Heights of presidents and presidential candidates of the United States
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A record of the heights of the Presidents of the United States and presidential candidates is useful for evaluating what role, if any, height plays in presidential elections. Some observers have noted that the taller of the two major-party candidates tends to prevail, and argue this is due to the public's preference for taller candidates.[1]
The tallest U.S. President was Abraham Lincoln at 6 ft 3 3⁄4 in (192.4 cm), while the shortest was James Madison at 5 ft 4 in (163 cm). The average height of a US president has been 5 ft 10.7 inches and 5 ft 11.6 inches since 1900.
Barack Obama, the current President, is 6 ft 1 in (185 cm),[2][3] and Joe Biden, the current Vice-President, is 6 ft 0 in (183 cm).[4]
U.S. Presidents by height order
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Rank | No | President | Height | Height (cm) | refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 16 | Abraham Lincoln | 6 ft 3 3⁄4 in | 192.4 cm | [5] |
2 | 36 | Lyndon B. Johnson | 6 ft 3 1⁄2 in | 192 cm | [6][7][8] |
3 | 3 | Thomas Jefferson | 6 ft 2 1⁄2 in | 189 cm | [9][10] |
4 | 1 | George Washington | 6 ft 2 in | 188 cm | [11] |
4 | 21 | Chester A. Arthur | 6 ft 2 in | 188 cm | [9] |
4 | 32 | Franklin D. Roosevelt | 6 ft 2 in | 188 cm | [9] |
4 | 41 | George H. W. Bush | 6 ft 2 in | 188 cm | [9][12] |
4 | 42 | Bill Clinton | 6 ft 2 in | 188 cm | [9][12][13][14][15][16] |
9 | 7 | Andrew Jackson | 6 ft 1 in | 185 cm | [9][17] |
9 | 40 | Ronald Reagan | 6 ft 1 in | 185 cm | [9] |
9 | 44 | Barack Obama | 6 ft 1 in | 185 cm | [2][3] |
12 | 5 | James Monroe | 6 ft 0 in | 183 cm | [9][18] |
12 | 10 | John Tyler | 6 ft 0 in | 183 cm | [9] |
12 | 15 | James Buchanan | 6 ft 0 in | 183 cm | [9] |
12 | 20 | James A. Garfield | 6 ft 0 in | 183 cm | [9] |
12 | 29 | Warren G. Harding | 6 ft 0 in | 183 cm | [9] |
12 | 35 | John F. Kennedy | 6 ft 0 in | 183 cm | [9] |
12 | 38 | Gerald Ford | 6 ft 0 in | 183 cm | [9][19] |
19 | 27 | William Howard Taft | 5 ft 11 1⁄2 in | 182 cm | [20] |
19 | 31 | Herbert Hoover | 5 ft 11 1⁄2 in | 182 cm | [21] |
19 | 37 | Richard Nixon | 5 ft 11 1⁄2 in | 182 cm | [9][19] |
19 | 43 | George W. Bush | 5 ft 11 1⁄2 in | 182 cm | [16][22][23][24] |
23 | 22, 24 | Grover Cleveland | 5 ft 11 in | 180 cm | [9] |
23 | 28 | Woodrow Wilson | 5 ft 11 in | 180 cm | [9][25] |
25 | 34 | Dwight D. Eisenhower | 5 ft 10 1⁄2 in | 179 cm | [9] |
26 | 14 | Franklin Pierce | 5 ft 10 in | 178 cm | [9] |
26 | 17 | Andrew Johnson | 5 ft 10 in | 178 cm | [9] |
26 | 26 | Theodore Roosevelt | 5 ft 10 in | 178 cm | [9][18] |
26 | 30 | Calvin Coolidge | 5 ft 10 in | 178 cm | [9] |
30 | 39 | Jimmy Carter | 5 ft 9 1⁄2 in | 177 cm | [9][19] |
31 | 13 | Millard Fillmore | 5 ft 9 in | 175 cm | [9] |
31 | 33 | Harry S. Truman | 5 ft 9 in | 175 cm | [9] |
33 | 19 | Rutherford B. Hayes | 5 ft 8 1⁄2 in | 174 cm | [9][26] |
34 | 9 | William Henry Harrison | 5 ft 8 in | 173 cm | [9] |
34 | 11 | James K. Polk | 5 ft 8 in | 173 cm | [9][27] |
34 | 12 | Zachary Taylor | 5 ft 8 in | 173 cm | [9][18] |
34 | 18 | Ulysses S. Grant | 5 ft 8 in | 173 cm | [28] |
38 | 6 | John Quincy Adams | 5 ft 7 1⁄2 in | 171 cm | [29] |
39 | 2 | John Adams | 5 ft 7 in | 170 cm | [9][30] |
39 | 25 | William McKinley | 5 ft 7 in | 170 cm | [9] |
41 | 23 | Benjamin Harrison | 5 ft 6 in | 168 cm | [31] |
41 | 8 | Martin Van Buren | 5 ft 6 in | 168 cm | [32] |
43 | 4 | James Madison | 5 ft 4 in | 163 cm | [9][33] |
Electoral success as a function of height
