Herbert Charles Tippet

Herbert Charles Coningsby Tippet (1892–1947) was a leading British amateur golfer, golf club administrator, and golf course architect in the years between the wars. A former Reserve army officer, Tippet was for a time a close associate of millionaire American property developer Carl G. Fisher, the man who created the Miami Beach, Florida resort, for whom he designed a number of golf courses in Florida and Long Island. He was one of the most successful British amateur golfers of the 1920s and 1930s and later served as secretary at a number of prestigious UK golf clubs. His wife was the grandmother of Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall.

Early life

Herbert Charles Coningsby Tippet M.C. (he preferred to be known as Charles and rarely used his third name)^[1] was born in Newport, Gwent, Wales in 1892 and brought up in Sudbury, Suffolk, the son of a retired Lieutenant-Colonel turned surveyor, Conservative Party agent and keen amateur golfer. Tippet's father, who re-enlisted at the outbreak of the First World War and was later killed while serving at Gallipoli,^[2] had been captain of Newton Green Golf Club in Sudbury.

The middle child and only son in a family of three, Charles Tippet acquired two things from his father; a lifelong interest in the British Army and an outstanding ability to play golf. It had always been understood that Tippet would follow his father into the army. Whilst at private school, he served in the Army Cadet Force and was commissioned into the Territorial Force when it absorbed the Cadet Force in 1908, being commissioned on 27 November 1908 as a Second Lieutenant in the 5th (Territorial) Battalion of the Suffolk Regiment based at Bury St. Edmunds.^[3]

Military career

However, on leaving school in 1910, Tippet did not become a professional soldier. Instead, he applied to join the Special Reserve of Officers, into which he was commissioned as a Probationer Second Lieutenant on 2 April 1910,^[4] in the 4th (Special Reserve) Battalion of his father's regiment the Royal Dublin Fusiliers; an Irish regiment of the British Army. The Special Reserve of Officers was a cadre of trained civilians who served as part-time officers for a fixed number of weeks each year and who were available to be mobilized in the event of war. For Irish regiments, it served a similar function to the Territorial Force in England. He completed six months of basic officer training between 1910 and 1911 during which time he was seconded to 2nd Battalion at Farnborough Barracks, Hampshire.^[5] By then he had developed his father's love of golf and became a successful amateur in the years immediately prior to the First World War, representing Royal North Devon Golf Club.^[6] After completing basic officer training at Aldershot, he was confirmed in his rank on 2 June 1911^[7] and transferred back to 4th Battalion, at that time stationed at Templemore Barracks in Dublin, where he became a member of The Royal Dublin Golf Club. On 1 December of that year, he was promoted to Lieutenant.^[8] Tippet became a full-time soldier when the Special Reserve of Officers was mobilized on the outbreak of the First World War, following which, on 6 September 1914, he was promoted to Captain.^[9] In October, he transferred with the Battalion to Sittingbourne in England, returning to Templemore in December 1915.

4th Battalion acted mainly as a recruitment and training unit and Tippet spent the first two years of World War I engaged in second-line duties but that was to change in the spring of 1916 when he was to see action for the first time. On 24 April 1916 the Easter Rising occurred in Dublin and the following day, Tippet's Battalion was one of a number of units sent in to suppress the uprising. They forced their way into the centre of Dublin and fought the insurgents along the railway line from Broadstone Station to Cabra Bridge. After the rebels withdrew, 4th Battalion formed a cordon around the area until the rising ended.^[10]

Shortly after, Tippet left Ireland. The Dublins had suffered severe casualties at Hulluch, near Loos, and replacements were urgently needed. On 16 May 1916, he was posted to France in the build-up to the Somme offensive, serving on attachment with a company of the 8th (Service) Battalion throughout the Somme campaign, the battalion taking part in the Battle of Ginchy in September 1916. On 14 July 1917 he was transferred back to 4th Battalion and seconded to the RDF regimental staff as part of 16th (Irish) Division^[11] in preparation for the Third Battle of Ypres where he saw further action,^[12] remaining with them until the end of the war.^[13] No record exists of his military actions although, many years later, his step-son wrote that he had fought gallantly^[14] and Hansen refers to him as a war hero.^[15] He was mentioned in dispatches on 7 November 1917^[16] for gallantry at Passchendaele, and in 1918 he was awarded the Military Cross, an award given for "an act or acts of exemplary gallantry during active operations against the enemy",^[17] along with the standard campaign medals.

