build the HS.404, which entered production as the Hispano Mk.I intended as aeroplane armament. Its first use was in the Westland Whirlwind of 1940, and later in the more powerful Bristol Beaufighter, providing the Royal Air Force with powerful cannon-armed interceptors.[4] The experience of the Battle of Britain had shown the batteries of eight rifle-calibre machine guns to be inadequate and prompted the adoption of auto cannon armament for the primary portion of Royal Air Force (RAF) fighters.[5] The Beaufighter highlighted the need for a belt feed mechanism; as a night fighter the 60-round drums needed to be replaced in the dark by the Radar/Wireless Operator, often while the aircraft was manoeuvering to keep sight of its quarry. In addition, the early trial installations in the Hawker Hurricane and Supermarine Spitfire had shown a tendency for the gun to jam during combat manouvres, leading to some official doubt as to the suitability of cannons as the sole main armament. This led briefly to the Air Ministry specifying 12-machine gun armament for new fighters.[5]

Subsequently a suitable belt-feeding system was developed by Martin-Baker and the new design was adopted by the RAF and Fleet Air Arm in 1941 in a slightly modified form as the Hispano Mk.II. Four cannons replaced the eight .303 Browning machine guns in the Hurricane[6] and in some tropical versions of the Spitfire, becoming standard armament in later fighters. Most other Spitfires had only two cannons, because of technical difficulties (i.e., inadequate room for gun-heating capacity for the outboard cannon leading to the gun freezing at high altitudes), along with four 0.303 caliber (7.7mm) or two 0.50 caliber (12.7mm) machine guns.[7]

The British were concerned their production would be inadequate and licensed production of the Hispano to the US. However, the US production never became satisfactory and the British eventually gave up on the U.S. versions. British production was eventually increased to the point where this was no longer an issue. The ultimate version of the British wartime Hispanos was the Hispano Mk. V, which had a shorter barrel together and lacked the cocking cylinder thus requiring manual cocking before flight. It was lighter and had a higher rate of fire (desirable in aircraft armament), although at the expense of some muzzle velocity. The shorter barrel meant that the weapon could be housed within the wing of a fighter plane, reducing drag and making them less vulnerable to freezing and mechanical stress. One of the main British fighters to use the Mk. V was the Hawker Tempest Mk. V Series II, which mounted two cannons in each wing.[8] Ammunition types available included Semi-Armour Piercing, Incendiary (SAPI) and High Explosive, Incendiary (HEI).[9]

US production

US Patent drawing of the Hispano Suiza cannon.

The British version was also licensed for use in the United States as the M1, with both the United States Army Air Corps (USAAC) and U.S. Navy planning to switch to the 20 mm caliber as soon as the gun could be produced in sufficient numbers. A very large building program was established, along with production of ammunition, in 1941. When delivered, the guns proved to be extremely unreliable and suffered a considerable number of misfires due to the round being lightly struck by the firing pin.[10] The British were interested in using this weapon to ease production in England, but after receiving the M1 they were disappointed. British wing-mounted fighter weapons by this period were cocked on the ground by the aircraft armourers before flight, the built-in pneumatic cocking mechanism used previously being regarded as unnecessary weight and detrimental to aircraft performance, so any stoppage in flight made the gun unusable until it could be cleared on the ground. The misfires also had the tendency to cause aircraft with wing-mounted guns to yaw towards the wing with the failed gun when the guns were fired, due to the unequal recoil, thus throwing-off the pilot's aim.

A lieutenant inspects an ammunition belt as used by the 20 mm Hispano cannon visible in the nose of a Lockheed P-38 Lightning.

In April 1942 a copy of the British Mk.II was sent to the U.S. for comparison. The British version used a slightly shorter chamber and did not have the same problems as the U.S. version of the cannon.[10] The U.S. declined to modify the chamber of their version, but nonetheless made other modifications to create the unreliable M2. By late 1942 the USAAF had 40 million rounds of ammunition stored but the guns remained unsuitable. The U.S. Navy had been trying to go all-cannon throughout the war but the conversion never occurred. As late as December 1945 the Army's Chief of Ordnance was still attempting to complete additional changes to the design to allow it to enter service.[10] Some variations of the 20 mm guns used on the Lockheed P-38 Lightning aircraft were produced by International Harvester.[11] The P-38's nose-mounted M2 featured a built-in cocking system, and could simply be re-cocked in flight after a misfire, which made the misfires less of a problem than with other aircraft.[12]

The U.S. followed the British development closely and when the Mk.V was designed, the Americans followed suit with the A/N M3 but unreliability continued. After World War II the United States Air Force (USAF) adopted a version of the M3 cannon as the M24, similar in most respects except for the use of the addition of electrical cocking, allowing the gun to re-cock over a lightly struck round.[7] The problems of the American weapons led to most US fighters being equipped with the AN/M2 .50 cal Browning light-barrel HMG throughout the war.[13]

Post-war development

After the war the Hispano variants disappeared fairly quickly as fighter armament due to the introduction of revolver cannons, based on the prototype versions of the never-produced German wartime Mauser MG 213 cannon. The British introduced the powerful revolving 30 mm caliber ADEN cannon in most of their post-war designs, while the French used the very similar DEFA cannon, firing similar ammunition. Similarly, the USAF introduced the 20 mm M39 cannon to replace the M24, while the Navy instead combined the original Hispano design with a lighter round for better muzzle velocity in the Colt Mk 12 cannon.[14] As a ground vehicle mounted gun, either anti-aircraft or as a general-purpose autocannon, the HS.404 lasted into the 1960s. A powered turret variant is still in production in Honduras, and is used as a light anti-aircraft gun by the army and navy in several nations.[15] The A/N M3 was developed into the Mk16 Colt 20mm automatic cannon, one of the main weapons on boats of the Mobile Riverine Force in the Vietnam War[16] and also used on some larger amphibious ships.

