Hebron Church (Intermont, West Virginia)

For other places called Hebron Church, see Hebron Church.
Hebron Church
The main façade (northwest elevation) of Hebron Church, 2009.
Location 10851 Carpers Pike
(West Virginia Route 259)
Intermont, West Virginia, United States
Coordinates 39°09′03″N 78°32′32″W / 39.15083°N 78.54222°WCoordinates: 39°09′03″N 78°32′32″W / 39.15083°N 78.54222°W
Area 3.879 acres (1.570 ha)
Built 1849, 1905
Architectural style Greek Revival
Governing body Private
NRHP Reference # 14001057[1]
Designated  December 16, 2014[1]

Hebron Church (also historically known as Hebron Lutheran Church and Hebron Evangelical Lutheran Church) is a historic mid-19th century Lutheran church in Intermont, Hampshire County in the U.S. state of West Virginia. Hebron Church was established as the "Great Capon Church" in 1786 by German settlers in the Cacapon River Valley, making it the first organized Lutheran church west of the Shenandoah Valley. The congregation worshiped in a log church, which initially served both Lutheran and Reformed denominations. Hebron Church was originally a German-speaking congregation and the church's documents and religious services were prepared in the German language until 1821 when records and sermons transitioned to English.

The church's congregation constructed the present Greek Revival-style one and one-half-story church building in 1849, at which time it was renamed "Hebron on the Cacapon." The original log church building was moved across the road from the brick church and was repurposed subsequently as a sexton, Sunday school classroom, and public schoolhouse, which was attended by Herman G. Kump.

In celebration of the congregation's 175th anniversary in 1961, Hebron Church constructed a brick community and religious education building that was designed to be architecturally compatible with the 1849 brick church. As of April 2015, the church continues to be utilized by the West Virginia-Western Maryland Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. Hebron Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 16, 2014 for its architectural distinction as a local example of vernacular Greek Revival church architecture in the Potomac Highlands of West Virginia.

Geography and setting

Cacapon River, looking north from the Capon Lake Whipple Truss Bridge, 0.64 miles (1.03 km) northeast of Hebron Church.

Hebron Church and its cemetery are located east of Carpers Pike (West Virginia Route 259) in the unincorporated community of Intermont, approximately 3.20 miles (5.15 km) southwest of Yellow Spring and 5.63 miles (9.06 km) northeast of the town of Wardensville.[2][3][4][5] Capon Lake and the Capon Lake Whipple Truss Bridge are located 0.64 miles (1.03 km) northeast of the church.[2][6] The property containing Hebron Church and its cemetery is 3.879 acres (1.570 ha) in size.[7]

Hebron Church is located on a flat plain in a predominantly rural agricultural and forested area of southeastern Hampshire County within the Cacapon River valley.[2][8] Baker Mountain, a forested narrow anticlinal mountain ridge rises to the immediate west of the church, and the western rolling foothills of the anticlinal Great North Mountain rise to the east of the valley.[2] The Cacapon River is located immediately to the southeast of the church and is obscured from the church and cemetery by mature foliage.[2][8] George Washington National Forest is located to the church's east, encompassing the entire forested area east of the Cacapon River.[2]

The National Register of Historic Places boundary for the Hebron Church property includes the contributing brick church and cemetery. The church and cemetery are accessible from WV 259 by a semicircular asphalt driveway, which is separated from the church and cemetery by a wrought iron fence and lined with large, old growth maple trees within the fence line along the property's northwestern perimeter. A paved brick walkway provides pedestrian access from the gate to the northwestern façade and two main entrances of the church. Hebron Church is surrounded on its northeast, southeast, and southwest elevations by an active cemetery, which contains over 600 gravestones, several yuccas, a single hemlock tree, and a lone boxwood. A modern brick community building, which is a noncontributing building within the historic boundary, lies to the south of the church and cemetery and is used for church activities.[8]