After serving for over eighteen months as a front-line infantry officer on the Somme and at Passchendaele, Tippet's experiences left him suffering severely from shell-shock, a condition which meant he was unable to cope with sudden loud noises and which was to remain with him for life.^[18] The medical condition brought his military career to an end. He left the army at the end of the war but chose to be known as Captain Tippet in civilian life, a title generally considered appropriate only for ex-cavalry officers, which Tippet was not.

He was to re-apply for his commission at the outbreak of the Second World War and on 26 May 1940 was commissioned into the General Service Corps as a Lieutenant^[19] but awarded the War Substantive rank of Captain and placed on the General List (a reserve of experienced former officers who could be mobilized if needed). However, he did not see active service and was released on health grounds at the end of 1943.^[20] Following his release from the General List he was granted the lifetime honorary rank of Major on 1 January 1944.^[21]

Golfing career

Having been invalided out of the army, Tippet was obliged to seek a new career and decided to earn his living from golf. However, although he was a golfer of considerable ability, he never played as a professional. His real forté was to lie in golf administration and in the designing of golf courses, learning his craft by studying the methods of Old Tom Morris, the architect of Royal North Devon and inventor of the modern golf course, and of James Braid who had re-built Newton Green.^[22] In 1919, Tippet was appointed manager of Ashford Manor Golf Club in Middlesex working for club captain and secretary Harold Hilton, a winner of two British Amateurs, under whom Tippet learned the business of running a golf club.^[23] Hilton was a well-known player on both sides of the Atlantic having won both the British and U.S. Amateurs in 1911 and was a member of the prestigious Apawamis Golf Club in Westchester, New York. When the nearby Meadow Brook Golf Club in Westbury, Long Island was looking for a new secretary in 1921, Hilton recommended his protégé Charles Tippet. Tippet left Southampton for New York on 5 November 1921 being joined a month later by his wife and step-son.

Meadow Brook was at that time a nine-hole course with a history stretching back to 1894. Tippet started working on improvements to the course and immediately began to attract a reputation as a course designer. Having spent his formative years in the army, Tippet had not trained as a draftsman and therefore, unusually, he preferred to work from putty or clay models rather than drawings.^[24][25] After taking up his duties as club secretary, he began competing as an amateur in east coast tournaments while representing both Meadow Brook and Royal North Devon where he had retained his membership. A short, stocky right-hander always to be seen in baggy cap and plus-fours, he was the leading amateur in the Metropolitan Open at Lido in September 1922, and the following month he reached the second round of the Nassau Country Club invitation tournament at Glen Cove, New York. In 1923 he finished runner-up in the Metropolitan Amateur at Siwanoy Country Club in Bronxville, New York,^[26] becoming acquainted with many of the leading U.S. golfers, among them the legendary Gene Sarazen.

That year Tippet was introduced to property millionaire and keen golfer Carl Graham Fisher, possibly by Sarazen who was a friend of both men. Fisher, who had been responsible for the development of Miami Beach, was then considering building a number of golf courses in Miami. Tippet was recommended to design them and became closely associated with Fisher for the next few years.^[20] Golf was enjoying an enormous boom in popularity in America in the years immediately following the First World War as an enriched middle class, excluded from more elitist country sports, sought new leisure activities open to anyone with the necessary application and resources. Although the U.S. would soon dominate the game, in the early 1920s U.S. golf still looked across the Atlantic for a lead in both coaching and course design, and Britons with the necessary skills and experience were in high demand. Fisher planned to construct a complex of three courses catering for all standards of player; 9-hole and 18-hole courses for learners and recreational golfers, and a more challenging championship course at which it was intended to stage exhibition matches and PGA Tour events. The recreational courses were to be constructed and brought into use quickly while the championship course was to be a more ambitious longer-term project.