![]() Graph of winner v. loser heights in Presidential elections from 1789 - 2004. (Click to enlarge) |
Various folk wisdoms about U.S. presidential politics put forward the view that the taller of the two major-party candidates always wins or almost always wins since the advent of the televised presidential debate. A study of the numbers reveals these claims are exaggerated at best.
We have more data if we examine the relationship of electoral success to height difference starting from the year 1900, rather than from the beginning of televised debates. As the chart below shows, in the 28 presidential elections between 1900 and 2011, 18 of the winning candidates have been taller than their opponents, while 8 have been shorter, and 2 have been of the same height. On average the winner was 1.0 inch (2.5 cm) taller than the loser.
The claims about taller candidates winning almost all modern presidential elections is still pervasive, however. Examples of such views include:
- A 2003 essay by New York Times writer Virginia Postrel about artificially increasing the height of growth-stunted children. She notes: "Still, being short does, on average, hurt a person's prospects...The tall guy gets the girl. The taller presidential candidate almost always wins."[34]
- A 1988 article in the Los Angeles Times fashion section about a haberdasher devoted to clothing shorter men included a variation of the tale: "Stern says he just learned that Dukakis is 5 feet, 8 inches. 'Did you know,' he adds, noticeably disappointed, 'that since 1900 the taller of the two candidates always wins?' "[35]
- A 1997 book called How to Make Anyone Fall in Love with You discusses the issue in a section about the importance of height: "What about height? One assumes the taller the better, because our culture venerates height. In fact, practically every president elected in the United States since 1900 was the taller of the two candidates."[36]
- A chapter entitled "Epistemology at the Core of Postmodernism" in the 2002 book Telling the Truth: Evangelizing Postmodernisms makes this observation: "I remember the subversive effect the observation had on me that in every U.S. presidential race, the taller of the two candidates had been elected. It opened up space for a counterdiscourse to the presumed rationality of the electoral process."[37]
- A 1975 book called First Impressions: The Psychology of Encountering Others notes: "Elevator Shoes, Anyone? One factor which has a far-reaching influence on how people are perceived, at least in American society, is height. From 1900 to 1968 the man elected U.S. president was always the taller of the two candidates. (Richard Nixon was slightly shorter than George McGovern.)"[38]
- A 1978 book entitled The Psychology of Person Identification states: "They also say that every President of the USA elected since the turn of the [20th] century has been the taller of the two candidates (Jimmy Carter being an exception)."[39]
- A 1999 book, Survival of the Prettiest by Nancy Etcoff, repeated a version of the legend in a section on the power of heights: "...Since 1776 only [two Presidents,] James Madison and Benjamin Harrison[,] have been below-average height. The easiest way to predict the winner in a United States election is to bet on the taller man: in this century you would have had an unbroken string of hits until 1972 when Richard Nixon beat George McGovern."[40]
A comparison of the heights of the winning presidential candidate with the losing candidate from each election since 1789 is provided below to evaluate such views.