History

Background

The land upon which Hebron Church and its cemetery are located was originally part of the Northern Neck Proprietary, a land grant that Charles II of England awarded to seven of his supporters in 1649; the grant was renewed by an official patent in 1688.[9] One of these seven supporters, Thomas Colepeper, 2nd Baron Colepeper, acquired the entire area in 1681; his grandson, Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron, inherited it in 1719.[9][10] Under Lord Fairfax's ownership, the Cacapon River Valley was predominantly inhabited by English-speaking settlers as early as the late 1730s.[11][12] The majority of these early settlers had come from Pennsylvania and New Jersey.[11] As settlement progressed throughout the later half of the 18th century, the fertile lands of Hampshire County, including the Cacapon River Valley, also attracted German settlers from Pennsylvania and elsewhere in Virginia prior to and following the American Revolutionary War.[13][14]

Establishment

As the population of German settlers in the region began to increase in size, the desire for organized Lutheran religious services and education also grew.[13] Lutheran ministers, including Henry Muhlenberg disciple Christian Streit, began to establish congregations in the largest communities of western Virginia.[13] Muhlenberg was a German Lutheran pastor requested by German colonists in Pennsylvania and served as a missionary there from 1742 until his death in 1787.[15] Due to his inaugural efforts, Muhlenberg is considered the patriarch of the Lutheran Church in the United States.[13] Johannes Schwarback and Muhlenberg's son Peter Muhlenberg reportedly visited the Cacapon River Valley between 1763 and 1776, prior to the foundation of Hebron Church.[16] Muhlenberg's protégé Streit was charged with the duties of ministering to a Lutheran congregation in Winchester and settled there on July 19, 1785.[13][14][17]

The congregation that came to be known as Hebron Church was originally known as the Great Capon Church and was established by early German settlers in 1786 as a united German congregation of the Reformed faith and the Lutheran faith.[18][19][20] The congregation was alternatively known as the "German Churches" due to it serving two denominations.[21] In its earliest days, the church was served by pastors connected with congregations in the Shenandoah Valley.[21] Shortly after its establishment, Streit incorporated the church into his circuit and regularly traveled to the Cacapon River Valley to minister to the congregation and perform baptisms and wedding ceremonies.[14][19] Streit's ministry did not extend west of Cooper Mountain.[14] According to the oldest extant record of the church, six people were confirmed into the Lutheran Synod and nine people were confirmed into the German Reformed Church in November 1786.[18] On September 23, 1787, seven more people were confirmed into the Lutheran Synod and the church's enrollment began to increase.[18]

The church's earliest religious services were held in a log church building.[18][21] The church was located on land that was deeded to Reformed trustee Jacob Huber and Lutheran trustee John Nicholas Schweitzer, both of whom were elders of the church in 1786.[19][20] The deed conveying the land to the trustees specified that it was to be used for a German church and burial yard.[19][22] It was this united congregation that became Hebron Church, making it the first organized Lutheran church west of the Shenandoah Valley.[19]

Initially while both the Reformed and Lutheran faiths utilized the log church building, congregants were ministered by two separate pastors; Reverend Abraham Gottleib Deschler ministered to Lutheran worshipers and Reverend Jacob Rebas (or Repass) ministered to the Reformed worshipers until approximately 1813 when the Reformed congregation dissolved.[19] While the church served both denominations, it was later served by only one minister who was either Reformed or Lutheran in doctrine.[21] The church was originally a German-speaking congregation and the church's documents and religious services were prepared in the German language until 1821 when the records were documented in English, which was especially early for a denomination of German origin in the United States.[14][19][20] By that time, under the pastorship of Abraham Reck (1812–21), the congregation was known as "Capon Church."[23]

Construction

The congregation of the Great Capon Church constructed the present one and one-half-story church building in 1849, at which time it was renamed "Hebron on the Cacapon" for Hebron, the city associated with Judah, Abraham, and Isaac.[18][19][24] While the church was known as "Hebron on the Cacapon" for brief period, it was later known simply as "Hebron Church."[19][24] By 1849, the new church had been built exclusively for Lutheran worship.[18]

The new brick church building was constructed to the east of the original log church, which was located just west of the present-day community building.[19] The 1849 church building was originally topped by a wooden shake roof and its windows consisted of double-hung wooden sashes.[19] The church's pews were fashioned in 1849 by Captain Alfred Brill, Jacob Himmelwright, and Frederick Secrist with lumber milled from the property of Henry Brill.[19] The new church was constructed under the ministry of H. J. Richardson (1848–53).[23]