Tippet's first design for Fisher was the Bayshore Golf Club at Alton Beach, Miami (6,903 yards, par 72) which opened that same year followed much later by the 18-hole championship course at La Gorce (6,200 yards, par 70). Three years in design and construction and built on a former mangrove swamp with links dredged from Biscayne Bay, La Gorce finally opened on 7 January 1927^[27] with Willie Klein as club professional.^[18] Together with a 9-hole par-3 course they were to form Fisher's prestigious Miami Beach Golf Club which he hoped would attract wealthy northerners to Florida. During the winter of 1923 Tippet left Meadow Brook and moved with his family to Florida where he was appointed golf director at Miami Beach.^[28]

The following year he designed another Florida course for Fisher at his new Hollywood Beach Hotel Country Club^[15] (6,376 yards, par 70). Taken into public ownership in 1929, the course was re-built by Donald Ross and remains a municipal course to this day.

Tippet continued to compete in amateur events and in 1924 he won the inaugural Dixie Amateur^[29] at the Miami Country Club. At this time, Tippet first met Robert Trent Jones when he had come down to Florida to give lessons, and the two spent time together discussing their contrasting philosophies on golf course design.^[15] Although only 18 years of age, Jones was already a prolific golfer and would later become one of golf's most renowned course architects, going on to re-design some of Tippet's courses. Three years after their first meeting, Tippet was instrumental in persuading Jones, Sarazen and a number of other leading U.S. golfers to take part in the first La Gorce Open, a PGA Tour event which ran from 1928 until 1931. Johnny Farrell was the inaugural winner of the event.

In 1925, Tippet had gone on record to say that he believed there was then a market for as many as ten more courses in Florida to meet the ever-growing demand for golf. He estimated that up to $1million would need to be spent on construction and a further $250,000 per annum on running them in the first two years alone, no doubt hoping that a share of this would be coming his way.^[30] By this time he was managing not only Bayshore and Miami Beach Golf Clubs but also the Flamingo Golf Club which he had designed for Fisher as part of his Flamingo Hotel project, along with another of Fisher's developments, the Flamingo Polo Club.^[31] Fisher built a house for Tippet on Prairie Avenue, between the Miami Beach and Bayshores courses, complete with observation tower from which he could supervise both courses.^[32]

Despite their close association, Tippet did not work exclusively for Fisher. Following the opening of the Miami Beach courses, he was engaged to design a public course at Normandy Isle, Florida. The latter was to be built on 120 acres of land donated to the City of Miami Beach and for which Tippet submitted a building estimate of $119,200.^[33] However, due to the Great Depression, the project was postponed and work did not commence until 1937 using an amended design by Toomy and Flynn.^[34]

In 1925 Tippet became involved in a new development with Gene Sarazen. On 26 July that year a new company known as South Florida Golf and Country Club Inc. was incorporated for the purpose of creating a new residential district and golf club some ten miles north of Miami to be known as Golf Park. Built at a cost of $1.5 million and opened on 1 January 1926, the new club had leading Scottish-American golfer W.D. Patterson as its manager. At the heart of this development was a new course designed by Tippet, (6,300 yards, par 70) which he believed to be one of the best courses in Florida.^[35] Sarazen and Leo Diegel were hired as club professionals to front the new enterprise.^[36]

Another public course at Westside, Fort Lauderdale (6,915 yards, par 72) opened in November 1926.^[37] Commissioned by the City Council,^[38] this course later became the Fort Lauderdale Golf and Country Club.

Buoyed by the success of Miami Beach, Fisher turned his attention to Long Island where he intended to build a "Miami of the North" and in 1926 instructed Captain Tippet to design two new courses at the eastern end of the Hamptons. A new 18-hole course at Montauk Downs (6,976 yards, par 72) opened in 1927.^[39] Rebuilt by Robert Trent Jones Sr. in 1968, it is still considered to be one of the most difficult courses on Long Island due to the strong wind from the ocean on both sides. A short-lived second course was built at nearby Hither Hills. But the Long Island development was not, at the time, a financial success and Tippet's association with Fisher was finally ended by the Wall Street Crash of 1929 which brought the boom in American golf course construction, temporarily, to an end.

