Hays, Kansas

Hays, Kansas
City

Stone work sign that greets visitors (2003)

Location within Ellis County and Kansas
Coordinates: 38°52′46″N 99°19′20″W / 38.87944°N 99.32222°WCoordinates: 38°52′46″N 99°19′20″W / 38.87944°N 99.32222°W
Country United States
State  Kansas
County Ellis
Founded 1867
Incorporated 1885
Area[1]
 • Total 7.95 sq mi (20.59 km2)
 • Land 7.95 sq mi (20.59 km2)
 • Water 0 sq mi (0 km2)
Elevation[2] 2,021 ft (616 m)
Population (2010)[3]
 • Total 20,510
 • Estimate (2013[4]) 21,038
 • Density 2,600/sq mi (1,000/km2)
 • µSA 29,053
Time zone Central (CST) (UTC-6)
 • Summer (DST) CDT (UTC-5)
ZIP codes 67601, 67667
Area code(s) 785
FIPS code 20-31100 [5]
GNIS feature ID 0475182
Website HaysUSA.com

Hays is a city in and the county seat of Ellis County, Kansas, United States.[6] The largest city in northwestern Kansas, it is the economic and cultural center of the region.[7][8] It is also a college town, home to Fort Hays State University.[9] As of the 2010 census, the city population was 20,510.[10]

History

Prior to American settlement of the area, the site of Hays was located near where the territories of the Arapaho, Kiowa, and Pawnee met.[11] Claimed first by France as part of Louisiana and later acquired by the United States with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, it laid within the area organized by the U.S. as Kansas Territory in 1854.[12][13] Kansas became a state in 1861, and the state government delineated the surrounding area as Ellis County in 1867.[12][14]

In 1865, the U.S. Army established Fort Fletcher southeast of present-day Hays to protect stage wagons traveling the Smoky Hill Trail. A year later, the Army renamed the post Fort Hays in honor of the late Brig. Gen. Alexander Hays.[15] In late 1866, anticipating the construction of the Kansas Pacific Railway as far west as Fort Hays, a party from St. Louis, Missouri led by William Webb selected three sections of land for colonization near the fort.[16] In June 1867, to better serve the railroad, the Army relocated Fort Hays 15 miles northwest to a site near where the railroad was to cross Big Creek, a tributary of the Smoky Hill River. Seeing a business opportunity, Buffalo Bill Cody and railroad contractor William Rose founded the settlement of Rome, Kansas near the fort's new location. Within a month, the population of Rome grew to over 2,000. Webb, meanwhile, established the Big Creek Land Company and then surveyed and platted a town site, which he named Hays City after the fort, roughly one mile east of Rome. The railroad reached Hays City soon thereafter and constructed a depot there. The railroad's arrival, combined with a cholera epidemic that hit Rome in the late summer of 1867, drove Rome businesses and residents to relocate to Hays City. Within a year, Rome was completely abandoned.[17][18] As the western terminus of the railway, Hays City grew rapidly, serving as the supply point for territories to the west and southwest.[16][19]

In its early years, Hays City was a violent frontier town characteristic of the American Old West. More than 30 homicides occurred in or near the town between 1867 and 1873, and it was the location of the original Boot Hill. Several notable figures of the Old West lived in Hays City at points, including George Custer and his wife Elizabeth, Calamity Jane, and Wild Bill Hickok, who served a brief term as sheriff in 1869.[20] Hays City became the county seat of Ellis County in 1870. By 1872, many of the rougher elements of the populace had left, mainly for Dodge City, and Hays City became more civilized.[21] In 1885, the town was incorporated, and "City" was dropped from its name.[20][22]

Volga Germans began settling the area in 1876, having found land suitable for the lifestyle and type of farming they had practiced in Russia.[23] They brought with them Turkey Red Wheat, a type of winter wheat whose cultivation contributed to the agricultural transformation of the region.[22] Bukovina Germans began settling in the area in 1886. These groups had a significant impact on the local way of life, establishing Hays as a regional center of ethnic German culture.[20]

Fort Hays closed in 1889. In 1900, the Kansas delegation to the U.S. Congress secured the fort's land and facilities for educational purposes. The following year, the Kansas Legislature established the Fort Hays Experiment Station, part of Kansas State Agricultural College, on the Fort Hays reservation and set aside land for the Western Branch of Kansas State Normal School, which opened in 1902 and eventually became Fort Hays State University. Fort Hays opened as a historical park in 1929 and was later acquired by the Kansas Historical Society. In 1967, it became the Fort Hays State Historic Site.[17]