The congregation's original log church building was moved from its initial location in the south corner of the church's cemetery and was repositioned on a hill across the road from the brick church.[18] The old log church was maintained and repurposed as a sexton for the church, and later served as a classroom for Sunday school for approximately 30 years.[18][21][19] In addition to religious instruction, the old log building also served as a public schoolhouse.[18][19] West Virginia Governor Herman G. Kump and his brother Judge Garnett Kerr Kump received part of their primary education at this schoolhouse.[18] By 1885, a Mr. Miller was teaching business principles at the school.[19] The old log church building succumbed to the elements and is no longer extant.[18]

Events and further developments

Reverend Peter Miller ministered to the congregation at Hebron Church on four separate occasions totaling 25 years between 1858 and 1918.[25] Licensed in 1858 and ordained in 1860, Miller engaged in missionary work to rural congregants within the Capon and North River Parish of Hampshire and Hardy counties for 60 years.[25][26] Miller established many of the area's Lutheran churches, and according to the North Carolina Synod of the Lutheran Church in America, he was recognized as "an outstanding figure in this large, mountainous, thinly populated territory, who for sixty years almost continuously was recognized as everybody's pastor."[25][26] By 1867, the church's membership was 106, the highest enrollment in the congregation up to that date.[23]

On October 13, 1879, a post office was established near Hebron Church to serve the adjacent community, then known as Mutton Run.[27] In December 1884, the church's roof caught fire from the adjacent flue and burned a hole through the sanctuary's ceiling, which was repaired shortly thereafter.[28] From August 11–15, 1886, Hebron Church celebrated the centennial anniversary of its establishment in 1786.[21][29] During the centennial celebration, Reverend Miller read a complete history of the German churches in the region.[25] This centennial celebration by the church was reportedly the first of any Lutheran congregation in the Southern United States.[16]

The 1895 wrought iron fence at Hebron Church.

The wrought iron fence along the church's access drive was installed in April 1895, which replaced a wooden picket fence.[8][30] In 1905, the roof was replaced with a metal roof, the current stained glass windows were installed, the church's interior and woodwork were painted, and new lamps installed to provide for greater illumination.[28] The stained glass windows had been supplied by Madison Alling of Newark, New Jersey in 1905 in memory of his father, who summered at nearby Capon Springs Resort.[28][31] Alling also provided "four hanging lamps and calcimine" for the interior walls, and paint for the church's interior woodwork.[28][31] That same year, Anton Reymann of Wheeling, West Virginia provided funding for the new metal roof and the painting and decoration of the church's sanctuary.[28][31]

On June 11, 1915, the community's post office changed its name to Intermont after the Intermountain Construction Company and the post office operated there until it was discontinued on January 29, 1972.[27] The unincorporated community around Hebron Church continues to be known as Intermont following the shuttering of its post office.[27] By 1921, the Winchester and Western Railroad had been constructed to the east of Hebron Church by the Intermountain Construction Company to connect Wardensville, West Virginia with Winchester and develop the area's timber, mining, and fruit-growing industries.[27][32][33]

In 1932, the church's piano was donated by George E. Brill of Baltimore, Maryland.[28][31] Hebron Church celebrated its 150th anniversary with a celebration held in 1936 during the pastorship of Reverend Lawrence P. Williamson (1930–37).[16] On October 29, 1961, in celebration of the Hebron Church congregation's 175th anniversary, the congregation dedicated a newly constructed brick community and religious education building that was designed to be architecturally compatible with the 1849 brick church.[18][34][35] The new community building also served as a venue for community gatherings, events, and Sunday school instruction.[28] The community building was built just south of the brick church at the edge of the cemetery where the old log church building was originally located.[18] Revered Walter A. Sigman (1960–65) was the church's pastor at the time of the community building's dedication.[16]

