High sheriff

A high sheriff is a ceremonial officer for each shrieval county of England and Wales and Northern Ireland or the chief sheriff of a number of paid sheriffs in U.S. states who outranks and commands the others in their court-related functions.

The office existed in what is now the Republic of Ireland but was abolished there in 1926.

In England and Wales, the office is unpaid privilege with ceremonial duties, the sheriffs being appointed annually by the Crown through a warrant from the Privy Council except in Cornwall where the High Sheriff is appointed by the Duke of Cornwall. In England and Wales the office's civil (civil judgement) enforcement powers exist but are not exercised by convention. The office was termed that of sheriff until 1 April 1974, except in the City of London, which has two sheriffs of the City of London.

England, Wales and Northern Ireland

In England, Wales and Northern Ireland the high sheriff (or in the City of London the sheriffs) is/are theoretically the sovereign's judicial representative in the county, while the Lord Lieutenant is the sovereign's personal representative. Their jurisdictions, the "shrieval counties", are no longer co-terminous with administrative areas, representing a mix between the ancient counties and more recent local authority areas. The post contrasts with that of sheriff in Scotland, who is a judge sitting in a sheriff court.

The word "sheriff" is a contraction of the term "shire reeve". The term, from the Old English scīrgerefa, designated a royal official responsible for keeping the peace (a "reeve") throughout a shire or county on behalf of the king.^[1][2] The term was preserved in England notwithstanding the Norman Conquest. The office of sheriff had its origins in the 10th century; the office reached the height of its power under the Norman kings. While the sheriffs originally had been men of great standing at court, the thirteenth century saw a process whereby the office devolved on significant men within each county, usually landowners.^[3] The Provisions of Oxford (1258) established a yearly tenure of office. The appointments and duties of the sheriffs in England and Wales were redefined by the Sheriffs Act 1887.^[4] Under the provisions of the Local Government Act 1972, on 1 April 1974 the office previously known as sheriff was retitled "high sheriff".^[5]

The serving high sheriff submits a list of names of possible future high sheriffs to a tribunal which chooses three names to put to the Sovereign. The nomination is made on 12 November every year and the term of office runs from 25 March, the first day of the year until 1751. No person may be appointed twice in three years, unless there is no other suitable person in the county.

Nomination

The Sheriffs Act 1887 as amended provides that sheriffs should be nominated on 12 November (Martinmas), or the Monday following if it falls on a Sunday, by any two or more of the Chancellor of the Exchequer, the Lord President of the Council, and the Lord Chief Justice of England; other members of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council; and any two or more judges of Her Majesty's High Court.^[6] These amendments were in 1998, the Chancellor of the Exchequer was granted full entitlement not merely conditional entitlement if there is no Lord High Treasurer — since the Treasurership is by constitutional convention always placed into commission, and in 2006 the Lord Chancellor was removed as a nominating officer through the operation of the Constitutional Reform Act 2005.^[7]

These officers nominate three candidates for each county in England and Wales (with the exception of Cornwall, Merseyside, Greater Manchester and Lancashire), which are enrolled on a parchment by the Queen's Remembrancer.^[8]

Eligibility for nomination and appointment as high sheriff under the Sheriffs Act 1887 excludes peers of Parliament, members of the House of Commons, commissioners or officers of Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs, officers of the Post Office and officers of the Navy, Army or Royal Air Force on full pay, clergymen (whether beneficed or not) and barristers or solicitors in actual practice.

Pricking

The practice of "pricking" is an ancient custom used to appoint the high sheriffs of England and Wales.