Comparative table of heights of United States presidential candidates
Taller candidate was elected | Taller candidate was not elected |
Winner and tallest opponent were of the same height | Comparison data unavailable |
Election | Winner in Electoral College | Height | Main opponent(s) during election | Height | Difference | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2012 | Barack Obama | ft 1 in | 6cm | 185Mitt Romney[41] | ft 1 1⁄2 in | 6cm | 187½ in | 2 cm |
2008 | Barack Obama | ft 1 in | 6cm | 185John McCain[42] | ft 9 in | 5cm | 1754 in | 10 cm |
2004 | George W. Bush | ft 11 1⁄2 in | 5cm | 182John Kerry[19] | ft 4 in | 6cm | 1934½ in | 11 cm |
2000 | George W. Bush | ft 11 1⁄2 in | 5cm | 182Al Gore*[12][43] | ft 1 in | 6cm | 1851½ in | 3 cm |
1996 | Bill Clinton | ft 2 in | 6cm | 188Bob Dole[44] | ft 1 1⁄2 in | 6cm | 187½ in | 1 cm |
1992 | Bill Clinton | ft 2 in | 6cm | 188George H.W. Bush | ft 2 in | 6cm | 1880 in | 0 cm |
1988 | George H.W. Bush | ft 2 in | 6cm | 188Michael Dukakis[45] | ft 8 in | 5cm | 1736 in | 15 cm |
1984 | Ronald Reagan | ft 1 in | 6cm | 185Walter Mondale[12] | ft 11 in | 5cm | 1802 in | 5 cm |
1980 | Ronald Reagan | ft 1 in | 6cm | 185Jimmy Carter | ft 9 1⁄2 in | 5cm | 1773½ in | 8 cm |
1976 | Jimmy Carter | ft 9 1⁄2 in | 5cm | 177Gerald Ford | ft 0 in | 6cm | 1832½ in | 6 cm |
1972 | Richard Nixon | ft 11 1⁄2 in | 5cm | 182George McGovern[19][46] | ft 1 in | 6cm | 1851½ in | 3 cm |
1968 | Richard Nixon | ft 11 1⁄2 in | 5cm | 182Hubert Humphrey[46] | ft 11 in | 5cm | 180½ in | 1 cm |
1964 | Lyndon B. Johnson | ft 3 1⁄2 in | 6cm | 192Barry Goldwater[46] | ft 11 in | 5cm | 1804½ in | 12 cm |
1960 | John F. Kennedy | ft 0 in | 6cm | 183Richard Nixon | ft 11 1⁄2 in | 5cm | 182½ in | 1 cm |
1956 | Dwight D. Eisenhower | ft 10 1⁄2 in | 5cm | 179Adlai Stevenson II[46] | ft 10 in | 5cm | 178½ in | 1 cm |
1952 | Dwight D. Eisenhower | ft 10 1⁄2 in | 5cm | 179Adlai Stevenson II | ft 10 in | 5cm | 178½ in | 1 cm |
1948 | Harry S. Truman | ft 9 in | 5cm | 175Thomas Dewey[45][46] | ft 8 in | 5cm | 1731 in | 2 cm |
1944 | Franklin D. Roosevelt | ft 2 in | 6cm | 188Thomas Dewey | ft 8 in | 5cm | 1736 in | 15 cm |
1940 | Franklin D. Roosevelt | ft 2 in | 6cm | 188Wendell Willkie[46][47] | ft 2 in | 6cm | 1880 in | 0 cm |
1936 | Franklin D. Roosevelt | ft 2 in | 6cm | 188Alfred Landon[46] | ft 11 in | 5cm | 1803 in | 8 cm |
1932 | Franklin D. Roosevelt | ft 2 in | 6cm | 188Herbert Hoover | ft 11 1⁄2 in | 5cm | 1822½ in | 6 cm |
1928 | Herbert Hoover | ft 11 1⁄2 in | 5cm | 182Al Smith[46] | ft 11 in | 5cm | 180½ in | 1 cm |
1924 | Calvin Coolidge | ft 10 in | 5cm | 178John W. Davis[46] | ft 11 in | 5cm | 1801 in | 2 cm |
1920 | Warren G. Harding | ft 0 in | 6cm | 183James M. Cox[48] | ft 6 in | 5cm | 1686 in | 15 cm |
