Hermes (Greek stamp)

The Greek god Hermes, messenger of the Gods in the Greek mythology, is the representation chosen, in 1860, by the kingdom of Greece to illustrate its first postal stamps. The first type, the "large Hermes head", was issued in October 1861, and stayed in circulation up to 1886, it was then replaced by the second type, the "small Hermes head". The "Large Hermes head" stamps, have been reissued, overprinted, in 1900 & 1901 in order to mitigate the delay of the shipment of the stamps of the third type, the "flying Hermes" by the British printer J. P. Segg & C°.[1] In 1902, a fourth type showing Hermes effigy was issued for international "metal payment". Finally, in 1912, a fifth type showing various Hermes representations was issued and stayed in circulation up to 1926. Starting early 1920s, the subjects used to illustrate the Greek postal stamps are becoming to be diversified and let down the Hermes effigy.

20 lepta of the "large Hermes head" of the Paris printings

The stamps of the "large Hermes head" (1860–1901)[2]

The postal stamps of the "large Hermes head" type are issued in application of the law of 1853 on the stamping of the mail by the sender and by this of May 24, 1860 on the postal rates. A decree, dated on the following June 10, announced the choice of Hermes, messenger of the Gods in the Greek mythology as the effigy of the stamps.[3] The nine values of the stamps of the "large Hermes head" are printed during more than twenty years (from 1861 to 1882) from the same nine typographic plates and stayed in circulation for 25 years (from 1861 to 1886) before to be used again, overprinted, in 1900/1901.
The "large Hermes head" stamps are non perforated, to the exception of the two overprinted sets of 1900/1901.[4]

The mock-up, the dies, the die-proofs and the plate-proof (1860 & 1861)[5]

The drawing of the mock-up, the engraving of the dies as well as the manufacturing of the typographic plates of the first seven values have been realised between July 1860 and September 1861 by the Chief Engraver of the Paris Mint : Désiré-Albert Barre.[6]

For the creation of the first Greek stamp, Désiré-Albert Barre was inspired by the two first stamp types of France designed from 1848,<ref name="The essays "Cérès 1858": Why are they an integral part of the Greek philately?">Louis Fanchini, Philotelia n° 652/653 & 654 of September/October, November/December 2008 & January/February 2009, pages 260-270, 364-374 & 7-16.</ref> by his father, Jacques-Jean Barre : the "République" and "Présidence" types or "Cérès" and "Napoléon". Désiré-Albert Barre started by engraving the necessary dies for the manufacturing of the typographic plates. As an engraver and to validate his work, he printed four types of die-proofs, two types of progressive die-proofs and two types of final die-proofs.[7] Then he manufactured also the seven typographic plates of the first seven values of the "large Hermes head", using the method developed in 1858/1859: the "direct striking in the coining press" method.[8] To determine the choice of the inks and the papers and as well to calibrate the perinting press, Désiré-Albert Barre realise, with the printer Ernest Meyer,[9] about a hundred of different types of plate-proof and imprimatur for all the values.[10]

The Paris printings (October 1861)[11]

The first type of the Greek stamps with the Hermes effigy, the head profile turned to the right is issued on October 1, according to the Julian calendar, still in usage at that time in Greece, or October 13, 1861, according to the Gregorian calendar adopted by the majority of the European countries in 1582, to the exception of the orthodox ones. Greece finally adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1923. The first type of the Greek stamp is named "large Hermes head" in order to differentiate it from the following one, issued on 1886, and named "small Hermes head".[12] The seven values issued on October 1861 have been printed in Paris by the printer Ernest Meyer, on sheets of 150 stamps (10 X 15). These seven values are the 1 lepton, 2, 5, 10, 20, 40 & 80 lepta.

The Paris issues are easily recognisable by the extreme finesse of their printing on satin papers, lightly tinted, of a very good quality. The shading lines of the cheek and the nape are thin and discontinued. In particular, the wavy lines and the points in the spandrels are clearly visible and printed with an extreme finesse. Finally, only the 10 lepta carry "control numbers" on its back. These numbers are 8 mm high, when all the following ones, printed in Athens on any value, will be 6.5 mm high.

