Herman Lehmann

Herman Lehmann
Born Herman Lehmann
June 5, 1859
Loyal Valley, Texas
Died February 2, 1932 (aged 72)
Mason County, Texas
Resting place
 Loyal Valley Cemetery
Ethnicity German
Citizenship American
Known for Captured by Apaches
Raised by Comanches
Adopted son of Quanah Parker
Spouse(s) 1885 N.E. Burke (div.)
1896 Fannie Light
Children Five by Fannie Light
Parent(s) Moritz Lehmann
Augusta Johanna Adams Lehmann

Herman Lehmann (June 5, 1859 – February 2, 1932) was captured as a child by Native Americans. He lived first among the Apache and then the Comanche but eventually returned to his family later on in his life. The phenomenon of a "white boy" raised by "Indians" made him a notable figure in the United States. He published his autobiography, Nine Years Among the Indians in 1927.

Early life

Herman Lehmann was born near Mason, Texas, on June 5, 1859, to German immigrants Ernst Moritz Lehmann and his wife Augusta Johanna Adams Lehmann.[1] He was a third child, following a brother Gustave Adolph[2] born in 1855, and a sister Wilhelmina who was born in 1857.[3] Following the birth of Herman, the Lehmans had another son William F. born in 1861.[4] Augusta had three more daughters, Emeliyn, Caroline Wilhelmina and Mathilde, but their birth order is unclear, as it is unclear whether these were children of Lehmann or her second husband Buchmeier.

The Lehmanns were part of the first wave of Adelsverein settlers who had emigrated from Prussia on the ship Louise,[5] arriving in Galveston, Texas on November 2, 1846.[6] After John O. Meusebach negotiated the Meusebach–Comanche Treaty to open up settlement of the Fisher-Miller Land Grant, the Lehmanns settled on a farm four miles southwest of Loyal Valley.

Moritz Lehmann died in 1862, and Augusta married local stonemason Philip Buchmeier[7] in 1863.[8]

Capture

On May 16, 1870, a raiding party of eight to ten Apaches (probably Lipans) captured Herman Lehmann, who was almost eleven, and his eight-year-old brother, Willie, while they were in the fields at their mother's request to scare the birds from the wheat. Their two sisters escaped without injury.[9] Four days later, the Apache raiding party encountered a patrol of ten African-American cavalrymen led by Sgt. Emanuel Stance, who had been sent from Fort McKavett to recover the two Lehmann boys. In the short battle that followed, Willie Lehmann was able to escape, but the Apaches fled with young Herman. Sergeant Stance became the first black regular to receive a Medal of Honor for his bravery on this mission. The kidnapping site was designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1991, Marker number 11283.[10]

Life with the Apaches

A few months after Lehman's capture, the Apaches lied and told Lehmann they had killed his entire family, depriving him of any incentive to attempt escape.[11] The Apaches took Herman Lehmann to their village in eastern New Mexico. He was adopted by a man named Carnoviste and his wife, Laughing Eyes.[9] A year after his capture, General William T. Sherman passed through Loyal Valley on an inspection tour. Augusta Lehmann Buchmeier was granted a private audience with Sherman to plead for his assistance in finding her son.[11]

The Apaches called Lehmann “En Da” (White Boy). He spent about six years with them and became assimilated into their culture, rising to the position of petty chief. As a young warrior, one of his most memorable battles was a running fight with the Texas Rangers on August 24, 1875, which took place near Fort Concho, about 65 miles west of the site of San Angelo, Texas. Ranger James Gillett nearly shot Lehmann before he realized he was a white "captive". When the Rangers tried to find Lehmann later, he escaped by crawling through the grass.[12]

Asylum with the Comanches

Around the spring of 1876, Herman Lehmann killed an Apache medicine man avenging his killing of Carnoviste, his chief and master. Fearing revenge, he fled from the Apaches and spent a year alone in hiding. He became lonely and decided to search for a Comanche tribe that he might join. He observed a tribe all day long then entered the camp just after dark. At first they were going to kill him, however, a young warrior approached him that spoke the Apache tongue. Lehmann then explained his situation—that he was born white adopted by the Indians and that he left the Apaches after killing the medicine man. Another brave came forward verifying his story and he was welcomed to stay. He joined the Comanches who gave him a new name, Montechema (meaning unknown).[13]

In the spring of 1877, Lehmann and the Comanches attacked buffalo hunters on the high plains of Texas. Lehmann was wounded by hunters in a surprise attack on the Indian camp at Yellow House Canyon (present-day Lubbock, Texas) on March 18, 1877, the last major fight between Indians and non-Indians in Texas.[14]

In July 1877, Comanche chief Quanah Parker, who had successfully negotiated the surrender of the last fighting Comanches in 1875, was sent in search of the renegades. Herman Lehmann was among the group that Quanah found camped on the Pecos River in eastern New Mexico. Quanah persuaded them to quit fighting and come to the Indian reservation near Fort Sill, Indian Territory in (present-day Oklahoma). While Lehmann initially refused to go to the reservation, he later followed at Quanah's request.[15]

