Harvesting lightning energy

Since the late 1980s, there have been several attempts to investigate the possibility of harvesting lightning energy. While a single bolt of lightning carries a relatively large amount of energy (approximately 5 billion joules[1] or about the energy stored in 145 litres of petrol), this energy is concentrated in a small location and is passed during an extremely short period of time (microseconds[2]); therefore, extremely high electrical power is involved.[3] It has been proposed that the energy contained in lightning be used to generate hydrogen from water, or to harness the energy from rapid heating of water due to lightning,[4] or to use a group of lightning arresters to harness a strike, either directly or by converting it to heat or mechanical energy,[5] or to use inductors spaced far enough away so that a safe fraction of the energy might be captured.[6]

Overview

A technology capable of harvesting lightning energy would need to be able to rapidly capture the high power involved in a lightning bolt. Several schemes have been proposed, but the ever-changing energy involved in each lightning bolt render lightning power harvesting from ground based rods impractical – too high, it will damage the storage, too low and it may not work. Additionally, lightning is sporadic, and therefore energy would have to be collected and stored; it is difficult to convert high-voltage electrical power to the lower-voltage power that can be stored.[4]

In the summer of 2007, an alternative energy company called Alternate Energy Holdings, Inc. (AEHI) tested a method for capturing the energy in lightning bolts. The design for the system had been purchased from an Illinois inventor named Steve LeRoy, who had reportedly been able to power a 60-watt light bulb for 20 minutes using the energy captured from a small flash of artificial lightning. The method involved a tower, a means of shunting off a large portion of the incoming energy, and a capacitor to store the rest. According to Donald Gillispie, CEO of AEHI, they "couldn't make it work," although "given enough time and money, you could probably scale this thing up... it's not black magic; it's truly math and science, and it could happen."[7]

According to Martin A. Uman, co-director of the Lightning Research Laboratory at the University of Florida and a leading authority on lightning,[8] a single lightning strike, while fast and bright, contains very little energy, and dozens of lightning towers like those used in the system tested by AEHI would be needed to operate five 100-watt light bulbs for the course of a year. When interviewed by The New York Times, he stated that the energy in a thunderstorm is comparable to that of an atomic bomb, but trying to harvest the energy of lightning from the ground is "hopeless".[7]

Another major challenge when attempting to harvest energy from lightning is the impossibility of predicting when and where thunderstorms will occur. Even during a storm, it is very difficult to tell where exactly lightning will strike.[1]

Atmospheric electricity

A relatively easy method is the direct harvesting of atmospheric charge before it turns into lightning. At a small scale, it was done a few times with the most known example being Benjamin Franklin's kite experiment. However, to collect reasonable amounts of energy very large constructions are required, and it is relatively hard to utilize the resulting extremely high voltage with reasonable efficiency.

Directed plasma channels

To facilitate the harvesting of lightning, a laser-induced plasma channel (LIPC) could theoretically be used to allow lightning to strike in a predictable location. A high power laser could be used to form an ionized column of gas, which would act as an atmospheric conduit for electrical discharges of lightning, which would direct the lightning to a ground station for harvesting.

See also


References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Could you power a city with lightning?". physics.org. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
  2. ↑ Yasuhiro Shiraishi; Takahiro Otsuka (September 18, 2006). "Direct measurement of lightning current through a wind turbine generator structure". Electrical Engineering in Japan 157: 42. doi:10.1002/eej.20250. Retrieved 24 July 2014.
  3. ↑ "The Electrification of Thunderstorms," Earle R. Williams, Scientific American, November 1988, pp. 88–99
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Knowledge, Dr. (October 29, 2007). "Why can't we capture lightning and convert it into usable electricity?". The Boston Globe. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
  5. ↑ Bhattacharjee, Pijush Kanti (2010). "Solar-Rains-Wind-Lightning Energy Source Power Generation System" (PDF). International Journal of Computer and Electrical Engineering 2: 353–356. doi:10.7763/ijcee.2010.v2.160. Retrieved March 20, 2014.
  6. ↑ Helman, D.S. (2011). "Catching lightning for alternative energy". Renewable Energy 36: 1311–1314. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2010.10.027. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Glassie, John (December 9, 2007). "Lightning Farms". The New York Times. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
  8. ↑ Uman Receives 2001 Fleming Medal. www.agu.org