Hawsha
| Hawsha | |
|---|---|
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Remains of Hawsha in the winter of 2010 | |
  Hawsha | |
| Arabic | هوشة |
| Name meaning | Joshua[1] |
| Also spelled | Husha, Khirbat Husha, Khǔrbet Hǔsheh |
| Subdistrict | Haifa |
| Coordinates | 32°47′33.25″N 35°08′36.50″E / 32.7925694°N 35.1434722°ECoordinates: 32°47′33.25″N 35°08′36.50″E / 32.7925694°N 35.1434722°E |
| Palestine grid | 163/244 |
| Population | 580 (400 Arabs, 180 Jews) (1945) |
| Area |
901 (all but 7 dunums was owned by Jews by 1944-45)[2] dunams 0.9 km² |
| Date of depopulation | mid-April, 1948[3] |
| Cause(s) of depopulation | Military assault by Yishuv forces |
Hawsha (Arabic: هوشة, Hǔsheh, also Husha) was a Palestinian village located 13 kilometers (8.1 mi) east of Haifa, about 100 meters (330 ft) above sea level. It contained a maqam (shrine) for Nabi Hushan, and a number of ancient ruins, including rock-cut tombs, and a mosaic floor.[2]
In 1945, it had a population of 580 inhabitants, 400 of whom were Arab Muslims and 180 of whom were Jewish. The built-up area of the village was 50 dunums, and 717 dunums were used for agriculture. All but 7 dunums of public land were owned by Jews by this time.[2]
Hawsha was depopulated during the 1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine on April 16, 1948 as part of the Battle of Ramat Yohanan.
History
The village was located on a low hilly area between the plain of Haifa and Marj ibn Amr (Jezreel Valley) and situated on an east-west axis. To the west, lay a wide valley (Wadi Husheh) that was the dividing area between it and the neighboring village of Khirbat al-Kasayir.[2][4] Leopold Zunz, and researchers from the Palestine Exploration Fund (PEF), among others, have connected Hawsha to the biblical village of Usha, a border settlement of the Israelite tribe of Asher (Book of Joshua 29:19) and the seat of the Sanhedrin after 135 AD.[2][5][6][7]
Hawsha was mentioned as part of the domain of the Crusaders during the hudna between the Crusaders based in Acre and the Mamluk sultan al-Mansur (Qalawun) declared in 1283.[8]
Under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, Hawsha's lands belonged to the inhabitants of Shefa 'Amr. The village contained many ancient ruins, parts of which were used to build some village structures, including a shrine known as Maqam Nabi Hushan, a well (Bir Husheh), and tombstones.[2][9] William M. Thomson, writing in 1859, identifies the shrine as Neby Hǔshǎ, which he translates as the "Prophet Joshua," and describes it as a "white-domed mazar [...] a place of great resort."[1] In the Survey of Western Palestine (1838), it is noted that the Prophet Hosea is said to be buried near "Kh. Husheh."[6][i] Also in the village was a mosaic floor from an ancient building.[2]
V. Guerin, who visited the site in 1875, provides a lengthy description of the ancient ruins in evidence throughout the area. He states his belief that this is the site of ancient Usha and speculates that the ruins of a finely built edifice in which there are the remnants of many columns was a synagogue. He then says a synagogue of Ousha should be constructed if there is not already such a place of worship in the vicinity. Also noting the presence of the domed wali of Neby Houchan consecrated to the prophet Hosea, he cites the Muslim tradition that this prophet is here interred. He describes the shrine as being constructed of what appear to ancient stones, with what seems to be a mihrab at its base, noting there are shreds of clothing strewn and floating about it.[10]
In an 1890 quarterly statement for the PEF, the ancient ruins of Hawsha are described as follows: "This ruin [...] must have been an important place, to judge from the mass of building stones and the fragments of columns lying about. Now that the grass is dried up a regular city wall can be traced. On the main road running from the well towards the ruin some fine capitals are lying about, which have a close resemblance to those which on other sites have been stated to be remains of synagogues. The shafts of columns lying about generally have the basis or capital worked out of the same piece, have a diameter of 18 inches, and are composed of Nari limestone."[11]
In the same report, it is noted that the water of Bir Husheh, located at the western edge of the ruin, is praised by the locals for its "excellence." Older inhabitants relayed how Djezzar Pasha and 'Abdallah Pasha, former Governors of 'Acca, had their drinking water supplied from the well, and tended to camp by the well during their trips to the interior.[11] Also mentioned in the report is a Greek language inscription found on a flat stone 508 meters (1,667 ft) to the east of the eastern city wall of the ancient city and 100 meters (330 ft) to the west of a small olive grove, in a rocky region just to the south of a road leading to Shefa 'Amr. The inscription was discovered by natives of Shefa 'Amr who showed to Père Julien, a priest from Beirut, who in turn shared it Herr Schumacher of the PEF.[11]
Hawsha was categorized as a hamlet in the Mandate-era Palestine Index Gazetteer. The houses were clustered around the water cistern at the center of the village. The Muslim inhabitants shared a cemetery with Khirbat al-Kasayir. The villagers were agriculturalists and pastoralists who raised livestock. Beans were the most important agricultural product. The agricultural area of the village lay to the southwest. A small area north of the built up part of the village was planted with olive and fruit trees.[2]
In 1937, kibbutz Usha was established 2 kilometers (1.2 mi) west of Hawsha.[2]
| Nabi Hushan shrine | ||||||
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1948 war and aftermath
On 11 April 1948, Fawzi al-Qawuqji ordered the ALA's Druze Battalion to begin operations around Kibbutz Ramat Yohanan. The Battalion occupied the semi-abandoned villages of Hawsha and Khirbat al-Kasayir and began to shell Ramat Yohanan and harass the neighboring settlements.[12] The Haganah responded and on the night 15–16 April, what is known as the Battle of Ramat Yohanan, after the Jewish settlement bloc close to where it was fought, also known by Palestinian historians as the 'Battle of al-Husha and al-Kayasr', after the Palestinian villages that were conquered by the Haganah forces by the battle's end, ensued.[2][13] According to Morris, "Wailing refugees fled to Shafa-Amr, spreading rumors of Jewish atrocities".[12] According to Benvenisti, The Arab inhabitants who remained in the village following its conquest were evicted in the months following the end of the 1948 Arab-Israeli war, as were the inhabitants of neighboring villages whose lands were coveted for Jewish settlement.[14]
A volunteer effort to restore the cemetery of the depopulated village of Hawsha was undertaken in 1994 and overseen by Al-Aqsa Association.[15]
| Hawsha-al-Kayasir cemetery | ||||||
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Footnotes
| i. | ^ Hoshea or Hosea is used to refer to different biblical characters: Joshua, whose name was changed from Hoshea/Hosea ("salvation") to Joshua ("Yahweh is salvation") by Moses; Hosea, the prophet mentioned in the Book of Hosea; and Hoshea, ruler of the Kingdom of Israel.[16][17] |
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Thomson, 1859, p. 397
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 Khalidi, 1992, p. 162.