Several disasters have struck Hays over the course of its history. In 1895, fire destroyed 60 buildings downtown. Severe floods occurred in 1907 and 1951. In 1919, three Standard Oil gasoline tanks exploded, killing eight and injuring approximately 150 people. In 1935, the city experienced violent dust storms as part of the Dust Bowl.[17][24]

Hays began to modernize in the early 1900s with a power plant, waterworks, telephone exchange, and sewer system complete by 1911.[17] Over the following decades, the city evolved into a regional economic hub. Development of oil fields in the surrounding area began in 1936 with Hays serving as a trading center and shipping point.[8] Hays Regional Airport opened in 1961.[24] Interstate 70 reached Hays in 1966.[20] Today, Hays is a commercial and educational center for western Kansas.[17]

Geography

2005 KDOT map of Ellis County showing Hays and surrounding communities (map legend)

Hays is located at 38°52′46″N 99°19′20″W / 38.87944°N 99.32222°W (38.879399, −99.322277) at an elevation of 2,021 feet (616 m).[25] Located in northwestern Kansas at the intersection of Interstate 70 and U.S. Route 183, Hays is 134 miles (216 km) northwest of Wichita, 256 miles (412 km) west of Kansas City, and 311 miles (501 km) east-southeast of Denver.[26][27]

The city lies in the Smoky Hills region of the Great Plains approximately 11 miles (18 km) north of the Smoky Hill River and 15 miles (24 km) south of the Saline River.[26][28] Big Creek, a tributary of the Smoky Hill River, runs through the southwestern part of the city. Chetolah Creek, a tributary of Big Creek, flows south through the eastern part of the city.[28]

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 7.95 square miles (20.59 km2), all of it land.[1]

Climate

Hays sits near the convergence of North America's humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa), humid continental climate (Köppen Dwa), and temperate semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk) zones and has features of all three climates. It typically experiences hot summers with variable humidity and cool winters. Due to its geographic location at a climatic boundary, severe weather is common with tornadoes a major threat, especially in the spring and early summer months.[29] On average, January is the coldest month, and July is both the hottest and wettest month.[30]

The average temperature in Hays is 54 °F (12 °C).[31] Over the course of a year, temperatures range from an average low of 16.2 °F (−8.8 °C) in January to an average high of 92.4 °F (33.6 °C) in July. The high temperature reaches or exceeds 90 °F (32 °C) an average of 63 days a year and reaches or exceeds 100 °F (38 °C) an average of 14 days a year. The minimum temperature falls below the freezing point 32 °F (0 °C) an average of 136 days a year. The hottest temperature recorded in Hays was 117 °F (47 °C) on July 13, 1934; the coldest temperature recorded was −26 °F (−32 °C) on February 13, 1905.[32]

On average, Hays receives 23.45 inches (596 mm) of precipitation in a year with the largest share being received from May through August.[32] The average relative humidity is 64%.[31] There are, on average, 77 days of measurable precipitation each year. Annual snowfall averages 16.7 inches (42 cm). Measurable snowfall occurs an average of 11 days a year with at least an inch of snow being received on six of those days. Snow depth of at least an inch occurs an average of 25 days a year. Typically, the first fall freeze occurs by the second week of October, and the last spring freeze occurs by the last week of April.[32]