Quantities printed in Paris in 1861:[13]

Value Color Quantity
1 lepton Brown300.000
2 lepta Bistre224.000
5 lepta Green130.000
10 lepta Orange on blue 100.000
20 lepta Blue321.000
40 lepta Mauve on blue130.000
80 lepta Rose-carmine 140.000
Total - 1.345.000

The Athens printings (November 1861 to 1882)

Then, and as soon as in November 1861, the printings have been done in Athens from the same seven typographic plates sent to the Greek postal administration during the summer 1861. Printing after printing, the technical improvement of the Greek printers, as well as the fouling of the typographic plates can be seen. The printing of the control numbers at the back of the stamps is becoming a constant, except for the two smallest values, the 1 lepton, brown, and the 2 lepta, bistre.

The printing were done "on demand", the colour shades evolve within a very broad spectrum. As well, several different quality of papers have been used during the Athens period of printing (from 1861 to 1882). Hence, it exists a very large diversity of "large Hermes head" stamp printings. The most advanced studies on the subject: Pemberton, Groom, Dorning Beckton, Brunel, Nicolaïdès, de Smeth, Kohl Handbuck, Constantinidès, Bellas, Coundouros..., are describing them in details. The classification of Yvert et Tellier, resumed and completed by Orestis Vlastos in the Vlastos catalogues[14] and by Michael Tseriotis in the Hellas/Karamitsos catalogues,[15] allow us to go through them:

The first Athens printings (November 1861 to April 1862)

20 lepta of the first Athens printing with "quadrillé" background and without "control numbers"

The stocks of stamps received from Paris became empty very quickly, in particular in the main post offices (Athens, Piraeus, Syros or Patras…), though starting the month of November 1861, the Greek postal administration was obliged to start to use the typographic plates received from Paris, in order to print its own first sheets of stamps. The Greek workers were far to have the level of experience of the French ones who were used to printing methods since several generations… Thus, the result was disappointing, the background of the medallion was not uniform anymore, the Hermes head was very often circled by a whitish halo and the four spandrels were also often "unclear". The shadow lines of the cheek and the nape are now continued and thicker than on the Paris printings…

Nevertheless, these stamps, printed with "hard printing" method, so without any "foulage", have a strong character, due to the density of the used inks, and to their contrast. So, they are as popular and studied, as the Paris printings. Some of them are perfectly printed and some of them are as fine as the Paris printings when some other are really coarse, it's the reason why the catalogues are classifying them in two categories the fine and the coarse printings.

As for all the Athens printings, these various issues identification is only possible, for sure, by using the "control numbers" at the back of the stamps that are mandatory for the classification. For the first Athens printings, the "control numbers" are used for the first time, so they are perfectly clear and well printed with the downstrokes and the upstorkes really distinct and very finely printed. As well, the "control number" "5" of the 5 lepta value is different of the one which will be used for all the following Athens printings up to 1880.

The famous 20 lepta without "control figures", with the "quadrillé" or solid background (Yvert/Vlastos n° 9 & Karamitsos n° 8), are belonging to these printings.

The issue is usually called "Athens "provisoire" ("temporary") issue". Indeed, one can believe that these stamps, due to the poor quality of their printing for some of them, were plate-proofs done by the Greek printers to initiate themselves to these new technics… But the stamps demand was so strong that the Greek postal administration decided to use them for regular postal service anyway… for the joy of the future philatelists.

The printing of the first Athens printings is ending on April 1862.

