Henry Roe Cloud

Henry Roe Cloud

Henry Roe Cloud in 1931
Native name Wo-Na-Xi-Lay-Hunka (Wonah'ilayhunka)
Born December 28, 1884
Winnebago Reservation
Died February 9, 1950 (aged 65)
Siletz, Oregon
Nationality American
Ethnicity Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska
Education Genoa Indian School, Santee Mission School, Mount Hermon Preparatory School
Alma mater Yale College, BA, psychology and philosophy, 1910; MA, anthropology, 1912, studied sociology at Oberlin College 1910-1911; Bachelor of Divinity degree, Auburn Theological Seminary; ordained as a Presbyterian minister in 1913; Doctorate of divinity, Emporia College, 1932.
Occupation Educator, college administrator, Office of Indian Affairs administrator, Presbyterian minister
Organization Haskell Institute, Brookings Institution, Office of Indian Affairs
Denomination Presbyterian
Spouse(s) Elizabeth Bender, a Minnesota Ojibwa (part Chippewa), m. June 12, 1916. Subsequently, they had
Children Four daughters, Elizabeth Marion (b. 1917), Anne Woisha (b. 1918), Lillian Alberta (b. 1920), and Ramona Clark (b. 1922) and a son with Elizabeth Bender; son Jay Hunter
Parent(s) Father, Na-Xi-Lay-Hunk-Kay or Nah'ilayhunkay (d. 1896); mother, "Hard-To-See", (d. 1897)
Awards Indian Achievement Award, 1935
Henry Roe Cloud, about 1910

Henry Roe Cloud (December 28, 1884 - February 9, 1950) was a Ho-Chunk Native American, enrolled in the Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska, who served as an educator, college administrator, U.S. federal government official (in the Office of Indian Affairs), Presbyterian minister, and reformer.

Early life

Henry Roe Cloud was born December 28, 1884, a member of the Bird Clan, on the Winnebago Reservation in northeastern Nebraska and was orphaned when his parents died in 1896 and 1897. After his education in a series of government schools, his intellectual ambition, academic performance, and personal qualities brought him in 1901 to the private Mount Hermon Preparatory School (now Northfield Mount Hermon School) in Massachusetts. He financed his education through the school's work-study program and was introduced to the social circles of America's ruling elite. He graduated a salutatorian in 1906 and the school served as his conduit into the Ivy League.[1]

College education

Cloud was the first full-blood Native American to attend Yale College, graduating in 1910 and earning a master's degree in 1914. (Note: some online resources list Cloud's Yale master degree year as "1912" though the actual degree from Henry Roe Cloud papers at Yale states "MCMXIV" (1914)). He was a campus celebrity due to the force of his personality and speaking skills, and in an era when rhetoric was an art, he was especially accomplished, attracting large audiences on campus and in national venues. One measure of his prestige as an undergraduate was being tapped for the Yale senior society, Elihu.

While an undergraduate, Cloud attended a lecture by the missionary, Mary Wickham Roe, a member of a prominent New England family involved in evangelical Christian mission work. He established a close relationship with her and her husband, Reverend Dr. Walter C. Roe. The couple adopted him, and he took their surname as his middle name.

Cloud received a bachelor of arts degree in psychology and philosophy in 1910 and a master of arts in anthropology in 1912, both from Yale. From 1910-1911 he studied sociology at Oberlin College. He attended Auburn Theological Seminary in New York, where he earned a bachelor of divinity degree and was ordained as a Presbyterian minister in 1913. He returned to school and received a doctorate of divinity from Emporia College, Kansas in 1932.[1]

Career

In a dissertation by a Purdue University scholar, Cloud's significance is described "as a reformer, an educator, and Indian Service official. As a prominent Indian figure of the 1920s and 1930s, Cloud's life demonstrates how and to what extent Indians were able to influence federal Indian policy. His life also provides a window into the close ties between progressive ideas and the evangelical Protestant Christianity that prompted and guided many of the reform efforts in the first decades of the twentieth century. Cloud's work also shows him to be capable of moving beyond this Progressive Era paradigm of assimilation and embracing new currents of reform such as the push for cultural pluralism."[2]

His career with the Office of Indian Affairs and the Brookings Institution focused on the efforts to establish modern schools for Native American youth. He became superintendent of the Haskell Institute, now known as Haskell Indian Nations University, in Lawrence, Kansas, in 1933.

"Cloud was instrumental in winning acceptance of the Wheeler-Howard Act, known also as the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934."[1]

In 1947, he was appointed the Superintendent of the Umatilla Indian Reservation. "In 1948, he was appointed regional representative for the Grande Ronde and Siletz Indian Agencies in Oregon."[1]

Family

Henry Roe Cloud's wife, Elizabeth Bender Roe Cloud (1888-1965), spoke widely on American Indian affairs, and served on the Indian Welfare Committee for the General Federation of Women’s Clubs, and won the American Mother of the Year Award in 1950 for her work.

His granddaughter, Renya Ramirez, is an American Studies professor at the University of California, Santa Cruz.[3]

Death and legacy

Henry Roe Cloud died of a heart attack in Siletz, Oregon, on February 9, 1950. He was buried in Beaverton, Oregon. An entry on Cloud is included in the American National Biography, Vol 5 (1999) and his personal papers are housed as a distinct series in the "Roe Family Papers" in Sterling Memorial Library's Manuscripts and Archives collection at Yale University.[4]

The majority of Cloud's papers, personal photographs, and documents (relating to Yale and the Mount Hermon school) and theological society parchments as well as papers from his work until his death in 1950 were in the care of Henry's Great Grandson, Shahn Roe Cloud Hughes in Portland, Oregon.

In November 2014, the items were donated to the Yale University Library, Manuscripts and Archives. They are part of the Ravi D Goel Collection on Henry Roe Cloud. The collection includes a February 1938 letter which Cloud wrote about a reunion with his Yale 1910 classmate and then Chinese Ambassador to the United States Wang Zhengting. (See Yale Manuscripts and Archives April 2015 blog, "Party Diplomacy.")

The Henry Roe Cloud conference was held at Yale in 2010, "celebrating 100 years of Native American education."[5][6]

Yale University Press publishes a series of books, The Henry Roe Cloud Series on American Indians and Modernity.[7]

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Sanders, Jean (2004). "PROFILE: Henry Roe Cloud: Pioneering Native American educator". Nebraska State Education Association. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
  2. ↑ Tetzloff, Jason M. To do some good among the Indians: Henry Roe Cloud and twentieth century Native American advocacy. Purdue University. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
  3. ↑ "Clubwoman Spotlight: Elizabeth Bender Roe Cloud (1888-1965)". GFWC - General Federation of Women's Clubs. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
  4. ↑ "Yale Finding Aid Database : Guide to the Roe Family Papers". Yale University Archives. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
  5. ↑ "Henry Roe Cloud 2010". Association of Yale Alumni. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
  6. ↑ Gasso, Jordi (2010-11-08). "Conference celebrates Native American legacy". Yale Daily News. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
  7. ↑ "Henry Roe Cloud Series announcement" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-09-15.

Further reading

External links

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