1916 | Woodrow Wilson | ft 11 in | 5cm | 180Charles Evans Hughes[46] | ft 10 in | 5cm | 1781 in | 2 cm |
1912 | Woodrow Wilson | ft 11 in | 5cm | 180 William Howard Taft Theodore Roosevelt | 5 ft 11 1⁄2 in 5 ft 10 in | 182 cm 178 cm | ½ in 1 in | 1 cm 2 cm |
1908 | William Howard Taft | ft 11 1⁄2 in | 5cm | 182William Jennings Bryan[49][50][51][52] | ft 11 in | 5cm | 180½ in | 1 cm |
1904 | Theodore Roosevelt | ft 10 in | 5cm | 178Alton B. Parker[46] | ft 9 in | 5cm | 1751 in | 3 cm |
1900 | William McKinley | ft 7 in | 5cm | 170William Jennings Bryan | ft 11 in | 5cm | 1804 in | 10 cm |
1896 | William McKinley | ft 7 in | 5cm | 170William Jennings Bryan | ft 11 in | 5cm | 1804 in | 10 cm |
1892 | Grover Cleveland | ft 11 in | 5cm | 180Benjamin Harrison | ft 6 in | 5cm | 1685 in | 12 cm |
1888 | Benjamin Harrison | ft 6 in | 5cm | 168Grover Cleveland* | ft 11 in | 5cm | 1805 in | 12 cm |
1884 | Grover Cleveland | ft 11 in | 5cm | 180James G. Blaine[53] | ft 11 in | 5cm | 1800 in | 0 cm |
1880 | James A. Garfield | ft 0 in | 6cm | 183Winfield Hancock[54] | ft 1 1⁄2 in | 6cm | 1871½ in | 4 cm |
1876 | Rutherford B. Hayes | ft 8 1⁄2 in | 5cm | 174Samuel Tilden*[55] | ft 10 in | 5cm | 1781½ in | 4 cm |
1872 | Ulysses S. Grant | ft 8 in | 5cm | 173Horace Greeley[56] | ft 10 in | 5cm | 1782 in | 5 cm |
1868 | Ulysses S. Grant | ft 8 in | 5cm | 173Horatio Seymour | ||||
1864 | Abraham Lincoln | ft 3 3⁄4 in | 6cm | 192George B. McClellan[57] | ft 8 in | 5cm | 1738 in | 20 cm |
1860 | Abraham Lincoln | ft 3 3⁄4 in | 6cm | 192 John C. Breckinridge[58] Stephen A. Douglas[59] | 6 ft 2 in 5 ft 4 in | 188 cm 163 cm | 2 in 12 in | 5 cm 30 cm |
1856 | James Buchanan | ft 0 in | 6183 cm | Millard Fillmore John C. Frémont[60] | ft 9 in 5 ft 9 in | 5 175 cm 175 cm | 3 in 3 in | 8 cm 8 cm |
1852 | Franklin Pierce | ft 10 in | 5cm | 178Winfield Scott[61] | ft 5 in | 6cm | 1967 in | 18 cm |
1848 | Zachary Taylor | ft 8 in | 5cm | 173Lewis Cass[62] | ft 8 1⁄2 in | 5cm | 174½ in | 1 cm |
1844 | James K. Polk | ft 8 in | 5cm | 173Henry Clay[63] | ft 1 in | 6cm | 1855 in | 13 cm |
1840 | William Henry Harrison | ft 8 in | 5cm | 173Martin Van Buren | ft 6 in | 5cm | 1682 in | 5 cm |
1836 | Martin Van Buren | ft 6 in | 5168 cm | Hugh Lawson White[64] William Henry Harrison | 5 ft 11 in 5 ft 8 in | 180 cm 173 cm | 5 in 2 in | 12 cm 5 cm |
1832 | Andrew Jackson | ft 1 in | 6cm | 185Henry Clay | ft 1 in | 6cm | 1850 in | 0 cm |
1828 | Andrew Jackson | ft 1 in | 6cm | 185John Quincy Adams | ft 7 1⁄2 in | 5cm | 1715½ in | 14 cm |
1824 | John Quincy Adams | ft 7 1⁄2 in | 5cm | 171 William H. Crawford[65][66] Andrew Jackson* Henry Clay | 6 ft 3 in 6 ft 1 in 6 ft 1 in | 191 cm 185 cm 185 cm | 7½ in 5½ in 5½ in | 20 cm 14 cm 14 cm |