The regular or consecutive Athens printings (May 1862 to 1867)

Starting May 1862, the Greek printers stopped totally the usage of the hard printing method ("tirage à sec"), and used another one, (named the soft printing method or "au blanchet") much more easier to put in place. In order to increase to contrast between the dark and the light parts of the printing, a blanket was inserted below the sheet to be printed and the typographic plate. This method allowed to get much better overall results without however reaching the quality of the first Athens fine printings or obviously, the one of the Paris printings… This method is giving a strong "foulage" to the stamps, in particular at the shadow lines of the neck, with, very often, a relief ("foulage") visible on the back of the stamp. At the beginning of these printings (1862/1863), the shadow lines of the cheek are continued and straight before becoming ticker after… The "control numbers" are fine but lighter than on the first Athens printings.

The so-called "cleaned plates" printings (1868 to 1869)

In 1868, the printings are becoming pale and dull, and without contrast, but the impression is fine. For a long period of time, one believed that it was due to the cleaning of the typographic plates as the named of these printings is referring to. In fact, it's not the case at all, as the typographic plates have been cleaned only in 1870. This pale/dull aspect is coming from the usage of a new blanket ("blanchet") much more thicker as demonstrated by Louis Basel.[16] The "control numbers" are becoming thicker and are not as fine as on the previous printings… The "control numbers" errors are very frequent in particular, the "1" inverted for the 10 lepta or the "2" inverted for the 20 lepta and well as the "0" inverted the two digits.

The special printing or the new "mise en train" (1870)

In 1870, the Greek postal administration has received a new printing press from Germany. The German worker(s) who came in Athens to install this new machine have also done a new "mise en train" and have printed, using the hard method ("à sec"), sheets of the two most used values: the 1 lepton of the newpâpers and the 20 lepta for the domestic letter f up to 15 grams. The result was once more, very disappointing: the impression was fine but, the shadow lines of the cheek are very short, in particular for the 1 lepton which is named "the shaved" by the colectors. For the 20 lepta, the spandrels are whiten and the head is quite often circled by a whitish halo. The "control numbers" are milky-blue or deep-blue and always clear by are becoming even more thicker…

The printings on the so-called "inferior quality papers" (1871 & 1872)

40 lepta "Solférino" of the so-called "inferior quality papers" printings

From the beginning of the 1870s years, the supply of the papers from France has been stopped due to the Franco-Prussian war. The Greek mint started to use papers from unknown provenance of relative good quality but with half-transparent and regular "clouds" visible by transparency on the light. The usage of the "blanchet" was substituted to the hard printing method of the previous issue and will continue to be used for all the following issues up to the end of the printings, in 1882. The shadow lines of the cheek and the nape of the neck of the Hermes head are long and uniform but thicker than on the previous issues. The "control numbers" of this issue are clear, well printed and darker than the previous issues, but they are also heavier due to the usage of the same printing plate since ten years.

The most famous stamp of the "large Hermes head" collection is a variety of this issue. This is the 40 lepta of the same shade as the "control numbers" of the typical stamp of this same value. A unique sheet has been printed and only 13 items have survived, as far as we know today (Yvert n° 22Ba, Karamitsos n° 36a)). One names it the "Solferino" in reference to the famous bloody battle of 1859, eponym, between the Franco-Serb troupes and the Austrian army.

The printings on meshed papers (1871 to 1876)

Starting the end of 1871, the papers used are of less and less good quality. They are very thin, almost transparent and "fragile" (the front drawing is visible from the back) and in the light by transparency, they are showing a mesh/tram of regular holes. The "control numbers" are again even thicker… Here again, many errors are found. As these papers were absorbing the ink more than the previous ones, many shades variations are existing, and some of them are quite surprising and are more numerous than on the previous issues.

The printings of the new values : 30 & 60 lepta (1876 & 1877)

60 lepta of the Paris printing (1876)

In 1875, following Greece entrance to the Union Générale des Postes (U.G.P.), ancestor of the Union Postale Universelle (U.P.U.), the Greek postal administration launched two new values (30 & 60 Lepta ). From the same die used in 1861 to build the typographic plates of the first seven values, Désiré-Albert Barre has created the plates for the 30 lepta (brown) and the 60 lepta (green) necessary for the international mail. Unlike the seven first typographic plates realised in 1861 with the "direct striking in the coining press" method, these two new plates have been manufactured with the "Galvanoplasty-type".[13][17] These two values have been printed the printer J. Claye & Cie, 7, rue Saint Benoît, in Paris. As the Paris printings of 1861, this printing is very fine. These two new values do not have any "control number" on their back. Like in 1861, after a first printing of the two values, done in Paris, all the following ones have been done in Athens with the same typographic plates sent from Paris.