Return and adjustment

Herman Lehmann lived with Quanah Parker’s family on the Kiowa-Comanche reservation in 1877-78. Several people took notice of the white boy living among the Indians. However, Lehmann's mother never gave up believing that she would one day see her son again. She questioned Colonel Mackenzie, the commanding officer of Fort Sill, whether there were any blue eyed boys on the reservation. He said yes; however, the description led them to believe that this was not her boy. Nevertheless, she requested that the boy be brought to her.[16]

In April 1878, Lt. Col. John W. Davidson ordered that Lehmann be sent under guard to his family in Texas. Five soldiers and a driver escorted Lehmann on a four-mule-drawn ambulance to Loyal Valley in Mason County, Texas. Lehmann arrived in Loyal Valley with an escort of soldiers on May 12, 1878, eight years after his capture. The people of Loyal Valley gathered to see the captive boy brought home. Upon his arrival, neither he nor his mother recognized one another. Lehmann had long believed his family dead, for the Apache had shown him proof during his time of transition to their way of life. It was his sister who found a scar on his arm, which had been caused by her when they were playing with a hatchet. His family surrounded him welcoming him home and the distant memories began to come back. Hearing someone repeat "Herman", he thought that sounded familiar and then realized it was his own name.[17]

At first, he was sullen and wanted nothing to do with his mother and siblings. As he put it, "I was an Indian, and I did not like them because they were palefaces." Lehmann's readjustment to his original culture was slow and painful.[16] He rejected food offered, and was unaccustomed to sleeping in a bed.[18]

Herman Lehmann’s first memoir, written with the assistance of Jonathan H. Jones, was published in 1899 under the title A Condensed History of the Apache and Comanche Indian Tribes for Amusement and General Knowledge (also known as Indianology). Lehmann hated this book for he felt Jonathan had taken liberty to fluff it up a bit.

Throughout his life, Herman Lehmann drifted between two very different cultures. Lehmann was a very popular figure in southwestern Oklahoma and the Texas Hill Country, appearing at county fairs and rodeos. To thrill audiences, such as he did in 1925 at the Old Settlers Reunion in Mason County, he would chase a calf around an arena, kill it with arrows, jump off his horse, cut out the calf’s liver, and eat it raw.[19]

His second autobiography, Nine Years Among the Indians (1927, edited by J. Marvin Hunter) was at the request of Lehmann. He requested that this time the book be written just as he told it. It is one of the finest captivity narratives in American literature, according to J. Frank Dobie.

Herman Lehmann’s story also inspired Mason County native Fred Gipson’s novel Savage Sam, a sequel to Old Yeller.

Personal life and death

They left Texas and moved back to Indian Territory in 1900 to be close to his Apache and Comanche friends.

On August 26, 1901, Quanah Parker provided a legal affidavit verifying Lehman's life as his adopted son 1877–1878. On May 29, 1908, the United States Congress authorized the United States Secretary of the Interior to allot Lehmann, as an adopted member of the Comanche nation, one hundred and sixty acres of Oklahoma land. Lehman chose a site near Grandfield and moved there in 1910. He later deeded some of the property over for a school.[23]

Herman Lehmann was ill for many years. The exact cause of his death is unknown. As per his niece Ester Lehmann (9/4/2007), she believes it could have been cancer. Lehmann died on February 2, 1932, in Loyal Valley, Mason County,Texas, where he is buried next to his mother and stepfather in the cemetery next to the old Loyal Valley one-room school house.[24]

References

  1. ↑ Augusta Johanna Adams Lehmann at Find a Grave
  2. ↑ Gustave Adolph Lehmann at Find a Grave
  3. ↑ Wilhelmina Lehmann Keyser at Find a Grave
  4. ↑ William F. Lehmann at Find a Grave
  5. ↑ Louise, November 8, 1846, Galveston Historical Foundation Immigration Database
  6. ↑ Pioneers in God's Hills (1960) p.255
  7. ↑ Philip Buchmeier at Find a Grave
  8. ↑ Mochino (2007) p.412
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Chebetah et al.: Chevato, pp. 81, 82, 91
  10. ↑ "Lehmann, Herman and Willie". Texas Historical Markers. William Nienke, Sam Morrow. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Mochino (2007) p.415
  12. ↑ Lehmann, Nine years, op. cit., p. 106 ff.
  13. ↑ Lehmann, Nine years, op. cit., p. 144 ff.
  14. ↑ Carlson, Paul Howard (2003). The Buffalo Soldier Tragedy of 1877. 978-1585442539: TAMU Press. pp. 45–48.
  15. ↑ La Vere (2005) p.79
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Chebetah et al.: Chevato, p. 113
  17. ↑ Lehmann, Nine years, op. cit., p. 202
  18. ↑ Baker, T. Lindsay (1991). Ghost Towns of Texas. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-8061-2189-5.
  19. ↑ "Site of Old Park Named for Comanche Chief Katemcy". Texas Historical Markers. William Nienke, Sam Morrow. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Mason County Marriage Index". Wanda Qualls. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Zesch (2004) p.242
  22. ↑ Greene, A. C. "Herman Lehmann". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
  23. ↑ Zesch (2004) pp.239–241
  24. ↑ Herman Lehmann at Find a Grave

Source material