Harpactea
| Harpactea | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Suborder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Dysderidae |
| Subfamily: | Harpacteinae |
| Genus: | Harpactea Bristowe, 1939 |
| Type species | |
| Aranea hombergii Scopoli, 1763 | |
| Species | |
|
H. corticalis | |
| Diversity | |
| c. 150 species | |
Harpactea is a genus of spiders from the family Dysderidae, with more than 150 described species.
Harpactea species are non-web building predators that forage on the ground and on tree trunks at night, mainly in xerothermic forests. At day, they hide in silk retreats they build under rocks or bark.[1]
Description
Like all species in the family Dysderidae, Harpactea has six eyes. The type species, H. hombergi, is very similar in both sexes and reaches a body length of about 6 mm. The female has no epigyne.[2]
Habits
As opposed to the related genus Dysdera, where at least some species specialize on hunting woodlice, most Harpactea feed on insects. At least H. rubicunda also hunts other spiders, for example Drassodes. Like most Dysderidae, all members of this genus are nocturnal.[3]
H. sadistica, first described in 2008, was found to directly insert its sperm into the body cavity of females, using specialized organs acting like a hypodermic needle. This behavior, known as traumatic insemination, is known from other arthropods, but has never been observed in spiders.[4]
Distribution
The distribution of the genus ranges from Europe and Northern Africa to Turkmenistan and Iran.[5] Almost all species appear to be endemic to small regions of the Mediterranean.[1]
However, H. hombergi is rather widespread, reaching from the United Kingdom to the Ukraine.[5] It is the only member of its genus that occurs in Britain.[2]
Notes
References
- Roberts, Michael J. (1985): The Spiders of Great Britain and Ireland. ISBN 90-04-07658-1
- Řezáč, Milan (2008) Description of Harpactea sadistica n. sp. (Araneae: Dysderidae) — a haplogyne spider with reduced female genitalia. Zootaxa 1698: 65-68. Abstract
- Řezáč, Milan (2009): The spider Harpactea sadistica: co-evolution of traumatic insemination and complex female genital morphology in spiders. Proc Biol Sci. — doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0104 PMID 19403531
- Norman I. Platnick (2009). "The world spider catalog, version 9.5". American Museum of Natural History.
- BBC News (April 30, 2009): Spider sex violent but effective
Further reading
- Chatzaki, Maria & Arnedo, Miquel A. (2006): Taxonomic revision of the epigean representatives of the spider subfamily Harpacteinae (Araneae: Dysderidae) on the island of Crete. Zootaxa 1169: 1-32. Abstract
External links
- YouTube: Mating of H. sadistica: Video
- Uni Bonn: Diagnostic photographs of Harpactea
- The Essex Field Club: Picture of H. rubicunda
- Picture of H. hombergi