Quantities printed in Paris (1876):[13]

Value Color Quantity
30 lepta Brown150.000
60 lepta Green150.000
Total - 300.000

The cream papers printings with "control numbers" (1875 to 1880)

The last printings done from 1875 to 1882 are remarkable by their paper of cream colour, very easily recognisable by looking at the back of the stamp. The typographic plates have not been cleaned for several years, the printing is more and more heavy. After fifteen years of usage, the "control numbers" plates is giving very thick figures without any distinction between the downstrokes and the upstrokes. A very large number of "control numbers" errors is existing in this issue. The "control numbers" are disappearing in 1880 for the last two issues.

Due to the fouling of the typographic plates, stamps, printed at the late 1870s/beginning 1880's, can be found with very coarse printing. Comparison of two 1 Lepton printed from the same typographic plate:

The difference is due to the fouling of the typographic plate…


The cream papers printings without "control numbers" (1880 to 1882)

Around the end of the 1870s or at the beginning of the 1880s, the plates are finally cleaned and are printing stamps with an outstanding finesse. The papers are the same as the previous issue but without any "control number" at the back of the stamp.

The change of colours (1882)

In 1882, the change de colours of the stamps for the domestic rate (20 lepta) and the international rate (30 lepta) is becoming mandatory in order to comply to the U.P.U. (Union Postale Universelle) new rules.
These stamps do not have "control number" on their back.

The nine values of the "large Hermes head" have been printed from the same nine typographic plates (one per value) during more than twenty years (from 1861 to 1882). If the final printing is dated on 1882, the stamps of the "large Hermes head" stayed in circulation up to 1886 and were then replaced by the new type of stamp: the "small Hermes head".

The stamps of the "large Hermes head" overprinted (1900 to 1901)

In September 1900, due to the shipment delay of the new issue of the "flying Hermes" by the English printer J.P. Segg & C°, the Greek postal administration decided to reuse the old stocks on the anterior issues, including those of the "large Hermes head". These previous issues have been overprinted (these overprints also exist on the "Olympic 1896" and on the "small Hermes head" issues). They are overprinted "AM", in black, for "Αξια Μεταλλικη" ("Metal Value") and with values in drachms. The usage of these stamps was reserved to the postal parcels and to postal orders ("mandats") and were paid in "gold drachm". They are really very rare on non-philatelic documents.

On October 1900, another issue was launched but that time for common usage, the values are in lepta and drachm.



It exists a very large number of variety of these surcharges, such as those of the: "narrow 0", "large 0", "small space", "large space"[18]...
All these overprint issues have been removed from the selling on June 30, 1901 when the "flying Hermes" issue has been finally shipped from London.

The "control numbers" of the "large Hermes head"

The majority of the "large Hermes head" has also the facial value printed on the back of the stamp:

Not any single official document has been found so far allowing us to understand the exact purpose of these numbers. Several hypothesis are possible: limitation of falsification of the stamps or, easier control of the production of the stamps… This second hypothesis is considered by the specialists of the "large Hermes head" stamp as the most probable. This is the reason why, these figures are commonly called "control numbers". The unique writing comment existing, to this date, about these "control numbers" is the one that can be found in the post scriptum of a letter of Désiré-Albert Barre written to the Greek administration for the second shipment of the stamps and plates to Athens on September 11, 1861. In that letter the French Chief Engraver is writing: "The 10 lepta stamps, the last produced, carry on their back the printed value: 10 lepta in large sized numbers. I believed that it was necessary to apply this innovation to these stamps, this idea came to me late and which appears to offer some great advantages.".[19]

The "control numbers" errors of the "large Hermes head"

A very large number of "control numbers" errors has been identified:.[20]

The number of the different types of errors, without of their combination, is very important and exists for all the printings. It could easily justify a specialised collection by itself!

