Helen Jonas-Rosenzweig

Helen(a) (née Sternlicht) Jonas-Rosenzweig (born April 25, 1925) is a Holocaust survivor. Born in Kraków (Cracow), Poland, she was interned during World War II at the Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp where she was forced to work as a maid for SS commandant Amon Göth. She survived the Holocaust with the help of Oskar Schindler, who was credited with saving the lives of nearly 1200 Jews, as recounted in the book Schindler's Ark (1982) and in the Steven Spielberg movie, Schindler's List (1993). Jonas-Rosenzweig met Monika Hertwig, the daughter of Amon Göth, and together they were featured in a documentary, Inheritance (2006), which Spielberg associate James Moll made for PBS. After the war, Jonas-Rosenzweig emigrated to the United States. She has been married and widowed twice, and has three children. She resides in Boca Raton, Florida.

Early life

Helen(a) (née Sternlicht) Jonas-Rosenzweig was born in Kraków, on April 25, 1925,[1] to Szymon and Lola[2] Sternlicht. She remembered her early life as happy. When Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939, she and her family were forced to relocate to the Kraków Ghetto.

Kraków-Płaszów

The balcony of Amon Göth's house in Płaszów, from which Helen Jonas-Rosenzweig said Göth would shoot at prisoners. Later, he used to step outside to hunt humans, with his Tyrolean hat marking his intentions. It was the signal for seasoned prisoners to attempt to hide.[3]

In 1942, they were sent to concentration camps. Her father died at Belzec extermination camp. She, her mother, and two sisters were sent to Kraków-Płaszów, which was an arbeitslager (labor camp). On the third day of her internment at Kraków-Płaszów, Jonas was washing windows in a barracks when Göth, the camp commandant, entered the room. He commented on the job she was doing and ordered her to go to his villa on the grounds of the camp to work as a housemaid.[4][5]

Jonas-Rosenzweig moved from the barracks to Göth's residence, where she shared a room in the basement with another maid, Helen Hirsch (who was also portrayed in the film, Schindler's List. The two women shared the household duties at the commandant's home for the next two years.[2] While working for Göth, Jonas-Rosenzweig saw his notorious sadism[6] firsthand. She said that he would shoot prisoners from the balcony of his villa,[5] and she saw him murder several people and order the deaths of many more. He also beat her. She said that while Göth, as depicted in the movie, appeared to be interested sexually in his maid, he was not attracted to her in real life.[4]

Jonas-Rosenzweig recalled that shortly after she moved to Göth's home, she saw him suddenly, and without provocation, shoot to death a young Jewish man who worked for him as a valet.[2] During this period Jonas had a boyfriend at the camp, Adam Sztab, who was part of a resistance group. She stole some papers from Göth that she gave to Sztab. Göth was told of Sztab's activities by a Ukrainian guard. Göth shot Sztab to death within earshot of Jonas, and she was certain that he would kill her too, but he did not. Göth had Sztab's body hanged for other prisoners to see, along with a warning about trying to escape.[4]

Oskar Schindler

Oskar Schindler was a frequent guest at Göth's home and he often had encouraging words for Jonas, who recalled his saying to her, "Remember the people in Egypt? They were freed. So you will be, too."[4] After Göth's arrest for embezzling Jewish property from the German government, Jonas remembered, "Like magic, all of a sudden the doorbell rings – Schindler is standing there in his coat and saying, 'You're coming with me'". Schindler, who saved about 1,200 Jews from Auschwitz by claiming that he needed them to work in his factory, added Jonas and her sisters, Bronislawa and Sydonia Sternlicht, to his list of workers who became known as Schindlerjuden.[7] By that time, their mother had died from pneumonia.[4]

As the Red Army approached Kraków in late 1944, the Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp was liquidated. Schindler made plans to open a munitions factory in Brněnec, Czechoslovakia, using the workers he had at Płaszów. The men on Schindler's list traveled safely by train to Czechoslovakia, but the train of cattle cars on which 300 of Schindler's female workers traveled was diverted to Auschwitz. Of the three weeks that Jonas-Rosenzweig was at Auschwitz, she said, "In my heart, I knew that we were going to be saved." The women eventually joined the men in Czechoslovakia as a result of Schindler's bribery of the SS.[4]

Płaszów Memorial, where Helen Jonas-Rosenzweig and Monika Hertwig met for the first time

Inheritance

In 2004, Jonas-Rosenzweig met with Monika Hertwig, Amon Göth's daughter.[5][8][9] Hertwig had requested the meeting, but Jonas was hesitant because her memories of Göth and the concentration camp were so traumatic. She eventually agreed after Hertwig wrote to her, "We have to do it for the murdered people."[5] Jonas felt touched by this sentiment and agreed to meet her at the Płaszów Memorial Monument in Poland and tour Göth's villa with her for the documentary Inheritance (2006). The documentary's director, James Moll, an associate of Steven Spielberg's, helped bring the two women together to make the film for PBS.[5][8][9]

Personal life

Two days after they were liberated from the Nazis, Jonas-Rosenzweig met her first husband, Joseph Jonas. They lived in the Bronx, raising a son and twin girls. In 1980, Joseph, who suffered from survivor guilt, committed suicide.[4] She then married philanthropist Henry Rosenzweig.[10] Widowed a second time, she resides in Boca Raton, Florida.[4]


References

  1. ↑ "List of Schindler's Workers". Yad Vashem Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority. Retrieved April 4, 2012.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Crowe, David (2007). Oskar Schindler: The Untold Account of His Life, Wartime Activities, and the True Story Behind the List. Basic Books. pp. 259–264. ISBN 9780465002535.
  3. ↑ Bartosz T. Wieliński (10.07.2012). "Amon Göth myśliwy z KL Płaszów" [Amon Göth, the hunter of KL Płaszów]. Column alehistoria (in Polish). Gazeta Wyborcza. Retrieved April 1, 2013. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 Sturrock, Staci. "Holocaust survivor: 'I lived in such fear. I experienced such evilness'". The Palm Beach Post. Retrieved April 3, 2012.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Fishman, Aleisha. "Helen Jonas, Holocaust Survivor". Voices on Antisemitism — A Podcast Series. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved April 3, 2012.
  6. ↑ Santos, Fernanda. "Shared Present Helps Ease Survivors’ Painful Past". The New York Times. Retrieved April 3, 2012.
  7. ↑ "May 11, 1945: Schindlerjuden Befreiung". Daily Kos. Kos Media LLC. Retrieved April 4, 2012.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Overcoming Prejudice". Oprah.com. Harpo Productions. Retrieved April 3, 2012.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Tanabe, Karin. "Daughter of evil". CBS Interactive. Retrieved April 3, 2012.
  10. ↑ Levine, Zach. "Schindler survivor tells story of enslavement". New Jersey Jewish News. Retrieved April 3, 2012.