In February or March of each year, two parchments prepared the previous November are presented to the Sovereign (who is also Duke of Lancaster) at a meeting of the Privy Council. A further parchment is drawn up in November for Cornwall and presented to the Duke of Cornwall (or to the Sovereign when there is no such Duke).^[9]

Certain eligible persons (High Court Judges and the Privy Council) nominate candidates for each county shrievalty, one of whom is chosen for each by the Sovereign. In practice, the first name on the list is nowadays always the one chosen; the second and third names tend to become sheriffs in succeeding years, barring incapacity or death. The Sovereign signifies assent by pricking (i.e., piercing) the document with a silver bodkin by the relevant name for each county, and signs the parchment when complete. The parchment for the Duchy of Lancaster is known as the "Lites", and the ceremony of selection known as "Pricking the Lites".^[10] The term "lites", meaning "list", was once reserved for Yorkshire;^[11] the date at which the name was transferred to Lancashire is unknown. ^[12] The Lites is used for the three ceremonial counties that fall wholly or partially within the boundaries of the historic county palatine of Lancaster (an administrative county until 1 April 1974): Lancashire, Greater Manchester, and Merseyside.^[10]

The practice is believed to date back to a year in the reign of Elizabeth I, when, lacking a pen, she decided to use her bodkin to mark the name instead. By contrast, Lord Campbell stated, perhaps without intention of publication, in February 1847, "[it began] in ancient times, sir, when sovereigns did not know how to write their names." while acquiring a prick and a signature from Queen Victoria as Prince Albert asked him when the custom began.^[13][14]

Ireland

The Sheriffs (Ireland) Act 1920 restricted the duties of the High Sheriff to summoning of the county grand jury and attending the judge at assizes.^[15] In the Irish Free State the Courts of Justice Act 1924 abolished the grand jury and the assizes;^[15] and the office of High Sheriff was formally abolished by the Court Officers Act 1926.^[16] The office continues to exist in Northern Ireland.

Declaration

The declaration a person must make before taking the office of high sheriff is contained in the second schedule of the Sheriffs Act 1887.^[17] Additional words are inserted in the case of the Duchy of Cornwall for example the declaration includes: "do solemnly declare that I will well and truly serve the Queen’s Majesty and also his Royal Highness Duke of Cornwall".^[17]

Responsibilities

Contemporary high sheriffs have few genuine responsibilities and their functions are largely representational:^[18][19]

• Attendance at Royal visits to the county.
• Proclamation of the accession of a new sovereign.
• Acting as the returning officer for parliamentary elections in county constituencies; this role is normally delegated to an acting returning officer.
• Attendance at the opening ceremony when a High Court judge goes on circuit.
• Historically, execution of High Court writs (although technically sheriffs may still do this, their duty to do so was effectively removed by the Courts Act 2003).
• Annual appointment of undersheriffs to act as deputies.

Theoretical responsibilities include the well-being and protection of High Court judges, and attending them in court; and the maintenance of the loyalty of subjects to the Crown.^[20] However, most of the high sheriff's work is delegated (for example, the local police now protect judges and courts) so that in effect the post of high sheriff is essentially a ceremonial post.

The high sheriff was traditionally responsible for the maintenance of law and order within the county, although most of these duties are now delegated to the professional Chief Constable of Police.^[19] As a result of its close links with law and order the position is frequently awarded to people with an association with law enforcement (former police officers, lawyers, magistrates, judges). The high sheriff was originally allowed to kill suspects resisting arrest; this was still legal in the 17th century. Edward Coke noted that when the high sheriff employed constables to assist in his duties the law was also extended to them.^[21]

Powers

Under the provisions of the Sheriffs Act 1887, if a sheriff finds any resistance in the execution of a writ he shall "take with him the power of the county" (known as posse comitatus), and shall go in proper person to do execution, and may arrest the resisters and commit them to prison, and every such resister shall be guilty of a misdemeanor.^[22]

Exceptional counties

City of London

There are two Sheriffs of the City of London, elected annually by the Liverymen of the Livery Companies of the City. Whilst these are not High Sheriffs, the City of London does not fall under the High Sheriff of Greater London and the Sheriffs of the City of London were, until 1889, also the Sheriffs for Middlesex, there being no High Sheriff of Middlesex until that year.