The "control numbers" errors of the 10 lepta of the Paris printing

These are all the referenced "control numbers" errors of the 10 lepta of the Paris printing, as well as their position on the sheet of 150 stamps:

The "control numbers" errors of the Athens printings[21]

This is a sample of some "control numbers" errors that can be found in the Athens printings:

The plate flaws of the "large Hermes head"

Starting with the Paris printing, in 1861, plate flaws are found coming from small imperfections of some of the "clichés" of the typographic plates.[22] · [23] · [24] · [25] · [26]
Some of these plate flaws are native and have appeared during the manufacturing process of the plates[27] (see the first three illustrations), and some other are coming from wrong manipulations during the life of the plates (see the last three illustrations).
This is a sample of some plate flaws that can be found on the "large Hermes head" stamps:

The plate flaws exist for all the values of all the printings and their number is very important. Here again, a specific collection is totally justifiable.

The forgeries/fakes of the "large Hermes head" stamps

As all the classical stamps, the "large Hermes head" have been counterfeited and that as early as the 1860s. It exists a large number of fakes done during the 19th century and during the first part of the 20th century.[28]
This is a sample of some forgeries/fakes of the "large Hermes head" stamps:

All the printings of the essays and the stamps of "large Hermes head" have the first and the tenth wavy lines broken at their base in the north-west spandrel.[29]
It's also the case for the tenth wavy line of the same spandrel (see the illustration below).

How to recognise a genuine "large Hermes head"?

These breaks are coming from a problem that happened to the final die or to a service die during either the process of:

Indeed, these breaks are not appearing on the progressive and final proofs (to the exception of the only numeral proof known today and which have been realised at the end of the process).[30] It exists the same type of "small problems" on some French classical stamps build in the middle of the 19th century, in the same French Mint, under the responsibility of the Chief Engravers: Jacques-Jean Barre, then his son, Désiré-Albert Barre, who has also realised the dies and the typographic plates of the "large Hermes head" of Greece.

The existence or the absence of these two breaks are warrantying if the "large Hermes head" stamp is genuine or not in almost all the cases….[31] Only the Jean de Sperati fakes, which have been realised with a photo-lythography method, and which are then a picture of an original stamp, are presenting these two same breaks at the same places...

The "small Hermes head" (1886 à 1899)

40 Lepta of the Belgium printings of the "small Hermes head"

The second type of the Greek posts is also with the Hermes effigy. It is called the "small Hermes head" and has been issued from 1886 to 1899. The mock-up has been drawn by A. Doms, and the die engraved by H. Hendrickx. The typographic plates counted 300 stamps, sub-divided in six panels of 50 stamps (5 X 10) mounted in two columns of three rows.[32]

The stamps of the "small Hermes head" are non-perforated as well as perforated, with different perforations (13 & ½ 11 & ½, et 13 & ¼). It exists also stamps with perforation of 15, but non officially, probably perforated with a sewing machine inside the premise of the Amfissa Branch of the National bank of Greece. They are called the Amfissa perforated.[32]

Like the "large Hermes head" stamps, the "small Hermes head" stamps have been also overprinted in 1900 with the two overprinted issues (Metal value and common usage).

The Belgium printings (1886 à 1888)

The first printing has been done at the "atelier du timbre" in Malines,[33] in Belgium.

Value and colour of the nine values of the Belgium printings of the "small Hermes head":

Value Colour
1 lepton brown
2 lepta bistre
5 lepta yellow-green
10 lepta orange
20 lepta red
25 lepta blue
40 lepta purple
50 lepta olive-green
1 drachme grey

The Athens printings (1889 to 1899)

The consecutive printings have been done in Athens and are sub-divided in two main periods:

The first Olympic games issue (1896)

2 drachms of the first Olympic games issue of 1896

In 1896, Greece issued its first commemorative stamps set for the first summer Olympic games of 1896 of the modern era. The stamps of this issue have been designed in Paris. The French engraver Louis-Eugène Mouchon realised the dies.