Preservation

In 2008, following surveys of historic properties throughout the county, the Hampshire County Historic Landmarks Commission and the Hampshire County Commission embarked upon an initiative to place structures and districts on the National Register of Historic Places.[36] The county received funding for the surveys from the State Historic Preservation Office of the West Virginia Division of Culture and History.[36] The process to prepare the necessary documentation for Hebron Church, French's Mill, Yellow Spring Mill, and the Nathaniel and Isaac Kuykendall House commenced in April 2013 when Governor Earl Ray Tomblin awarded $10,500 to the Hampshire County Commission.[37] The total cost of the commission's project to document the history and significance of the four properties, including Hebron Church, was $15,000, of which the county paid $4,500.[37]

All four Hampshire County properties were accepted for listing on the National Register of Historic Places on December 16, 2014.[1][38] Hebron Church was added on account of it serving as a local example of Greek Revival church architecture constructed in the Potomac Highlands of West Virginia.[13] Hebron Church was also added to the National Register on account of its architectural distinction.[13] Because the church's "original design, workmanship and materials" are extant, architectural historian Sandra Scaffidi assessed the church as providing "insight into the construction techniques of a mid-19th century ecclesiastical building."[13] Hebron Church is one of six extant rural church buildings in Hampshire County constructed prior to the American Civil War, the other five churches are Bloomery Presbyterian Church (1825), Mount Bethel Church (1837), Old Pine Church (1838), Capon Chapel (c. 1852), and North River Mills United Methodist Church (1860).[39]

As of April 2015, Hebron Church's congregation belongs to the Potomac Conference in the West Virginia-Western Maryland Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.[40] The church is ministered by Reverend David A Twedt and has 22 members who are baptized, 19 who are confirmed, and an average attendance of six.[40]

Pastors

Since the organization of the church in 1786, the following pastors have ministered to the congregation at Hebron Church.[41] All pastors of Hebron Church were Lutheran with the exception of Jacob Rebas (or Repass), John Lotroizer, and M. Willey, all three of whom were Reformed (†).[41]

  • Abraham Gottleib Deschler (1786)
  • Jacob Rebas (or Repass) (1786)†[19]
  • John Lotroizer (1793)†
  • Carl A. Keirst (1797)
  • William Forster (1799–1805)
  • M. Willey (1802)†
  • Paul Henkel (1808–9)
  • Christian Streit (1809–11)
  • M. Franke (1811)
  • G. W. Schneider (1812)
  • Abraham Reck (1812–21)[23]
  • W. G. Keil (1822–27)
  • L. Eichelberger (1829–38)
  • I. Baker (1839)
  • W. Shepperson (1841–42)
  • J. T. Tabler (1843)
  • J. Richard (1845–46)
  • H. J. Richardson (1848–53)[23]
  • William Rusmissel (1853–57)
  • Peter Miller (1858–71)
  • Webster Eichelberger (1871–77)
  • L. M. Sibole (1878–83)
  • Peter Miller (1884–90)
  • P. J. Wade (1890–95)
  • D. W. Michael (1895–98)
  • W. H. Riser (1898–99)
  • Peter Miller (1898–1900)
  • J. K. Efred (1899–1901)
  • C. M. Fox (1902–5)
  • M. L. Camp (1905)
  • P. J. Wade (1905–8)
  • A. M. Smith (1908–9)
  • C. W. Hepner (1910)
  • H. E. H. Sloop (1911–15)
  • Peter Miller (1915–18)
  • P. L. Miller (1918–19)
  • D. W. Files (1919–23)
  • George W. Stroudemeyer (1927–30)
  • Lawrence P. Williamson (1930–37)
  • Martin Luther Zirkle (1938–42)
  • Herbert P. Stelling (1943–44 and 1947–48)
  • Charles A. Stroh (1949)
  • Gordon K. Zirkle (1950–59)
  • Walter A. Sigman (1960–65)
  • Martin T. Young (1967–69)
  • Elmer Ganskopp (1970–76)
  • David A. Twedt (current as of April 2015)[40]

Architecture

The northwest and southwest elevations of Hebron Church.