1820 | James Monroe† | ft 0 in | 6cm | 183|||||
1816 | James Monroe | ft 0 in | 6cm | 183Rufus King | ||||
1812 | James Madison | ft 4 in | 5cm | 163De Witt Clinton[67] | ft 3 in | 6cm | 19111 in | 28 cm |
1808 | James Madison | ft 4 in | 5cm | 163Charles C. Pinckney | ||||
1804 | Thomas Jefferson | ft 2½ in | 6189 cm | Charles C. Pinckney | ||||
1800 | Thomas Jefferson | ft 2 1⁄2 in | 6cm | 189John Adams | ft 7 in | 5cm | 1707½ in | 19 cm |
1796 | John Adams | ft 7 in | 5cm | 170Thomas Jefferson | ft 2 1⁄2 in | 6cm | 1897½ in | 19 cm |
1792 | George Washington† | ft 2 in | 6cm | 188|||||
1789 | George Washington† | ft 2 in | 6cm | 188
Note:
* Lost the Electoral Vote, but received more popular votes.
† Ran unopposed
Extremes
The tallest President elected to office was Abraham Lincoln (6 ft 3 3⁄4 in or 192.4 cm). Portrait artist Francis Bicknell Carpenter supplies the information for Lincoln:
- Mr. Lincoln's height was six feet three and three-quarter inches "in his stocking-feet." He stood up one day, at the right of my large canvas, while I marked his exact height upon it.[5]
It is likely, however, that Lincoln's height was the result of a genetic condition, the disease known as multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2b (MEN2B).[68] (See Medical and mental health of Abraham Lincoln.)
Only slightly shorter than Lincoln was Lyndon B. Johnson (6 ft 3 1⁄2 in or 192 cm), the tallest President who originally entered office without being elected directly. The shortest President elected to office was James Madison (5 ft 4 in or 163 cm); the shortest President to originally enter the office by means other than election is tied between Millard Fillmore and Harry S. Truman (both were 5 ft 9 in or 175 cm).
The tallest unsuccessful presidential candidate (who is also the tallest of all presidential candidates) is Winfield Scott, who stood at 6 ft 5 in (196 cm) and lost the 1852 election to Franklin Pierce, who stood at 5 ft 10 in (178 cm). The second tallest unsuccessful candidate is John Kerry, at 6 ft 4 in (193 cm). The shortest unsuccessful presidential candidate is Stephen A. Douglas, at 5 ft 4 in (163 cm). The next shortest is tied between two sitting Presidents, Martin Van Buren and Benjamin Harrison, who lost their respective elections in 1840 and 1892 and were both 5 ft 6 in (168 cm).
The largest height difference between two presidential candidates (out of the candidates whose heights are known) was in the 1860 election, when Abraham Lincoln stood almost 12 inches (30 cm) taller than opponent Stephen A. Douglas. The second-largest difference was in the 1812 election, with De Witt Clinton standing 11 inches (28 cm) taller than incumbent James Madison.
