Hawaii Territorial Guard

Hawaii Territorial Guard
Active 1941-1947
Country  United States
Allegiance  Hawaii
Branch Army
Type   State defense force
Role Military reserve force
Equipment Springfield 1903 rifle
Commanders
Civilian Leadership Governor Joseph Poindexter

The Hawaii Territorial Guard was the state defense force of Hawaii during World War II. As a result of the National Guard of Hawaii being federalized for the duration of the war, the Hawaii Territorial Guard was created to serve as the stateside replacement for the National Guard. During the war, it was the sole military force available to the Governor of Hawaii to use in defense of the state. Unlike the National Guard, as a state defense force, the Hawaii Territorial Guard was not subject to federalization or deployment outside of the borders of Hawaii, but rather answered only to the governor.

History of predecessor units

The National Guard and the state defense forces both trace their roots to the state militias which made up the majority of the United States Armed Forces prior to the implementation of the Militia Act of 1903 and the subsequent creation of the modern National Guard of the United States as a federal reserve force. The first militia in Hawaii was the Honolulu Rifles, composed of non-native Hawaiians, which was created in 1884.[1] After state militias were reorganized into the National Guard, the state of Hawaii's remaining militia units were reorganized into the National Guard.

Creation

The Hawaii Territorial Guard was created by Governor Joseph B. Poindexter, who ordered the mobilization of a Territorial Guard around 10:00 a.m. on December 7, 1941 during the attack on Pearl Harbor.[2]

Membership

Immediately after ordering the activation of the Territorial Guard, Governor Poindexter began the task of creating it. The University of Hawaii Reserve Officer's Training Corps was activated and assembled at the University of Hawaii campus and immediately drafted into the Territorial Guard, alongside various high school JROTC students.[3]

At 11:00 a.m. on the same day, all members of the American Legion were also called to duty via radio, thus adding between three hundred and four hundred members to the Territorial Guard ranks, whose membership would reach a strength of 89 officers and 1,254 enlisted men by December 31, 1941.[3]

In January 1942, due to suspicions of their loyalty, all ethnic Japanese members were dismissed from the Hawaii Territorial Guard.[4] Hawaii Territorial Guardsmen who had been discharged petitioned General Delos Carleton Emmons, the Military Governor of Hawaii, to be allowed contribute to the war effort in another way, and in February they were assigned to a regiment of engineers as a 160-man auxiliary unit called the Varsity Victory Volunteers.[5] After the temporary shutdown of the unit, the Hawaii Territorial Guard was immediately reactivated without its ethnic Japanese members and began recruiting replacements.[6]

Duties

The Hawaii Territorial Guard was tasked with guarding against a potential paratrooper assault by the Japanese in the immediate aftermath of the Pearl Harbor attack.[7] After the immediate threat had passed, they were assigned to guard key buildings and infrastructure against sabotage.[3]

Equipment

Members of the Hawaii Territorial Guard were issued M1903 Springfield rifles.[7]

Disbandment

The Hawaii Territorial Guard was disbanded in 1947.[8]

Other militias

Several other militias composed of civilians but given limited recognition and training by the United States government existed in Hawaii during World War II, including the following private militia units:[3]

Legal status

State defense forces are permitted by the federal government under Title 32, Section 109 of the United States Code.[9] Currently, 23 states and the territory of Puerto Rico maintain active state defense forces.[10] Hawaii state law also recognizes the Hawaii state defense force as a component of the militia of the state.[11] Therefore, the existing legal framework makes it possible for the Governor of Hawaii to order the reactivation of a Hawaii state defense force in the future.

References

  1. ↑ Kuykendall, Ralph S. (Jan 1, 1967). The Hawaiian Kingdom: 1874-1893, the Kalakaua Dynasty. University of Hawaii Press. p. 350. ISBN 0870224336.
  2. ↑ "Hawaii Territorial Guard". Densho Encyclopedia. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Stentiford, Barry M. (2002). The American Home Guard: The State Militia in the Twentieth Century. Texas A&M University Press. pp. 147–150. ISBN 1585441813. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
  4. ↑ "Army ROTC at the University of Hawaii Over the Years". http://www.goarmy.com/''. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
  5. ↑ "Report of the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians- Part I: Nisei and Issei". National Park Service. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
  6. ↑ McCaffrey, James M. (Apr 30, 2013). Going for Broke: Japanese American Soldiers in the War Against Nazi Germany. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 33. ISBN 0806189061. Retrieved 16 July 2014.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "100th Infantry Battalion". Densho Encyclopedia. Retrieved 16 July 2014.
  8. ↑ Burlingame, Burl (9 July 1996). "Patches". Honolulu Star-Bulletin (Honolulu, Hawaii). Retrieved 16 July 2014.
  9. ↑ "32 U.S. Code § 109 - Maintenance of other troops". Legal Information Institute. Cornell University Law School. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
  10. ↑ Carafano, James Jay; Brinkerhoff, John R. (October 5, 2005). "Katrina's Forgotten Responders: State Defense Forces Play a Vital Role". www.heritage.org. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
  11. ↑ ": Hawaii Statutes - § 122A-2: Hawaii state defense force established.". FindLaw. Retrieved 17 July 2014.