Climate data for Hays, Kansas
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 79
(26)		 88
(31)		 97
(36)		 107
(42)		 106
(41)		 114
(46)		 117
(47)		 115
(46)		 111
(44)		 101
(38)		 90
(32)		 83
(28)		 117
(47)
Average high °F (°C) 42.2
(5.7)		 46.1
(7.8)		 56.2
(13.4)		 66.6
(19.2)		 75.5
(24.2)		 86.2
(30.1)		 92.4
(33.6)		 90.4
(32.4)		 81.7
(27.6)		 69.2
(20.7)		 55.0
(12.8)		 42.9
(6.1)		 67.03
(19.47)
Daily mean °F (°C) 29.2
(−1.6)		 33.0
(0.6)		 42.7
(5.9)		 53.2
(11.8)		 63.3
(17.4)		 73.7
(23.2)		 79.1
(26.2)		 77.4
(25.2)		 68.3
(20.2)		 55.3
(12.9)		 41.4
(5.2)		 30.6
(−0.8)		 53.93
(12.18)
Average low °F (°C) 16.2
(−8.8)		 19.9
(−6.7)		 29.2
(−1.6)		 39.9
(4.4)		 51.1
(10.6)		 61.1
(16.2)		 65.8
(18.8)		 64.5
(18.1)		 54.9
(12.7)		 41.4
(5.2)		 27.9
(−2.3)		 18.4
(−7.6)		 40.86
(4.92)
Record low °F (°C) −26
(−32)		 −26
(−32)		 −23
(−31)		 5
(−15)		 17
(−8)		 31
(−1)		 29
(−2)		 36
(2)		 20
(−7)		 9
(−13)		 −6
(−21)		 −21
(−29)		 −26
(−32)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 0.50
(12.7)		 0.71
(18)		 1.81
(46)		 2.14
(54.4)		 3.26
(82.8)		 2.83
(71.9)		 3.92
(99.6)		 3.04
(77.2)		 2.05
(52.1)		 1.58
(40.1)		 0.89
(22.6)		 0.72
(18.3)		 23.45
(595.7)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 4.1
(10.4)		 3.9
(9.9)		 3.1
(7.9)		 0.4
(1)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0.2
(0.5)		 1.4
(3.6)		 3.6
(9.1)		 16.7
(42.4)
Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 3.3 4.1 6.1 7.6 9.6 9.3 8.7 7.8 6.2 6.0 4.2 3.8 76.7
Avg. snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 2.7 2.6 1.6 0.4 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 1.0 2.5 10.9
Average relative humidity (%) 68 69 67 62 68 64 62 61 60 61 64 67 64.4
Source: National Weather Service;[32] Weatherbase[31]

Demographics

Historical population
Census Pop. %±
1870320—
1880850165.6%
18901,24246.1%
19001,136−8.5%
19101,96172.6%
19203,16561.4%
19304,61845.9%
19406,38538.3%
19508,62535.1%
196011,94738.5%
197015,39628.9%
198016,3015.9%
199017,7679.0%
200020,01312.6%
201020,5102.5%
Est. 201321,0382.6%
U.S. Decennial Census

2010 census

As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 20,510 people, 8,698 households, and 4,639 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,579.5 people per square mile (996/km²). There were 9,311 housing units at an average density of 1,171 per square mile (452.1/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 92.8% White, 1.1% African American, 0.3% American Indian, 1.8% Asian, 2.1% from other races, and 1.8% from two or more races. Hispanics and Latinos of any race were 4.7% of the population.[10]

There were 8,698 households of which 23.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.7% were married couples living together, 8.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 46.7% were non-families. 33.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25, and the average family size was 2.89.[10]

The median age in the city was 29.1 years. 19.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 22.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.6% were from 25 to 44; 21.4% were from 45 to 64; and 12.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.3% male and 50.7% female.[10]

The median income for a household was $44,227, and the median income for a family was $62,775. Males had a median income of $35,905 versus $31,379 for females. The per capita income for the city was $24,536. About 5.7% of families and 15.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.9% of those under age 18 and 7.8% of those age 65 or over.[10]

Economy

The service sector constitutes most of the local economy with education and health care being two major industries. Hays also hosts some manufacturing. EnerSys, a producer of sealed lead batteries, operates a plant in the city as do Adronics, an auto parts maker, and Rans Designs, a manufacturer of aircraft and bicycles. Other local companies manufacture oil field supplies, HVAC systems, and wheelchairs.[33]

As of 2012, 76.8% of the population over the age of 16 was in the labor force. 0.1% was in the armed forces, and 76.7% was in the civilian labor force with 73.1% being employed and 3.6% unemployed. The composition, by occupation, of the employed civilian labor force was: 31.2% in sales and office occupations; 30.0% in management, business, science, and arts; 20.0% in service occupations; 9.8% in natural resources, construction, and maintenance; 9.0% in production, transportation, and material moving. The three industries employing the largest percentages of the working civilian labor force were: educational services, health care, and social assistance (30.7%); retail trade (16.2%); and arts, entertainment, recreation, and accommodation and food services (10.5%).[10] Hays Medical Center, Fort Hays State University, and Hays Public Schools are the city's three largest employers. Other major employers include local government, Nex-Tech, Eagle Communications, AT&T Inc., and other telecommunications firms, retail stores, and social services providers.[33]

The cost of living in Hays is relatively low; compared to a U.S. average of 100, the cost of living index for the city is 81.7.[34] As of 2012, the median home value in the city was $147,300, the median selected monthly owner cost was $1,254 for housing units with a mortgage and $445 for those without, and the median gross rent was $584.[10]

Government

Ellis County Courthouse (1979)