The issue is counting twelve values representing allegories of the antic Olympic games. One of these twelve values, the two drachms in large format, represents an Hermes statue inspired by Praxitèle.

After 1899

The "Flying Hermes" (1901)

In 1901, a fourth representation of Hermes is appearing on the post-stamps of the Kingdom of Greece. The utilised figure that time is a statue from the sculptor of the 16th century, Jean Boulogne, or Giovanni da Bologna or, Giambologna: the "flying Hermes". This fourteen values issue, perforated in three different types (a, b et c) has been realised by the English printer J. P. Segg & C° in London.

Value and colour of the fourteen values of the "flying Hermes" set:

Value Colour Type
1 lepton brown a
2 lepta grey a
3 lepta orange a
5 lepta green b
10 lepta red b
20 lepta purple a
25 lepta deep-blue b
30 lepta violet a
40 lepta black-brown a
50 lepta red-brown a
1 drachme black c
2 drachme bronze c
3 drachme silver c
5 drachme gold c

The Hermes with Metal Values (1902)

Hermes, métallic value - 50 lepta, blue

In 1902, the Greek postal administration issued a set of five stamps with the same effigy, perforated 13 & ½, for the payment in medal money (golden drachma) for the international parcels shipment with the mention AM for "Αξια Μεταλλιχη" for "Metal Value". These stamps have been printed in England by Perkins Bacon & C°.

The five values are:

The 50 lepta, red is a "non-émis".

This set was issued for the international mailing, in particular for the parcels and the postal orders ("mandats"), but will be also used for the common usage. The complete sheet was counting one hundred stamps.

The definitive sets with the effigy of Hermes (1911 to 1926)

In 1911, a new set, with various effigies of the God Hermes, was issued. The stamps are perforated in zigzag (13 X 13 & ¼). This new set is initially, in 1911, printed by using the line-engraving technic ("taille douce"), then reissued in 1919, still in line-engraving, and then again in 1919/1923 but that time in lithography, and finally, still in lithography in 1926 (Vienna emission) . All these issues have been overprinted in many cases up to 1920:[34]

Value, colour and type of the sixteen stamps of common usage set, printed in "taille douce" in 1911 :

Value Colour Type
1 lepton green a
2 lepta red Iris
3 lepta orange a
5 lepta green b
10 lepta red a
20 lepta purple Iris
25 lepta blue Iris
30 lepta redb
40 lepta blue on blue Iris
50 lepta violetb
1 drachme blue c
2 drachme orange c
3 drachme red c
5 drachme blue c
10 drachme deep blue on bluec
25 drachme blue on blueAA