Notes
- ↑ As some examples, USA TODAY listed height among six criteria for predicting who would win the 2004 election; a Washington Post blog noted the significance of height in physical appearance and its effect on voters. See the discussion of this phenomenon later in the article for further examples.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Office of the Press Secretary (February 28, 2010). "Release of the President's Medical Exam". The White House. Retrieved 2010-03-01.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Mann, Simon (March 2, 2010). "Fit for duty: Obama gets clean bill of health". Sydney Morning Herald (Fairfax Digital). Retrieved 2010-03-01.
- ↑ "Race to the White House 2008: Vice Presidential Candidates". www.biography.com. Retrieved 2009-10-30.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Carpenter, Francis B. (1866). Six Months in the White House: The Story of a Picture. Hurd and Houghton. p. 217.
- ↑ Dallek, Robert (1998). Flawed Giant: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 1961–1973. Oxford University Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0195054651.
- ↑ Caro, Robert (1982). The Years of Lyndon Johnson: The Path to Power. New York: Knopf. p. 146. ISBN 978-0394499734.
- ↑ Dallek, Robert (2003). An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy. Little, Brown, and Co. p. 354.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 9.10 9.11 9.12 9.13 9.14 9.15 9.16 9.17 9.18 9.19 9.20 9.21 9.22 9.23 9.24 9.25 9.26 9.27 9.28 9.29 9.30 9.31 Kane, Joseph (1994). Facts about the Presidents: A Compilation of Biographical and Historical Information. New York: H. W. Wilson. pp. 344–45. ISBN 0-8242-0845-5.
- ↑ Macdonald, Zanne (July 1992). "Physical Descriptions of Thomas Jefferson". Monticello Report. Monticello Research Department. Archived from the original on 2009-07-13. Retrieved 2009-05-17.
- ↑ Various sources have put Washington's height between 6 ft and 6 ft 3 in. See: Chernow, Ron, Washington: A Life, 2010, The Penguin Press HC ISBN 1-59420-266-4; Wilson, Woodrow, George Washington, 2004, Cosimo, Inc., p. 111; Alden, John Richard, George Washington: A Biography, 1984, Louisiana State University Press, p. 11; Lodge, Henry Cabot, George Washington, Vol. I, 2007, The Echo Library, p. 30; Haworth, Paul Leland, George Washington, Kessinger Publishing, 2004, p. 119; Thayer, William Roscoe, George Washington, 1931, Plain Label Books, p. 65
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Page, Susan (2004-06-23). "Time-tested formulas suggest both Bush and Kerry will win on Nov. 2". USA TODAY. Retrieved May 13, 2009.
- ↑ Sommers, Paul M. (January 2002). "Is Presidential Greatness Related to Height?". The College Mathematics Journal 33 (1): 14–16. doi:10.2307/1558973.
- ↑ Sedghi, Ami (October 18, 2011). "Statesmen and stature: how tall are our world leaders?". The Guardian.
- ↑ Mathews, Jay (August 3, 1999). "The Shrinking Field". The Washington Post.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Presidential Height Index". The Height Site. Retrieved August 22, 2012.
- ↑ Remini, Robert V., Andrew Jackson, HarperCollins, 1969, p. 15. ISBN 0-06-080132-8
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Whitcomb, John and Claire Whitcomb, Real Life at the White House, Routledge (UK), 2002. ISBN 0-415-93951-8
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 Tossey, Lisa D. (2004). "Is presidential race a simple matter of standing tall?". The Pendulum Online. Retrieved 2009-04-19.
- ↑ Sotos, John G. Taft and Pickwick: sleep apnea in the White House. Chest. 2003;124:1133-1142.Online copy
- ↑ Nash, George H. (1988). The Life of Herbert Hoover. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 365.
- ↑ "Report on President Bush's Physical Examination". New York Times. August 2, 2006.
- ↑ "Medical History Summary: President George W. Bush". FindLaw. August 7, 2007. Retrieved 2010-03-02.
- ↑ Scott, David (October 18, 2011). "GOP Debate: Does height matter in presidential politics?". The Christian Science Monitor.
- ↑ Levin, Phyllis Lee, Edith & Woodrow: the Wilson White House, New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. ISBN 0-7432-1158-8 Google Print
- ↑ Davison, Kenneth E (1972). The Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, Inc. p. 69. ISBN 0-8371-6275-0.