Hays is a city of the second class with a commission-manager form of government which it adopted in 1919. The city commission consists of five commissioners elected at-large every two years. The commission meets on the second and fourth Thursday of each month.[35][36] One commissioner serves as mayor, presiding over commission meetings and representing the city at ceremonial events. The city manager is hired by the commission and is responsible for advising the commission, enforcing its policies, administering city employees, and preparing a proposed city budget.[36]

As the county seat, Hays is the administrative center of Ellis County. The county courthouse is located downtown, and all departments of the county government base their operations in the city.[37]

Hays lies within Kansas's 1st U.S. Congressional District. For the purposes of representation in the Kansas Legislature, the city is located in the 40th district of the Kansas Senate and the 111th district of the Kansas House of Representatives.[35]

Education

Primary and secondary education

Hays Public Schools (USD 489) operates nine schools in Hays:[34][38]

  • Lincoln Elementary School (Grades Pre-K-5)
  • O'Loughlin Elementary School (Pre-K-5)
  • Roosevelt Elementary School (Pre-K-5)
  • Washington Elementary School (Pre-K-5)
  • Woodrow Wilson Elementary School (Pre-K-5)

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Salina oversees two Catholic schools in Hays: Holy Family Elementary School (Pre-K-6) and Thomas More Prep-Marian (7-12).[34][39] There are also two other Christian schools in the city: Hays Seventh-Day Adventist School (K-8) and High Plains Christian School (Pre-K-8).[40]

Colleges and universities

The Paul Bissing Orchestra, circa 1900. Petrowitsch Bissing is on the back row, fourth from the left.

Fort Hays State University (FHSU) is located in Hays. A four-year public university with more than 11,000 students, it is the fourth largest university in Kansas.[41] North Central Kansas Technical College, a two-year public college based in Beloit, Kansas, also has a campus in Hays.[41][42] Immediately south of the city, Kansas State University operates its Agricultural Research Center—Hays, formerly the Fort Hays Experiment Station. The Center studies regional crop management and livestock production, and, for that purpose, its 7,810 acres (31.6 km2) campus includes a feedlot, a greenhouse complex, cropland, and rangeland as well as a preserved natural area.[43]

Hays was home to the now closed Bissing's Conservatory of Music established by Petrowitsch Bissing in 1901. Records show that it was still in operation as of 1918.[44]

Libraries

Hays Public Library, located downtown, is the city’s main library. Its collection consists of more than 145,000 volumes, and it circulates more than 1.1 million items annually.[45] The Library first opened in 1900, expanding into a Carnegie library in 1911 which remained open until its replacement by a larger facility in 1968. That facility, in turn, has since been renovated and expanded further, re-opening in 2004. The library offers several services to the public, including computer classes, ESL and literacy tutoring, and programs for youth and children.[46] FHSU’s Forsyth Library holds more than 225,000 volumes and serves as a federal depository library.[47][48] In addition to government documents, its special collections include an archive of children’s literature and materials relating to regional history and culture.[49]

Infrastructure

Transportation

Interstate 70 and U.S. Route 40 run concurrently southeast-northwest immediately north of Hays. U.S. Route 183 runs north-south through Hays, intersecting I-70 immediately north of the city. A U.S. 183 bypass route runs around Hays to the west from U.S. 183 immediately south of the city to I-70 northwest of the city.[26]

Greyhound Lines provides long-distance bus service with a stop in Hays.[50]

Hays Regional Airport is located just southeast of the city.[28] Used primarily for general aviation, it hosts one commercial airline United Express, which offers daily jet service to Denver, Colorado.

The Kansas Pacific (KP) Line of the Union Pacific Railroad runs southeast-northwest through downtown Hays in the southern part of the city.[28][51]

Utilities

Water production and distribution, waste water collection and treatment, and sewer maintenance are the responsibility of the city government's Utilities Department.[52] The government's Public Works Department and several local businesses provide trash removal.[53][54] Midwest Energy, Inc., a regional energy company headquartered in the city, provides both electric power and natural gas service.[54][55]

Health care

Hays Medical Center is the sole hospital in the city. A private, non-profit hospital established in 1991, it is a 165-bed general medical and surgical facility that serves as a regional referral center for northwestern Kansas.[56][57]

The Hays Daily News is the city's daily newspaper

Media

Main article: Media in Hays, Kansas

The Hays Daily News is the city's primary newspaper, published six days a week.[58] In addition, Fort Hays State University publishes a weekly student newspaper, The University Leader.[59]