See also

Sources and references

Notes and references

  1. ↑ Tryphon Constantinidès, Etude sur les timbres-poste de la Grèce - 2ème partie, Hellenic Philotelic Society, Athens 1937, pages 92-93
  2. ↑ See: http://www.academiedephilatelie.org/conferences/conf-2010-04.htm#haut (in French)
  3. ↑ Michael Chambers, Messenger of the Gods, article published in Stamp Magazine n°74-1, January 2008, pages 44-48.
  4. ↑ The existing perforated stamps of the sets prior to 1900/1901 have been perforated privately
  5. ↑ See: http://www.academiedephilatelie.org/pieces/mois-2009-11.htm (in French)
  6. ↑ Louis Fanchini, The dies and proofs of large Hermes head, Philotelia n° 669 de July/August 2011, pages 218-240.
  7. ↑ Louis Fanchini, Why the so-called "Hulot proofs" do not exist?, Philotelia n° 650 de May/June, 2008, pages 135-145.
  8. ↑ Louis Fanchini, "The essays "Cérès 1858": Why are they an integral part of the Greek philately?"
  9. ↑ Louis Fanchini, The Ernest Meyer's imprints on the large Hermes head of Greece and on the Cérès of France, Opus number XIII of 2013, pages 69-84.
  10. ↑ Louis Fanchini, Definition of the terms "PROOF" and "ESSAY" and their application to the large Hermes head stamps", Philotelia n° 644 of May/June 2007, pages 133-145.
  11. ↑ See: http://www.academiedephilatelie.org/conferences/conf-2009-05-cand.htm (in French)
  12. ↑ Louis Fanchini, Le premier timbre-poste de Grèce : « la grosse tête d'Hermès », Timbres Magazine n° 114 & 115 de juillet/août & septembre 2010, pages 67-73 & 39-41.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Louis Fanchini, Large Hermes heads Paris printing: The exact quantities ordered and shipped to Athens", Philotelia n° 646 of September/October 2007, pages 277-286.
  14. ↑ Vlastos Hellas I (1861 - 2011), edited by the Vlastos Philatelic centre, Athens 2010.
  15. ↑ Hellas Stamp Catalogue & Postal History 2012 - Volume I (1861 - 1959), edited by Argyris Karamitsos, Thessaloniki, 2012.
  16. ↑ Louis Basel, The underlay used in printing the Large Hermes head stamps of Greece, Stamford 2005. Cette étude est disponible sur le site internet de Lou Basel (http://hermesheads.home.comcast.net).
  17. ↑ See: http://www.academiedephilatelie.org/pieces/mois-2010-09-fan.htm#haut (in French)
  18. ↑ Jan Mancini, The 1900 Overprints, Vlastos Editions, Athènes 2007.
  19. ↑ Archives of the musée de La Poste in Paris (in particular in the diaries of Albert-Désiré Barre) and archives of the Monnaie de Paris.
  20. ↑ John G. Coundouros, The control numbers & the classification of the stamps of the large Hermes head of Greece, Athens 2000.
  21. ↑ See: http://www.academiedephilatelie.org/pieces/mois-2009-09-fan.htm (in French)
  22. ↑ Nicolas Garas, Les variétés des planches des timbres-poste (1861 - 1882), Athens 1955.
  23. ↑ Nicholas Asymakopulos, The plate flaws of the large Hermes heards of greece, 1861 - 1886, USA 1995.
  24. ↑ Louis Basel, The Ten Lepta Large Hermes Head Stamp of Greece, Stamford 2001/2005
  25. ↑ Louis Basel, The Forty Lepta Large Hermes Head Stamp of Greece, Stamford 2004
  26. ↑ John G. Coundouros, Large Hermes Head - Characteristic marks of all positions in the plate of the values of 5, 10, 20, 40 & 80 lepta, Thessaloniki 2011.
  27. ↑ Indeed, one can already find these plate flaws on the essays of the "large Hermes head"
  28. ↑ Bill Ure, Forgeries of Greek stamps of the 19th century, edité par collectio, Athènes, 2010.
  29. ↑ It is also true for the unique numeral proof, see: Louis Fanchini, The dies and proofs of large Hermes head, Philotelia n° 669 of July/August 2011, pages 218-240.
  30. ↑ Louis Fanchini, The dies and proofs of large Hermes head, Philotelia n° 669 of July/August 2011, pages 218-240.
  31. ↑ Louis Fanchini, Histoire de grosse tête, Timbres Magazine n° 113 of May 2010, pages 94 & 95.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Hellas Stamp Catalogue & Postal History 2012 - Volume I (1861 - 1959), edited by Argyris Karamitsos, Salonique, 2012.
  33. ↑ Tryphon Constantinidès, Etude sur les timbres-poste de la Grèce - 2ème Partie, Société Philotélique Hellénique, Athènes 1937.
  34. ↑ Hellas Stamp Catalogue & Postal History 2012 - Volume I (1861 - 1959), edited by Argyris Karamitsos, Salonique, 2012, pages 91 à 154.

External links