According to Scaffidi, the architecture of the 1849 Hebron Church is an excellent example of "the local interpretation of the Greek Revival style."[34] At the time of the church's construction, the Greek Revival architectural style had become popular.[34] The Greek Revival architectural style consisted of rectangular, geometric, proportional buildings that were "rational, simple, and pure."[34] With its simple wooden doors, returning eaves, and symmetrical front gable design, the 1849 Hebron Church is representative of a vernacular interpretation of Greek Revival style architecture.[34] In addition to Hebron Church, only one other church building in eastern Hampshire County was constructed of brick: Timber Ridge Christian Church in High View.[34] The overall plan of Hebron Church exemplifies its traditional Lutheran teachings.[39] The one-room floor plan of the sanctuary enables the congregation to be in proximity to their minister and to more easily participate in worship.[39] Scaffidi assessed that "the Greek Revival front-gable form of the Hebron Church reflects the early settlers desire to worship in a modest, uncluttered fashion."[42]

Church exterior

Hebron Church, constructed in 1849, is a small one and one-half-story, front gable brick building constructed in the Greek Revival architectural style.[8][43] The main façade (northwest elevation) comprises two main entrances enclosed by white painted wooden recessed panel doors and capped by white painted stone lintels with two stone corner blocks.[8] Each wooden door has a small brass doorknob with carpenter and modern deadbolt locks.[8] The church's exterior is constructed of brickwork laid in Flemish bond on the main façade, and brickwork laid in a five-course American bond on the northeast, southeast, and southwest elevations.[8] Two blue-gray stained glass windows dating from 1905 are symmetrically placed above the main entrances, each capped by stone lintels with two stone corner blocks.[44] The main façade is crowned by a white painted entablature molding with two cornice returns, exemplifying elements of Greek Revival architectural design.[44] Within the top of the gable, a square date stone engraved with "1849" is embedded within the brickwork, below which is situated a gooseneck lightning fixture.[44] The church is topped by a metal standing seam roof, however, it had originally been sheathed by wooden shakes.[8][45]

The northeast and southeast elevations of Hebron Church.

On the church's northeast elevation, there are three large, symmetrically-placed stained glass windows, each with a fixed upper sash and a lower hopper sash. Like the main façade's doorways and windows, the sills, lintels, and lintel corner blocks of the stained glass windows are made of stone and painted white. Below the windows is an exposed coursed stone foundation with five tie-rod masonry anchor plates. A small brick chimney is also present on this elevation. Similarly, the southwest elevation of the church also reveals a coursed stone foundation, with five-tie rod anchor plates, banked into the ground below three symetrically-placed stained glass windows with fixed upper sashes and lower hopper sashes and encased with white painted stone sills, lintels, and lintel corner blocks. Also on the southwest elevation, a small brick chimney is situated within the roof slope and metal snowbirds also present along the roof line. Downspouts are located at the south corners of both the northeast and southwest elevations. The church's southeast (rear) elevation has an exposed coursed stone foundation 4 feet (1.2 m) in height, due to the building's position on sloping topography. At the center of this elevation is a protruding gabled brick extension for the interior altar space, with stained glass windows symmetrically-placed on both sides. The gabled protrusion is capped by a flash of aluminum.[44]

A wrought iron fence installed in 1895 encloses the property's northwestern perimeter, and a paved brick walkway provides pedestrian access from the driveway to the two main entrances.[8]

Church interior

The church's interior consists of an open floor plan, with a sanctuary measuring 28 feet (8.5 m) in width and 43 feet (13 m) in length. The open floor plan consists of a single, open nave with two aisles partitioning three sections of rectangular wooden pews. The pews were formerly painted white, but were restored to their original wood finish. The interior walls of the sanctuary are plastered and the floors are sheathed in wide wooden planks. The nave is topped by a ceiling fabricated on tongue and groove wooden planks painted white. Three large symmetrically-placed stained glass windows are located on the northeast and southwest walls and are framed by wooden moldings. The windows are recessed approximately 6 inches (15 cm). The lower portion of each window contains a memorial dedication, which open into the lower hopper sashes of the windows. On the northwest side of the church's interior are located the two main entry doors, which access an unadorned narthex. Two square-shaped tapered pilasters support an upper gallery loft, which was possibly used by slaves during religious services. The balcony of the gallery is fronted by a solid balustrade, and is accented with dentil molding and recessed wooden panels.[44]