Hays is a center of broadcast media for central and northwestern Kansas.[60][61] One AM radio station, 12 FM radio stations, and three television stations are licensed to and/or broadcast from the city.[60][62] Hays is in the Wichita-Hutchinson television market, and two television stations broadcast from the city, one CBS network affiliate and one ABC translator station, both of which are satellite stations of their respective affiliates in Wichita.[63][64][65] The third station is the flagship station of Smoky Hills Public Television, the PBS member network covering western Kansas. Licensed to Hays, it broadcasts from studios in Bunker Hill, Kansas.[66]

Parks and recreation

The city government's Parks Department maintains 16 parks in the city. The largest is Frontier Park, located immediately south of downtown across the U.S. 183 bypass route from the Fort Hays State Historic Site.[67] Divided into eastern, western, and northern sections, it includes an 18-hole disc golf course and pens which are home to a herd of American bison kept at the park since 1953.[67][68][69] The department also maintains three baseball parks, a soccer complex, tennis courts, a roller hockey and skateboard park, and a second, 9-hole disc golf course.[67] In addition, the Hays Recreation Commission manages a municipal swimming pool and a waterpark, Hays Aquatic Park.[70][71]

There are two golf courses in the city, Fort Hays Municipal Golf Course and Smoky Hill Country Club.[67][72] The municipal course is an 18-hole course located immediately southwest of the city, built around the Fort Hays historical site.[73] Smoky Hill Country Club is a private, 18-hole course that opened in the western part of the city in 1962.[74]

Culture

Arts and music

An established arts community supports several galleries in the city. The Hays Arts Council operates the Hays Arts Center Gallery which displays the work of Kansas artists and sponsors exhibitions and competitions throughout the year. FHSU’s Moss-Thorns Gallery of Art, affiliated with the university’s Art Department, displays student and faculty works as well as traveling exhibits. In addition, a number of local artists manage their own galleries around the city.[75]

The Hays Symphony Orchestra, established in 1914, is an ensemble of university, regional, and community musicians which performs in FHSU’s Beach/Schmidt Performing Arts Center. The center also hosts the university’s Encore Series, a performing arts series which consists of dramatic and musical performances throughout the year.[75][76]

Events

Historical marker discussing Volga Germans and other settlers

Hays is a regional center of German American culture due to the number of German immigrants who settled the area in the 1870s and 1880s.[20] As of 2010, 56.5% of the city population claimed German ancestry.[5] The city hosts several events throughout the year which celebrate this heritage including two Oktoberfests. The Midwest Deutsche Oktoberfest takes place the third week of September. Fort Hays State University and The Volga German Society hold an Oktoberfest celebration on the first or second Friday in October. In addition, Polka Fest occurs in March, and the Ellis County Historical Museum hosts German Heritage Days in April.[20]

To celebrate Independence Day and to mark its early history as an Old West frontier town, the city hosts the annual Wild West Festival during the first week of July. The festival includes country and rock music concerts, a carnival, a parade, a fishing tournament, baseball games, and a fireworks display. On the first weekend in December, the Kansas Historical Society holds Christmas Past at Historic Fort Hays, showcasing history programs and tours of the fort with it decorated for Christmas as it was in the late 1800s.[77]

Points of interest

There are several museums and sites in Hays dedicated to aspects of area history. FHSU’s Sternberg Museum of Natural History features extensive collections and exhibits of fossil specimens, including an interactive diorama of life in the region during the Cretaceous period. Affiliated with the university’s Departments of Geosciences and Biology, the museum also hosts educational programs on fossil preparation and ongoing scientific research.[78][79] The Ellis County Historical Society Museum, located downtown, maintains exhibits of artifacts from the area’s Old West period through its settlement by Volga and Bukovina Germans. Included in the museum complex are the Volga German Haus, a reproduction of an early Volga German settler home, and a stone chapel constructed in 1879. Southwest of Hays, the Kansas Historical Society maintains the Fort Hays State Historic Site. It consists of four of the fort’s original structures and a visitor’s center. Other sites related to the area’s frontier period include Boot Hill, the city’s earliest cemetery, and a historical marker at the site of the ill-fated town of Rome.[77]

To capitalize on the community's Old West heritage, the local chamber of commerce promotes downtown Hays as the historic Chestnut Street District. Local businesses offer dining, shopping, and entertainment, and visitors can tour designated historical sites in the district via a self-guided walking tour.[77]

St. Joseph's Church in Hays is listed on the National Register of Historical Places