Meanwhile, in January 1927, Tippet had won one last amateur tournament in America, beating C.A. Roberts 9 and 8 to take the Glenn Curtiss match play trophy at Miami-Hialaeh^[40] before returning to England in April to take up a new post as secretary of Royal Wimbledon Golf Club,^[20] a prestigious club with the Prince of Wales as captain. He also resumed playing in UK amateur competitions, reaching the fifth round of the British Amateur Championship at Royal North Devon in 1931, a tournament then regarded as a Major. The following year he reached the last eight in the same championship and was talked about for that year's Walker Cup team.^[41] In 1935 he won the London Amateur Foursomes.^[42] After ten years at Royal Wimbledon, Tippet moved on to Walton Heath Golf Club, later to be the venue for the 1981 Ryder Cup, where he served as secretary from 1937 until 1945. In 1938, whilst at Walton Heath, Tippet received a commission to re-design Tramore Golf Club, (6,700 yards, par 72) near Waterford in Ireland,^[43] a course which still boasts of his association. The following year, he redesigned part of Walton Heath, combining the 5th and 6th holes into a revised 5th, and creating new 6th and 7th holes.^[44]

In 1945 he was engaged as secretary by Rye Golf Club in Sussex,^[20] then suffering from severe damage as a result of wartime defensive works, with a brief to re-construct and repair the links; which he did while creating new short 2nd and 7th holes to avoid a road which crossed the course.^[45] However, Major Tippet, as he had become by this time, was not a well man having been released by the army as a result of his shattered nerves in 1943, and this appointment was to prove his last. On 26 November 1947, he collapsed in his office at Rye and died two days later.^[46]

Golf course design philosophy

Tippet's trademark was simplicity. His well-won reputation came from his willingness to adhere closely to the design concepts which he had learned from Morris and Braid and which, by the 1920s, were being increasingly disregarded by many of Tippet's contemporaries. British and American course architects were beginning to diverge in their approaches, with Britons still preferring the traditional links style of course while US designers were increasingly moving toward more landscaped parkland courses. Tippet and Robert Trent Jones held differing views on course design resulting from their backgrounds on opposite sides of the Atlantic. Tippet declined to over-elaborate his courses, avoiding the excessive use of bunkers and other hazards behind his greens. Instead, he employed an economy of landscaping, preferring to allow the natural topography of the course to present its own challenges, particularly evident at La Gorce and Tramore.

Of La Gorce it was said^[27] "The yardage of the course is not so great, being slightly under 6,200, but [it] more than makes up for this shortage in its layout and hazards. A par 70 on this links will be harder to obtain than on most courses 500 yards longer. However, the holes are nicely mixed and there are several nice three-shot spots on the course, which is primarily a test of the iron clubs on most holes"; while Tramore claims "On this site which is gently undulating and intercepted by two streams, Capt H.C. Tippet of Walton Heath has laid out a magnificent 18-hold championship course ... a fair test for golfers of all abilities".^[43] Only at the Golf Park course did he make lavish use of bunkers and hazards, requiring the golfer to use every club in the bag to get round.

Generally, his greens were flat and he avoided the artificial ridges and dips that other architects increasingly relied upon. The over-use of such devices by other designers, whilst adding a further degree of difficulty to a hole, did not add to its par which was based solely on yardage to the pin. Tippet's courses, in contrast, afforded a more realistic opportunity to achieve par and encouraged bold approach play, which proved equally popular with both professionals and recreational golfers.^[47]

Personal life and reputation

In November 1921 Tippet married Edith Marguerite Shand (née Harrington), a divorcée, formerly married to architectural critic and writer Philip Morton Shand, at St. Martin-in-the-Fields, London.^[48] The only child of her first marriage, Bruce Shand (1917–2006) married the Hon. Rosalind Cubitt, daughter of Roland Cubitt, 3rd Baron Ashcombe, and was later to become the father of Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall. Immediately after his marriage, Tippet left England to take up his position at Meadow Brook in New York, his wife and step-son following him in December 1921.^[49] Mrs. Tippet and Bruce Shand returned briefly to the UK in June 1923 before returning to America in September, stating their intention to take US citizenship, although this subsequently did not happen.^[50] They remained in America until 1927^[51] when Tippet returned to take up his post at Royal Wimbledon; Bruce Shand going to Rugby School, an education paid for by the Shands with whom the Tippets remained friends. Edith Tippet survived her husband by thirty-three years, dying at Cooden Beach, Bexhill, Sussex in 1981. There were no children of the marriage.

