Harold Hodge
Harold Carpenter Hodge (1904–1990) was a well-known toxicologist who published close to 300 papers and 5 books. He was the first president of the Society of Toxicology in 1960. He received a BS from Illinois Wesleyan University and a PhD in 1930 from the State University of Iowa, publishing his first paper in 1927. He received a number of honors and awards during his career, and he was president of the International Association for Dental Research in 1947, president of the American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (1966-1967), president of the Association of Medical School Pharmacologists (1968-1970).[1]
In 1931 he went to the School of Medicine and Dentistry at the University of Rochester in New York where he pursued his interest in toxicology, which included researching fluoride and dental fluorosis. At that time, the government and medical associations were invested in fluoride removal from water supplies because of the incidence of dental fluorosis in communities with high levels of naturally occurring calcium fluoride, and the adverse health impacts from industrial air pollution involving fluoride. Dr. Hodge was chosen to head the United States Atomic Energy Commission's (AEC) Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology (the AEC was the successor to the Manhattan Project), where he studied the effects of the inhalation of uranium and beryllium through the "Rochester Chamber".[2]
Hodge's reputation was damaged by the publication of Eileen Welsome's book The Plutonium Files, for which she won a Pulitzer Prize. It documented chilling human experiments in which the subjects did not know they were being tested to find the safety limits of uranium and plutonium. He attended a meeting where the experiments were planned in 1945, and an AEC memo thanks Hodge for his planning and suggestions in the experiment. The US government settled with the victims' families, paying $400,000 per family. Seven victims were injected with material smuggled into a hospital secretly through a tunnel. One unmarried, white 24-year old woman was injected with 584 micrograms of uranium; another 61-year old man was injected with 70 micrograms per kilogram of uranium.[3]:93 Hodge also arranged for Dr. Sweet to inject 11 terminally-ill patients with uranium for their brain tumors; however, these subjects may have known they were being tested.[4]
Hodge's papers list him as "Harold Carpenter," "Harold Hodge," and "Harold Carpenter Hodge."
Awards and honors
The Harold C. Hodge Memorial Fund was established by the Department of Pharmacology at the University of Rochester in 1992. This endowed the annual Harold C. Hodge Lecture.[5]
See also
- Unethical human experimentation in the United States
- Sodium monofluorophosphate
- Experimentation on prisoners
- Acres of Skin
- Ruth Faden
References
- ↑ University of California (System) Academic Senate. Harold C. Hodge, Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics; Oral Biology: San Francisco. Calisphere University of California.
- ↑ Morrow PE et al. (2000). Harold Carpenter Hodge (1904–1990). Toxicological Sciences.
- ↑ Christopher Bryson. The Fluoride Deception. Seven Stories Press. ISBN 1-58322-526-9, ISBN 978-1-58322-526-4.
- ↑ RE: Boston Project Uranium Injection Experiments.
- ↑ Morrow, Paul E., Witschi, Hanspeter, Vore, M., Hakkinen, P.E., MacGregor, Judith, MacGregor, James, Anders, Marion W. and Willhite, Calvin (2000). "Harold Carpenter Hodge (1904–1990)". Toxicological Sciences 53: 157–158. doi:10.1093/toxsci/53.2.157.