Religion

There are 27 Christian churches in Hays, the majority of which are Protestant. That number also includes three Catholic churches, a Jehovah's Witnesses congregation, and a meetinghouse of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Hays is also home to a Baha'i community.[80] The Hays District of the United Methodist Church, which consists of 21 counties in northwestern Kansas, is headquartered in the city.[81]

Sports

Fort Hays State University's athletic teams, known as the Fort Hays Tigers, compete in several sports in the NCAA Division II MIAA conference.[82]

In addition to FHSU sports, Hays is home to an amateur baseball team and a rodeo company. The Hays Larks are a collegiate summer baseball team in the Jayhawk Collegiate League of the National Baseball Congress. The team dates back to 1869 when local residents founded it as The Hays Town Team.[83] From June through August, the Mid–America Rodeo Company puts on rough stock rodeo performances on weeknights, including Saddle bronc and bareback riding, bull riding, and barrel racing, as well as professional horse racing events.[84]

In popular culture and the arts

Hays has been a setting of multiple films. The Plainsman (1936) and Wild Bill (1995), both of which dramatize the life and career of Wild Bill Hickok, are partially set in Hays during the late 1860s and early 1870s.[85][86] Paper Moon (1973) is partially set in Great Depression-era Hays, and a portion of the film was shot in the city.[87]

Notable people

Several Old West figures lived in Hays during its period as a frontier outpost, including Calamity Jane, Buffalo Bill Cody, General George Custer and his wife Elizabeth, and gunfighters Wild Bill Hickok[20] and Clay Allison.[88]

Other notable individuals who were born in and/or have lived in Hays include:

Sister cities

Hays has two sister cities as designated by Sister Cities International:[103]

See also

Further reading

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2012-07-06.
  2. ↑ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  3. ↑ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2012-07-06.
  4. ↑ "Population Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2014-09-18.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  6. ↑ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved 2010-03-20.
  7. ↑ "City of Hays, Kansas". City of Hays, Kansas. Retrieved 2010-03-20.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Hays". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-03.
  9. ↑ "The Hays Community". Fort Hays State University. Retrieved 2010-12-18.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 "American FactFinder 2". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2011-07-20.
  11. ↑ Sturtevant, William C. (1967). "Early Indian Tribes, Culture Areas, and Linguistic Stocks [Map]". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2014-06-18.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Louisiana Purchase". Kansapedia. Kansas Historical Society. Aug 2012. Retrieved 2014-03-05.
  13. ↑ "Kansas Territory". Kansapedia. Mar 2013. Retrieved 2013-03-05.
  14. ↑ Blackmar, Frank W., ed. (1912), "Ellis County", Kansas: a cyclopedia of state history, embracing events, institutions, industries, counties, cities, towns, prominent persons, etc. 2, Chicago: Standard, p. 578
  15. ↑ "Fort Hays". Kansapedia. Kansas Historical Society. Nov 2011. Retrieved 2013-04-02.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Cutler, William G. (1883), "Hays City", History of the State of Kansas, Chicago: A.T. Andreas
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 Weiser, Kathy (August 2009). "Hays, Kansas - Lawless in the Old Days". Legends of Kansas. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
  18. ↑ "Ellis County, Kansas - City of Rome". KSGenWeb Project. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
  19. ↑ Blackmar, Frank W., ed. (1912), "Hays", Kansas: a cyclopedia of state history, embracing events, institutions, industries, counties, cities, towns, prominent persons, etc. 2, Chicago: Standard, p. 832
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.6 "History & Trivia". City of Hays, Kansas. Retrieved 2010-01-09.
  21. ↑ "Homesteading in Ellis County - Hays". Kansas Heritage Project. Fort Hays State University. Retrieved 2010-02-03.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Thompson, Mary Ann. "Hays, Kansas History". Kansas History Web Sites. Retrieved 2010-01-09.
  23. ↑ The Germans from Russia: Children of the Steppe, Children of the Prairie, Prairie Public Television. Accessed 2007-09-12.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Thompson, Mary Ann. "History Timeline". Welcome to Downtown Hays, Kansas. Chestnut Street District. Retrieved 2010-01-10.
  25. ↑ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
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  62. ↑ "TVQ TV Database Query". Federal Communications Commission. Retrieved 2009-09-13.
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  69. ↑ "Bison Pens". City of Hays, Kansas. Retrieved 2011-11-05.
  70. ↑ "Wilson Pool". City of Hays, Kansas. Retrieved 2011-11-05.
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  72. ↑ "Welcome to Smoky Hill Country Club". Smoky Hill Country Club. Retrieved 2011-11-05.
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