In 2005 and 2006 the British newspaper The Daily Mail,^[52][53] ran a series of articles alleging that Charles Tippet had been a "cad" who had exaggerated his war record and exploited his bearing and accent to curry favour in America, and that his wife had been an unfit mother; claiming that she had abandoned her son, having herself been abandoned as a child. The following year, another newspaper, the Daily Mirror, ran the same story.^[54] No evidence was provided by either newspaper to substantiate the accusations against Tippet, and the statements about his wife were untrue. (As a teenager, Mrs. Tippet and her elder brother had, for a time, lodged with their grandparents due to space constraints at home - common practice in large Edwardian families - but at no time was she ever abandoned.^[55] The Tippets took their son with them to America where he lived until 1927. Bruce Shand said nothing in his autobiography^[14] about having been abandoned, he merely said that his childhood had been "mouvementé" - 'turbulent' or 'eventful'; but his decision to omit from the book all reference to his early life in America has given rise to the frequently-repeated misconception that the Tippets abandoned him.)

Although the Tippets had enjoyed celebrated company and a lavish lifestyle during America's Jazz Age in the 1920s, Tippet was never a wealthy man. His playing record shows he was clearly a golfer of considerable ability and had he played as a professional in the modern era, he would have been well rewarded. Instead, his amateur status meant he earned nothing from his playing career and after the lucrative design contracts in America came to an end, he earned a modest income as a golf administrator. There is no record of his having ever owned any of the addresses at which he resided and he left no will and few assets.^[56] However, although his achievements as a golfer are now largely forgotten, several of the courses Charles Tippet built, especially those in America and Ireland, still boast of his association.

Golf courses designed, re-designed or improved by Tippet

• Meadow Brook, Long Island, NY. USA (improvements), 1921
• Bayshore, Miami, FL. USA (now Miami Beach Golf Club), 1923, re-built 1933
• Bayshore 9-Hole, Miami, FL. USA,(now Miami Beach Municipal) 1923
• La Gorce, Miami, FL. USA, designed 1923, opened 1927, re-built 1969
• Flamingo Hotel, Biscayne Bay, FL. USA 1923 (converted to a public park 1930)
• Hollywood Beach Hotel and Country Club, Hollywood Beach, FL, USA, 1924, re-built 1929
• Golf Park, Miami, FL. USA, 1926
• Westside, Fort Lauderdale, FL. USA, (now Fort Lauderdale Golf Club) 1926, re-built 2007
• Normandy Isle, Miami Beach, FL. USA, (now Normandy Shores) 1927 (design amended 1937)
• Montauk Downs, Long Island, NY. USA, 1926-1927
• Hither Hills, Long Island, NY. USA (no longer in existence), 1926-1927
• Tramore, Waterford, Ireland, (re-built) 1938
• Walton Heath, Walton-on-the-Hill, Surrey, UK (new 5th, 6th and 7th holes) 1939
• Rye, Sussex, UK, (re-design of 2nd and 7th holes) 1945

Golf clubs represented by Tippet

• Newton Green, Sudbury, UK
• Royal Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
• Royal North Devon, Westward Ho! UK
• Ashford Manor, Ashford, UK
• Meadow Brook, Long Island, NY. USA
• Lido, Long Island, NY, USA
• Royal Wimbledon, London, UK
• Walton Heath, Walton-on-the-Hill, UK
• Rye, Sussex, UK

Golf clubs managed by Tippet

• Ashford Manor Golf Club, Ashford, Middlesex, UK, Manager, 1919-1921
• Meadow Brook Golf & Polo Club, Westbury, Long Island, NY, USA, Secretary, 1921-1923
• Miami Beach Golf Club, Miami, FL, USA, Golf Director, 1923-1927
• Flamingo Hotel Golf and Polo Clubs, Biscayne Bay, FL, USA, Manager 1925-1927
• Royal Wimbledon Golf Club, London, UK, Secretary, 1927-1937
• Walton Heath Golf Club, Walton-on-the-Hill, Surrey, UK, Secretary, 1937-1945
• Rye Golf Club, Rye, Sussex, UK, Secretary, 1945-1947

References