Hematuria
Hematuria | |
---|---|
Microscopic hematuria | |
Classification and external resources | |
ICD-10 | N02, R31 |
ICD-9 | 599.7, 791.2 |
DiseasesDB | 19635 |
MedlinePlus | 003138 |
eMedicine | ped/951 |
Patient UK | Hematuria |
MeSH | D006417 |
In medicine, hematuria, or haematuria, is the presence of red blood cells (erythrocytes) in the urine. It may be idiopathic and/or benign, or it can be a sign that there is a kidney stone or a tumor in the urinary tract (kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, prostate, and urethra), ranging from trivial to lethal. If white blood cells are found in addition to red blood cells, then it is a signal of urinary tract infection.
Occasionally "hemoglobinuria" is used synonymously, although more precisely it refers only to hemoglobin in the urine.
Types
Red discoloration of the urine can have various causes:
- Red blood cells
- Microscopic hematuria (small amounts of blood, can be seen only on urinalysis or light microscopy)
- Macroscopic hematuria (or "frank" or "gross" hematuria)
- Hemoglobin (only the red pigment, not the red blood cells)
- Other pigments
- Myoglobin in myoglobinuria
- Porphyrins in porphyria
- Betanin, after eating beets
- Drugs such as rifampicin, phenazopyridine and sulphonamides
Diagnosis
Sometimes the cause of hematuria can be elucidated solely on the basis of the medical history and urine testing, or urinalysis. This is especially true for young people, in whom the risk of malignancy is very low. For example, in a young woman who is found to have hematuria along with a simple urinary tract infection, she likely only needs antibiotics for her UTI, and does not need further workup for her hematuria. Similarly, high-intensity exercise can occasionally cause hematuria.[1] As such, an athlete with blood in their urine after vigorous exercise usually just needs a repeat urine test.
For patients with suspected kidney stones, a common cause of hematuria, CT scanning or Ultrasound is often the first step. For all other patients, because of the risk of cancer of the bladder, prostate, ureters, or kidney is a concern, further imaging is usually done. This includes directly looking at the urethra and bladder with cystoscopy and more sensitive radiographic imaging with computed tomography urography.
If combined with flank pain, loin pain hematuria syndrome is a rare but possible cause. .[2]
Causes
The most common causes of hematuria[3] are:
- Congenital: polycystic kidney[4]
- Urinary tract infection with viruses,[3] other sexually transmitted diseases (particularly in women)[3] or some bacterial species including strains of EPEC, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus
- Traumatic: ruptured kidney, stones
- Inflammatory: non specific cystitis, schistosomiasis, acute urethritis
- Bladder stones
- Kidney stones or ureter stones
- Benign prostatic hyperplasia, in older men, especially those over 50
Other, less common causes of hematuria include:
- IgA nephropathy ("Berger's disease") - occurs during viral infections in predisposed patients
- Trauma (e.g., a blow to the kidneys)
- Tumors and/or cancer in the urinary system,[3] for example bladder cancer or renal cell carcinoma
- Kidney diseases[3]
- Urinary Schistosomiasis (caused by Schistosoma haematobium) - a major cause for hematuria in many African and Middle-Eastern countries;
- Prostate infection or inflammation (prostatitis)[3]
Rare causes include:
- Benign familial hematuria
- Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria - a rare disease where hemoglobin of hemolyzed cells is passed into the urine
- Sickle cell trait can precipitate large amounts of red blood cell discharge, but only a small number of individuals endure this problem
- Arteriovenous malformation of the kidney (rare, but may impress like renal cell carcinoma on scans as both are highly vascular)
- Nephritic syndrome (a condition associated with post-streptococcal and rapidly progressing glomerulonephritis)
- Fibrinoid necrosis of the Glomeruli (as a result of malignant hypertension)
- Vesical varices may rarely develop secondary to obstruction of the inferior vena cava[5]
- Allergy may rarely cause episodic gross hematuria in children [6]
- Left renal vein hypertension, also called "nutcracker phenomenon" or "nutcracker syndrome," is a rare vascular abnormality responsible for gross hematuria [7]
- Ureteral Pelvic Junction Obstruction (UPJ) is a rare condition beginning from birth in which the ureter is blocked between the kidney and bladder. This condition may cause blood in the urine [8]
- March hematuria secondary to repetitive impacts on the body, usually the feet
- Athletic nephritis secondary to strenuous exercise
- Alport syndrome
Others signs that resemble hematuria include:
- Medications can cause red discoloration of the urine, but not hematuria. Some examples include: sulfonamides, quinine, rifampin, phenytoin[3]
References
- ↑ Jones, Gareth R.; Newhouse, Ian (April 1997). "Sport-related hematuria: a review". Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine 7 (2): 119–125. PMID 9113428. (login required)
- ↑ Spetie, DN.; Nadasdy, T.; Nadasdy, G.; Agarwal, G.; Mauer, M.; Agarwal, AK.; Khabiri, H.; Nagaraja, HN. et al. (Mar 2006). "Proposed pathogenesis of idiopathic loin pain-hematuria syndrome". Am J Kidney Dis 47 (3): 419–27. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2005.11.029. PMID 16490620.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Hematuria Causes Original Date of Publication: 15 Jun 1998. Reviewed by: Stacy J. Childs, M.D., Stanley J. Swierzewski, III, M.D. Last Reviewed: 10 Jul 2008
- ↑ Norman L. Browse/4th/436
- ↑ Koshy, CG.; Govil, S.; Shyamkumar, NK.; Devasia, A. (Jan 2009). "Bladder varices--rare cause of painless hematuria in idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis.". Urology 73 (1): 58–9. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2008.06.039. PMID 18722652.
- ↑ Graham, DM.; McMorris, MS.; Flynn, JT. (Nov 2002). "Episodic gross hematuria in association with allergy symptoms in a child.". Clin Nephrol 58 (5): 389–92. doi:10.5414/cnp58389. PMID 12425491.
- ↑ Russo, D.; Minutolo, R.; Iaccarino, V.; Andreucci, M.; Capuano, A.; Savino, FA. (Sep 1998). "Gross hematuria of uncommon origin: the nutcracker syndrome.". Am J Kidney Dis 32 (3): E3. doi:10.1053/ajkd.1998.v32.pm10074588. PMID 10074588.
- ↑ Ureteral Pelvic Junction Obstruction (UPJ) / Ureteral Obstruction
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