- ↑ Morris, 2004, p.xvii, village #382. Also gives cause of depopulation.
- ↑ PEF and Stewardson, 1838, p. 153.
- ↑ Tudela, Zunz, and Lebrecht, 1841, p. 428.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 PEF and Stewardson, 1838, p. 35.
- ↑ Driver, 2004, p. 653.
- ↑ Dan Barag (1979). "A new source concerning the ultimate borders of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem". Israel Exploration Journal 29: 197–217.
- ↑ PEF and Stewardson, 1838, p. 86.
- ↑ Guerin, 1880, pp. 415-416. Partially translated in Conder and Kitchener, SWP I, p. 311
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Schumacher, 1890, p. 24
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Morris (2008), pp. 137
- ↑ Parsons in Nettler and Taji-Farouki, 1998, p. 145.
- ↑ Benvenisti, 2000, p. 205
- ↑ Masalha, 2005, p. 103.
- ↑ Gesenius, 1844, pp. 253-4.
- ↑ Walvoord and Zuck, 1983, p. 229.
Bibliography
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hawsha. |
- Barron, J. B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922 (PDF). Government of Palestine.
- Benveniśtî, Mêrôn (2002). Sacred landscape: the buried history of the Holy Land since 1948 (Illustrated ed.). University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-23422-2.
- Boqa'i, Nihad (2005). Nur Masalha, ed. Catastrophe remembered: Palestine, Israel and the internal refugees : essays in memory of Edward W. Said (1935-2003). Zed Books. ISBN 978-1-84277-623-0.
- Conder, Claude Reignier; Kitchener, Herbert H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology 1. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
- Driver, Samuel Rolles (2004). James Hastings, John Alexander Selbie, Andrew Bruce Davidson, Henry Barclay Swete, ed. A dictionary of the Bible: dealing with its language, literature, and contents, including the Biblical theology, Volume 3, Part 2. The Minerva Group, Inc. ISBN 978-1-4102-1727-1.
- Gesenius, Wilhelm (1844). A Hebrew and English lexicon of the Old Testament: including the Biblical Chaldee. Edward Robinson. Crocker and Brewster.
- Guérin, Victor (1880). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). 3: Galilee, pt. 1. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.
- Hadawi, Sami (1970). "Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine". Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center.
- Khalidi, Walid (1992). All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948. Washington D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies. ISBN 0-88728-224-5.
- Morris, Benny (2004). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00967-6.
- Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas (PDF). Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.
- Morris, Benny (2008). 1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-12696-9.
- Palestine Exploration Fund (PEF); Stewardson, Henry C. (1838). The survey of western Palestine: A general index to 1. The memoirs, vols. I.-III.; 2. The special papers; 3. The Jerusalem volume; 4. The flora and fauna of Palestine; 5. The geological survey; and to The Arabic and English name lists. Printed for the Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund by Harrison & sons.
- Palmer, E. H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. (p.111)
- Parsons, Laila (1998). Ronald L. Nettler and Suha Taji-Farouki, ed. Muslim-Jewish encounters: intellectual traditions and modern politics. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 90-5702-196-X. ISBN 9789057021961.
- Petersen, Andrew (2002). A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine (British Academy Monographs in Archaeology) I. Oxford University Press. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-19-727011-0.
- Schumacher, G. (1890). "Notes from Galilee". Quarterly statement - Palestine Exploration Fund 22: 24–25.
- Thomson, William McClure (1859). The Land and the Book: Or, Biblical Illustrations Drawn from the Manners and Customs, the Scenes and Scenery, of the Holy Land 1 (1 ed.). New York: Harper & brothers.
- Tudela, Benjamin of; Zunz, Leopold; Lebrecht, Fürchtegott (1841). The itinerary of Rabbi Benjamin of Tudela, Volume 2. A. Asher. ISBN 1-152-34804-3.
- Walvoord, John F.; Zuck, Roy B. (1983). John F. Walvoord, Roy B. Zuck, ed. The Bible Knowledge Commentary: Old Testament. David C. Cook, 1985. ISBN 9780882078137.
External links
- Welcome To Hawsha
- SWP map V, IAA
- SWP map 5, Wikimedia commons
- Hawsha, from the Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center
