Hebomoia glaucippe

Great Orange Tip

Adult, dorsal view

Adult, showing underside
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Family:	Pieridae
Genus:	Hebomoia
Species:	H. glaucippe
Binomial name
*Hebomoia glaucippe* (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms
Papilio glaucippe Linnaeus, 1758^[1]

The Great Orange Tip (Hebomoia glaucippe) is a butterfly belonging to the Pieridae family, that is the yellows and whites butterflies, found in the Indomalaya ecozone and Wallacea.

Distribution

This species is found in much of South and Southeast Asia, as well as in southern China and southern Japan.^[1]

Subspecies

Hebomoia glaucippe has the following 27 subspecies:^[1]

Hebomoia glaucippe glaucippe (N. India, China Hainan)
Hebomoia glaucippe australis Butler, 1898 (S. India)
Hebomoia glaucippe ceylonica Fruhstorfer, 1907 (Ceylon)
Hebomoia glaucippe roepstorffi Wood-Mason, 1880 (Andamans)
Hebomoia glaucippe vossi (Maitland, 1859) (Nias)
Hebomoia glaucippe aturia Fruhstorfer, 1910 (S. Burma, Thailand, Peninsular Malaya, Singapore)
Hebomoia glaucippe sumatrana Hagen, 1890 (Sumatra)
Hebomoia glaucippe borneensis (Wallace, 1863) (Borneo)
Hebomoia glaucippe anomala Pendlebury, 1939 (Pulau)
Hebomoia glaucippe javanensis (Wallace, 1863) (Java)
Hebomoia glaucippe lombockiana Butler, 1878 (Lombok)
Hebomoia glaucippe flavomarginata Pagenstecher, 1896 (Sumba)
Hebomoia glaucippe anaxandra Fruhstorfer (Kalao)
Hebomoia glaucippe celebensis (Wallace, 1863) (Sulawesi)
Hebomoia glaucippe sulaensis Fruhstorfer, 1907 (Sula Islands)
Hebomoia glaucippe erinna Fruhstorfer (Philippines Mindanao)
Hebomoia glaucippe philippensis (Wallace, 1863) (Philippines)

Hebomoia glaucippe reducta Fruhstorfer, 1907 (Philippines)
Hebomoia glaucippe palawensis Fruhstorfer, 1907 (Philippines)
Hebomoia glaucippe formosana Fruhstorfer (Taiwan)
Hebomoia glaucippe cuyonicola Fruhstorfer, 1907 (Cuyo Islands)
Hebomoia glaucippe liukiuensis Fruhstorfer, 1898 (Japan)
Hebomoia glaucippe felderi (Vollenhoven, 1865) (Morotai)
Hebomoia glaucippe sulphurea (Wallace, 1863) (Bachan)
Hebomoia glaucippe aurantiaca Fruhstorfer, 1907 (Obi)
Hebomoia glaucippe timoriensis (Wallace, 1863) (Timor)
Hebomoia glaucippe theia Nishimura, 1987
Hebomoia glaucippe chewi Morita, 2006

Description

The following descriptions are true for much of its range. There are subspecies that differ, such as H. g. vossi where the white is replaced by pure yellow.

Wet-season brood

In the males the upperside is creamy white. Fore wing: the costa narrowly, the apex and terminal margin to middle of interspace 1 are black. An irregular, somewhat sinuous, black band extends obliquely from beyond the middle of the costa across the upper apex of the cell, and meets at interspace 1 the black on the terminal margin. Within the triangle thus formed is enclosed a rich orange-red patch that is traversed by the black veins and bears in interspaces 3 to 6 a postdiscal series of black inwardly-elongated spots. Hind wing: nearly uniform, touched with black on the terminal margin anteriorly and with a conspicuous postdiscal black spot in interspace 7. In some specimens there are one or two smaller spots in continuation of the series in the interspaces below.

The underside is white. The apical third of the fore wing and the whole of the hind wing are mottled, with more or less prominent brown stripe and spots. Costa of the fore wing and a fine line that runs from base of the hind wing through the cell, straight to the middle of the terminal margin, are brown. Antennae are dark brown. The head and thorax have anteriorly a reddish-brown pile. Thorax above is greyish-blue, while the abdomen is white with a bluish tinge. Beneath: head and thorax are more or less brownish, abdomen is white.

Female is similar to the male. Upperside: ground-colour with a slight greenish tinge. The orange patch on fore wing is more restricted, it consists of a series of brood streaks in interspaces 3 to 6 and 10, the outer apices of which are deeply incised by black and with a row of hastate orange spots beyond in interspaces 2 to 6. Hind wing: similar to the hind wing in the male, but with a postdiscal series of large triangular black spots and a terminal connected series of still larger triangular black spots at the apices of veins 2 to 7. Underside : similar to that in the male, the brown transverse strigae and spots are more numerous, the costa of the fore and the median line on the hind wing are very prominently brown. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in the male.^[2]

Dry-season brood

Differ only from the wet-season brood in the slightly more falcate apex to fore wing, and in the purer white ground-colour on the upperside. Also the terminal margin on the hind wing in the male has the black markings all but obsolete, while in the female the postdiscal and terminal black markings on the same are smaller than in the wet-season form. Underside: the mottlings of brown strigae and minute spots are more numerous and dense.^[2]

Race australis, Butler (Southern India and Sri Lanka). Males and females. Differs only from the typical form in the following particulars:—Inner black border to the orange patch on the upperside of the fore wing is absent, this represented by a few obsolete touches of black scaling. Hind wing: white throughout, with only a half-obliterated subcostal black spot in interspace 7 in the male ; in the female the postdiscal and terminal series of spots are smaller.^[2]

Toxicity

In the wings of Hebomoia glaucippe is present glacontryphan-M, a peptide toxin belonging to the family contryphan that are active constituents of the poisonous venom produced by cone snail (genus conus). In H. glaucippe this toxin should function as a defense against predators.^[3]

Gallery

Venation showing characteristic precostal cell
H. g. roepstorffi, dorsal view
Male, underside
Female, ventral view
H. g. aturia, ventral view

The life cycle

The eggs

The eggs are laid on the larval food plants Crataeva religiosa, Capparis monii, Capparis roxburghii, Capparis cantoniensis, and Capparis sepiaria (Capparaceae).^[1]

Larvae

"Subcylindrical, tapering towards each end, numerously-covered with minute tubercles; green." (Moore.) Subcylindrical; suddenly tapered at both ends; covered with transverse rows of pointed tubercles. Colour dark green, with a lateral bluish line bordered inferiorly with a series of minute red spots; legs green, the prothoracic legs bordered with black that widens on the middle one of the three.^[2]

Pupa

"Much arched along the back; head pointed." (Moore.) Spindle-shaped, head acutely pointed, dorsum much arched. Colour green, a patch of pale ochraceous on the wing-cases and a narrow lateral band of the same colour from head to tail, with a brown line superposed on it that extends to the abdominal segments; abdominal segments and wing-case sparsely spotted with black.^[2]