On the southeast end of the sanctuary, the altar sits atop a decagonal platform raised approximately 8 feet (2.4 m) from the floor, which is accessible by a pair of four-step staircases. Also on the elevated platform is located a table upon which a Bible is placed. A recessed rectangular apse is located to the rear of the altar, and is flanked by a pair of fluted, engaged columns. A painting of Jesus hangs in the center of the recessed apse, and an American flag is located to its immediate north. An organ and a piano are located to the north of the altar, and a baptismal font is located to the altar's south. The altar platform and aisles are clad in red carpeting. The north and south elevations of the sanctuary have exposed brick chimneys connected to gas heating units installed around 1970. A brass chandelier with clear glass hurricane globes is suspended in the center of the sanctuary and on the north and south elevations, two electric brass lanterns are located adjacent to the stained glass windows.[28]

The upper gallery on the northwest side of the church is accessed by a twelve-stair wooden winder staircase. The gallery has an unfinished wooden floor. Four wooden pews are situated in the gallery with their sides painted white and their seats and rails unfinished. The gallery's ceiling height is approximately 6 feet (1.8 m) in height at its tallest, and approximately 5 feet (1.5 m) in height at its shortest due to the sloping wooden floor. Two inoperable stained glass windows are located along the northwest wall. A small closet is located at the base of the winding staircase, which is accessible by a wooden door with two parallel vertical panels and original latch hardware. The church's original plasterwork is visible inside the closet, as is a 10 inches (25 cm) vertically-cut wooden board which suggests half timbering.[28]

Community building

Hebron Church's community building (1961), located southwest of the church.

The church's community building is a non-contributing structure within the historic boundaries, and is located southwest of the church. The building serves as a venue for Sunday school classes and community gatherings and events.[28] The community building is a front gable building, completed in 1961, and is sheathed in brickwork.[28] Similar to the church, the building was is built into a gently sloping bank, with the one story elevation of the building at grade facing west toward WV 259.[28] The building's east elevation is exposed to two stories at the foot of the hillside.[46]

The west façade of the community building exhibits a central entryway with double doors topped by a six light transom and flanked by engaged pilasters. The west façade's gable is sheathed in aluminum siding and incorporates a gabled pediment, and the building's perimeter is surrounded by a wide, flat frieze. The south elevation of the building has wooden windows with 12 over 12 double-hung sashes set atop brick window sills. Its basement level has one entryway flanked by wooden double-hung sash windows and four casement windows. On its northeastern elevation, there are three stained glass windows located on the main elevation with three wooden eight over eight double-hung sash windows below and a single wooden six over six double-hung sash window is located within the gable. The community building is topped by asphalt shingles and a brick chimney is located along the slope of the north elevation's roofline. The northeast elevation of the building also has five, wooden 16 over 16 double-hung sash windows on the main level and four on the lower level, in addition to two, wooden four over four sash windows.[46]

Cemetery

Hebron Church and its cemetery viewed from the north.