Properties

The Hispano fired a 130 g (4.586 oz) 20 mm diameter projectile from a 110 mm (4.331 in) long casing, the whole round weighing 257 g (9.065 oz).[17] Lengths of the projectiles varied with type, but were set to variable depth in the casing to produce a total full round length of 184 mm (7.244 in) regardless of projectile type.[18] The gun has a muzzle velocity between 840 and 880 m/s (2,800 and 2,900 ft/s), depending on barrel length. Rate of fire was between 600 and 850 rounds per minute. The gun was 2.36 m (7 ft 9 in) long, weighing between 42 and 50 kg (93 and 110 lb). The British Mk V and American M3/M24 weapons were lighter and had higher rates of fire than the early HS.404 guns.[19]

Users

France

Morane-Saulnier M.S.406, one of several French fighters with the moteur-canon firing through the drive shaft.

United Kingdom & British Empire

Hawker Hurricane Mk.IV with the long barrels of the Mk.II Hispanos in the wings
A Mustang Mk.IA, the only version of the Mustang to carry autocannons: the Hispano Mk.II
Avro Shackleton, sporting two Hispano Mk. V in the nose
The short barrel Mk.V was used in most early British jet fighters, like this Vampire. The gun ports are visible on the underside of the nose

United States

Twin M3 barrels poking out from the leading edges of the wings of a Corsair.

Yugoslavia

Sweden

Argentina

Specifications HS.404

Ammunition

US

World War II

Ammunition was shipped in rectangular 10-shell fiberboard cartons. There were 12 cartons per metal-lined wooden packing crate (120 rounds).

Post-War

The M90 series of shells were ballistically matched to make it easier to use different types without losing accuracy. Ammunition was shipped in 25-round metal canisters. There were 6 metal canisters per wooden crate (150 rounds).

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Chinn, George M. (1951). The Machine Gun: History, Evolution, and Development of Manual, Automatic, and Airborne Repeating Weapons I. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 562–590. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
  2. ↑
  3. ↑ Air Ministry specification F.37 of 1935
  4. ↑ "Westland Whirlwind Fighter". constable.ca. Retrieved 16 December 2010.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 March, P.R. (2007): The Hurricane story. Sutton Publishing Limited (The History Press, 2009). 118 pages
  6. ↑ "Hawker Hurricane Mk II B". Retrieved 16 December 2010.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Williams, A.G & Gustin, E. (2003): Flying Guns World War II, Development of Aircraft Guns, Ammunition and Installations 1933-45. Crowood Press, Ramsbury, Great Britain. 352 pages
  8. ↑ "Hawker Tempest Fighter-Bomber / Interceptor Aircraft". Military Factory. Retrieved 16 December 2010.
  9. ↑ http://www.wwiiaircraftperformance.org/mosquito/Cunningham_85squadron_2Jan44-nitrous-oxide.jpg
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Chinn, G.M, Oblt. (1951): The Machine Gun. History, Evolution, and Development of Manual, Automatic, and Airborne Repeating Weapons, vol I. Issued by the Bureau of Ordnance Department of the Navy, Washington, USA. Available for download as PDF
  11. ↑ International Harvester Corporation. "Mr. Dealer Plan Now for the Future", Harvester World, Volume 34, Number 11, November 1943, p.16. Harvester Press, Chicago, 1943
  12. ↑ http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1943/1943%20-%202627.html
  13. ↑ Williams, G. (2004): Cannons or machine gun? The Second World War Aircraft Gun Controversy. Aeroplane Magazine, September (2004). Article on-line
  14. ↑ Williams, A.G. & Gustin, E. (2004): Flying Guns - The Modern Era, Development of Aircraft Guns, Ammunition and Installations since 1945. Crowood Press, 240 pages. ISBN 1-86126-655-3
  15. ↑ Friedman, N. (1997): The Naval Institute guide to world naval weapons systems, 1997-1998. U.S. Naval Institute, Annapolis, Maryland. 745 pages. relevant page from Google Books
  16. ↑ Rottman, Gordon L. (2012). Vietnam Riverine Craft 1962-75. Osprey Publishing. p. 11. ISBN 9781782000600.
  17. ↑ Williams, A.G. & Gustin, E. (2009): World War 2 fighter armament effectiveness.
  18. ↑ Ammunition description of 20 mm X 110 Hispano rounds from MLM International PDF
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Mk 5 20mm Hispano Cannon
  20. ↑ RCAF.com The Aircraft
  21. ↑ "Wartime British Remotely Controlled Guns and Turrets". 2003-05-09. Retrieved 2008-08-05.

External links

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