Cornwall

The first Duchy of Cornwall Charter of 1337 states that the "Shrievalty of Cornwall", the right to appoint the sheriff for the county, is vested in the Duke of Cornwall.^[23] Two further charters, dated 18 March 1337 and 3 January 1338, state that no sheriff of the king shall enter Cornwall to execute the king's writ. The Sheriff of Cornwall swears to serve both the reigning monarch and the duke. When there is no Duke of Cornwall, the Duchy Council still sits, but under the Trusteeship of the English (since 1707, British) monarch. Only as Duchy Trustee can the monarch appoint the Sheriff of Cornwall. Nomination and appointment generally take place in the Hilary Term, at the office of the Duchy of Cornwall.^[24][25]

Durham

The High Sheriff of Durham was appointed by the Bishop of Durham until 1836, when the jurisdiction of the county palatine became vested in the Crown.^[26] Since then the sheriffs of Durham have been appointed alongside the other English sheriffs.

Lancashire

The right to nominate and select sheriffs in Lancashire is vested in the monarch in right of the Duchy of Lancaster.^[24] Originally, this right applied only to the High Sheriff of Lancashire, but since the boundary changes of the Local Government Act 1972 (effective 1974), the High Sheriff of Greater Manchester and High Sheriff of Merseyside also lie under the jurisdiction of the Duchy of Lancaster. As with the other counties in England, three names are nominated each year, but by the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster;^[27] these are presented to the monarch for selection by the Chancellor in a private audience.^[28] Selection generally occurs in Hilary Term.^[24]

Wales

The nomination of sheriffs in the counties of Wales was first vested by statute in the Council of Wales and the Marches and the Welsh justices under Henry VIII. With the abolition of the Council in 1689, the power of nomination was transferred to the justices of the Court of Great Sessions in Wales. When this court was abolished in 1830, its rights were in turn transferred to the courts of King's Bench, Exchequer, and Commons Pleas.^[29] Finally, by an Act of Parliament of 1845, the nomination and appointment of sheriffs in Wales was made identical to that in England.^[24]

United States

The position of high sheriff in the United States generally denotes the superior sheriff in a state, or the head of a state-wide sheriff's department. Such a position exists in Rhode Island (Executive High Sheriff),^[30] and Hawaii. In New Hampshire, the ten high sheriffs are the senior law enforcement officers of each county, and have police powers throughout the state.^[31]

The New York City Sheriff functions as a high sheriff over the five counties/boroughs - each of which contains an subordinate undersheriff in charge.^[32]

See also

• List of Shrievalties
• List of High Sheriffs of England, Wales and Northern Ireland 2007
• List of High Sheriffs of England, Wales and Northern Ireland 2008
• List of High Sheriffs of England, Wales and Northern Ireland 2009
• List of High Sheriffs of England, Wales and Northern Ireland 2010
• High Court enforcement officers
• Sheriff Court (Scotland)
• Sheriff (Brief details around the world)
• Bailiff (one of seven more junior, related offices in England and Wales to be re-branded as enforcement officer for all but water bailiff and jury bailiff in 2014)

References

Sources

• Morris, W. A. "The Office of Sheriff in the Early Norman Period," English Historical Review (1918) 33#130 pp. 145-175 in JSTOR
• Duchy of Lancaster: Palatinate High Sheriffs, accessed 5 August 2008
• The National Archives: Duchy of Lancaster: Records of Appointment of the High Sheriff of the County Palatine of Lancaster, accessed 5 August 2008
• Wirral Globe: Former Birkenhead pupil is our new High Sheriff, accessed 5 August 2008
• Lancaster Priory: History of the Duchy of Lancaster and the Office of High Sheriff, accessed 5 August 2008
• Atkinson, George (1839). A Practical Treatise on Sheriff-Law. William Crofts. OCLC 13722386. 
• Atkinson, George (1854). Sheriff-Law. Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. OCLC 34650185. 
• Churchill, Cameron; A. Carmichael Bruce (1879). The law of the office and duties of the sheriff. Stevens & Sons. OCLC 15085483. 
• Holdsworth, William (1956). A.L Goodhart, H.G Hanbury, ed. A History of English Law In Sixteen Volumes (volume III). S.B Chrimes (7th ed.). Methuen & Co Ltd. 

External links

• The High Sheriffs Association of England and Wales.

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