Hebron Church is surrounded on three sides by a cemetery consisting of approximately 700 granite, marble, slate, and wooden gravestones laid in semi-regular rows in a northeast-southeast direction.[8][46] The cemetery also abuts the northeast elevation of the church's community building.[46] The cemetery's interments date from 1806 to the present, however, early gravestones have deteriorated beyond recognition and may date earlier than 1806.[46] Slaves and other people of color are interred in a small section of the southeastern section of the cemetery, with gravestones that are less ornate than other headstones in the cemetery.[46] The gravestones are generally rectangular granite stones and large obelisks, while the cemetery's earliest gravestones consisted of a simple wooden board.[46] Several gravestones throughout the cemetery are ornately carved, including one gravestone modeled after a tree stump.[46] Hebron Church's cemetery remains an active one with most recent burials at the northern end of the property.[46]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "National Register of Historic Places Listings". Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 12/15/14 through 12/19/14. National Park Service. December 24, 2014. Retrieved April 24, 2015.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Yellow Spring Quadrangle–West Virginia (Topographic map). 1 : 24,000. 7.5 Minute Series. United States Geological Survey. 1970. OCLC 36574404.
  3. ↑ Geographic Names Information System, United States Geological Survey. "Geographic Names Information System: Feature Detail Report for Intermont (Feature ID: 1554775)". Retrieved April 24, 2015.
  4. ↑ Geographic Names Information System, United States Geological Survey. "Geographic Names Information System: Feature Detail Report for Yellow Spring (Feature ID: 36574404)". Retrieved April 24, 2015.
  5. ↑ Geographic Names Information System, United States Geological Survey. "Geographic Names Information System: Feature Detail Report for Wardensville (Feature ID: 1553382)". Retrieved April 24, 2015.
  6. ↑ Geographic Names Information System, United States Geological Survey. "Geographic Names Information System: Feature Detail Report for Capon Lake (Feature ID: 1554067)". Retrieved April 24, 2015.
  7. ↑ Scaffidi 2014, p. 4 of the PDF file.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 8.10 Scaffidi 2014, p. 5 of the PDF file.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Munske & Kerns 2004, p. 9.
  10. ↑ "The Diary, Correspondence and Papers of Robert "King" Carter of Virginia 1701–1732". University of Virginia Library, University of Virginia. Retrieved April 24, 2015.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Munske & Kerns 2004, p. 2.
  12. ↑ Munske & Kerns 2004, p. 101.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 Scaffidi 2014, p. 9 of the PDF file.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 Munske & Kerns 2004, p. 101.
  15. ↑ "Henry Melchior Muhlenberg (1711 - 1787)" (PDF). German Society of Pennsylvania website. German Society of Pennsylvania. Retrieved April 24, 2015.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Brannon 1976, p. 478.
  17. ↑ Cartmell 2009, p. 192.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 18.7 18.8 18.9 18.10 18.11 18.12 Brannon 1976, p. 477.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 19.6 19.7 19.8 19.9 19.10 19.11 19.12 19.13 19.14 19.15 Scaffidi 2014, p. 10 of the PDF file.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Eisenberg 1967, p. 463.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 Maxwell & Swisher 1897, p. 375.
  22. ↑ Boyce 2007, p. 122.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 Maxwell & Swisher 1897, p. 375.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Eisenberg 1967, p. 72.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 Brannon 1976, p. 479.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Lutheran Church in America, North Carolina Synod 1966, p. 139.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 McMaster 2010, p. 39 of the PDF file.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 28.5 28.6 28.7 28.8 28.9 28.10 28.11 Scaffidi 2014, p. 7 of the PDF file.
  29. ↑ Brannon 1976, pp. 477–8.
  30. ↑ Boyce 2007, p. 210.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 Boyce 2007, p. 125.
  32. ↑ "Into Virginia Territory, New Railway From Winchester That Will Develop Timber, Mining, and Fruit-Growing Lands". Richmond Times-Dispatch (Richmond, Virginia). September 2, 1917. p. 12. Retrieved April 24, 2015.
  33. ↑ "Expect Motor Trucks to Revolutionize Traffic: Look for Gasoline-Propelled Devices to Prove Their Efficiency on Short-Line Railroads". Richmond Times-Dispatch (Richmond, Virginia). March 20, 1921. p. 3. Retrieved April 24, 2015.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 34.4 34.5 Scaffidi 2014, p. 11 of the PDF file.
  35. ↑ Eisenberg 1967, p. 463.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Pisciotta, Marla (May 11, 2011). "Preserving Our History". Hampshire Review (Romney, West Virginia). p. 1B.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Pisciotta, Marla (December 5, 2014). "Seven W.Va. locations nominated for National Register of Historic Places". Cumberland Times-News (Cumberland, Maryland). Retrieved April 24, 2015.
  38. ↑ Review Staff (December 31, 2014). "4 sites make historic register". Hampshire Review (Romney, West Virginia). Retrieved April 24, 2015.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 Scaffidi 2014, p. 12 of the PDF file.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 "Hebron Lutheran Church". Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. Retrieved April 24, 2015.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Brannon 1976, pp. 478–9.
  42. ↑ Scaffidi 2014, p. 13 of the PDF file.
  43. ↑ Scaffidi 2014, p. 2 of the PDF file.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 44.3 44.4 Scaffidi 2014, p. 6 of the PDF file.
  45. ↑ Boyce 2007, p. 20.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 46.3 46.4 46.5 46.6 46.7 46.8 Scaffidi 2014, p. 8 of the PDF file.

Bibliography

External links