- ↑ Behrman, Carol H.James K. Polk, Twenty-First Century Books, 2004. ISBN 0-8225-1396-X
- ↑ King, Charles, The True Ulysses Grant, Philadelphia & London, J.B. Lippincott & Co., 1914.Google Print
- ↑ Levy, Debbie,John Quincy Adams, Twenty-First Century Books, 2004, p. 28. ISBN 0-8225-0825-7
- ↑ Ferling, John E., John Adams: A Life, Owl Books, 1996, ISBN 0-8050-4576-7, p. 169.Google Print
- ↑ Loderhouse, Gary and Nelson Price, William Addison Hunter, Legendary Hoosiers: Famous Folks from the State of Indiana, Emmis Books, 1999. ISBN 1-57860-097-9 Google Print
- ↑ Widmer, Ted and Arthur M. Schlesinger, Edward L. Widmer, Martin Van Buren, Times Books, 2005, p. 2. ISBN 0-8050-6922-4
- ↑ Phillips, Louis, Ask Me Anything About the Presidents, HarperCollins, 1992. ISBN 0-380-76426-1
- ↑ Postrel, Virginia, "Going to Great Lengths," New York Times, August 31, 2003.
- ↑ Los Angeles Times, Mar 25, 1988, pg. 7
- ↑ Lowndes, Leil, How to Make Anyone Fall in Love with You, McGraw-Hill Professional, 1997, pp.174-175. ISBN 0-8092-2989-7 Google Print
- ↑ Telling the Truth: Evangelizing Postmoderns, edited by D.A. Carson, Zondervan, 2002, p. 83. ISBN 0-310-24334-3 Google Print
- ↑ Kleinke, Chris L., First Impressions: The Psychology of Encountering Others, Prentice-Hall, 1975, p. 13. ISBN 0-13-318428-5 Google Print
- ↑ Clifford, Brian R. and Ray Bull, The Psychology of Person Identification, Routledge & K. Paul, 1978, p. 115. ISBN 0-7100-8867-1. Print
- ↑ Etcoff, Nancy, Survival of the Prettiest, New York, Anchor Books, 1999. ISBN 0-385-47942-5
- ↑ "Obama and Romney Stack Up on BMI, Physical Fitness, and More". Huffington Post. 2012-11-06. p. 7. Retrieved 6 February 2012.
height: 6'1.5, weight: 184 lbs, BMI: 23.9
- ↑ "John McCain Medical Records". The Washington Post. 2008-05-23. p. 7. Retrieved 23 February 2009.
height: 175.3 CM, weight: 78.93 KG, BMI: 25.68
- ↑ "The Shrinking Field". The Washington Post. 1999-08-03. Retrieved 2009-04-27.
- ↑ The Washington Post listed Dole at 6'2"/1.88 m, USA TODAY listed him at 6'1"/1.85 m
- ↑ 45.0 45.1 Dowd, Maureen (1992-06-21). "Where They Stand". The New York Times. Retrieved May 13, 2009.
- ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 46.3 46.4 46.5 46.6 46.7 46.8 46.9 46.10 Gillis, John S. (1982). Too Tall, Too Small. Champaign, Illinois: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing, Inc. p. 20. ISBN 0-918296-15-3.
- ↑ Barnard, Ellsworth (1971). Wendell Willkie: Fighter for Freedom. University of Massachusetts Press. p. 47. ISBN 0-87023-088-3. Retrieved 2010-03-07.
- ↑ Morris, Charles E. (1920). Progressive Democracy of James M. Cox. The Bobbs-Merrill Company. p. 9.
- ↑ Gillis, Too Tall, Too Small, p. 20. Lists his height as 5 ft 10 in (178 cm).
- ↑ Edwards, Rebecca; DeFeo, Sarah (2000). "William Jennings Bryan". 1896: The Presidential Campaign. Vassar College. Retrieved 2009-04-20. Lists his height as 5 ft 10 in (178 cm).
- ↑ Wilson, Charles Morrow (1970). The Commoner: William Jennings Bryan. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday. p. 40. Lists his height as 5 ft 11 in (180 cm) during his second year in college.
- ↑ Springen, Donald K. (1991). William Jennings Bryan: Orator of Small-Town America. Greenwood Press. p. 15. ISBN 0-313-25977-1. Lists his height as 6 ft 0 in (183 cm).
- ↑ Records of his height have been difficult to obtain. In one biography, he was described as "just under six feet in height". While not a definitive record of his height, this description does allow us to presume he was at least comparable in height to Cleveland. See Crawford, Thomas Clark (1893). James G. Blaine: A Study of his Life and Career, from the Standpoint of a Personal Witness of the Principal Events in his History. Edgewood Publishing Co. p. 26. Retrieved 2009-06-26.
- ↑ Jordan, David M. (1988). Winfield Scott Hancock: A Soldier's Life. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. p. 23. ISBN 0-253-36580-5.
- ↑ Bigelow, John (1895). The Life of Samuel Tilden (vol. 1). New York: Harper and Brothers. p. 283.
- ↑ Stoddart, Henry Luther (1946). Horace Greeley: Printer, Editor, Crusader. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. p. 38.
- ↑ Eckenrode, Hamilton James; Bryan Conrad (1941). George B. McClellan, the man who saved the Union. University of North Carolina Press. p. 2. Retrieved 2009-06-26.
- ↑ Davis, William C. (1974). Breckinridge: Statesman, Soldier, Symbol. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. p. 18. ISBN 0-8071-0068-4.
- ↑ Johanssen, Robert W. (1973). Stephen A. Douglas. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 4.
- ↑ Life of John Charles Fremont. New York: Greeley & McElrath. 1856. p. 31. Retrieved 2009-07-06.
- ↑ Heidler, David Stephen (2004). Encyclopedia of the War of 1812. Naval Institute Press. p. 464. ISBN 1-59114-362-4. Retrieved 2009-05-17.
- ↑ According to Cass's biography, he was "about five foot eight or nine inches". See Woodford, Frank B. (1950). Lewis Cass: The Last Jeffersonian. New Brunswick and New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. p. 32.
- ↑ Seymour, Chas C. B. (1858). Self-made men. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 137. Retrieved 2009-07-06.
- ↑ Scott, Nancy N. (1856). A Memoir of Hugh Lawson White, Judge of the Supreme Court of Tennessee, Member of the Senate of the United States, etc., etc. Michigan: J. B. Lippincott & Co. p. 243. Retrieved 2009-06-25.
- ↑ Mooney, Chase Curran (1974). William H. Crawford, 1772-1834. Michigan: University of Kentucky Press. p. 7. ISBN 0-8131-1270-2. Retrieved 2009-06-25.
- ↑ One biography of Crawford describes his stature as being "considerably over six feet". See Butler, Benjamin F. (1824). Sketches of the Life and Character of William H. Crawford. Albany: Packard and Benthuysen. p. 35.
- ↑ Cornog, Evan, The Birth of Empire: DeWitt Clinton and the American Experience, 1769-1828, ISBN 0-19-514051-6
- ↑ Sotos, John G. (2008). The Physical Lincoln. Mt. Vernon Book Systems. ISBN 978-0-9818193-2-7.
References
- Kane, Joseph (1993). Facts about the Presidents: A Compilation of Biographical and Historical Information. New York: H. W. Wilson. ISBN 0-8242-0845-5.
- Sommers, Paul M. (January 2002). "Is Presidential Greatness Related to Height?". The College Mathematics Journal 33 (1): 14–16. doi:10.2307/1558973.
- Gillis, John S. (1982). Too Tall, Too Small. Champaign, Illinois: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing, Inc. ISBN 0-918296-15-3.
External links
- Stats: Does the taller man always win?
- The Straight Dope: Does the taller candidate always win the election?
- Presidential Timber Tends To Be Tall
- The Presidents by Height and BMI
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