Hardware description language

In electronics, a hardware description language (HDL) is a specialized computer language used to program the structure, design and operation of electronic circuits, and most commonly, digital logic circuits.

A hardware description language enables a precise, formal description of an electronic circuit that allows for the automated analysis, simulation, and simulated testing of an electronic circuit. It also allows for the compilation of an HDL program into a lower level specification of physical electronic components, such as the set of masks used to create an integrated circuit.

A hardware description language looks much like a programming language such as C; it is a textual description consisting of expressions, statements and control structures. One important difference between most programming languages and HDLs is that HDLs explicitly include the notion of time.

HDLs form an integral part of electronic design automation (EDA) systems, especially for complex circuits, such as microprocessors.

Motivation

Due to the exploding complexity of digital electronic circuits since the 1970s (see Moore's law), circuit designers needed digital logic descriptions to be performed at a high level without being tied to a specific electronic technology, such as CMOS or BJT. HDLs were created to implement register-transfer level abstraction, a model of the data flow and timing of a circuit.^[1]

There are two major hardware description languages: VHDL and Verilog. There are different types of description in them "dataflow ,behavioral and structural". example of dataflow of hdl: library iEEE; use iEEE.STD_LOGIC_1164.ALL; USE iEEE.STD_LOGIC_ARITH.ALL; USE iEEE.STD_LOGIC_UNSIGNED.ALL; entity not1 is port(a:in STD_LOGIC; b:out STD_logic); end not 1; architectural behavioral of not1 is begin b<=not a; end behavioral;

Structure of HDL

HDLs are standard text-based expressions of the structure of electronic systems and their behaviour over time. Like concurrent programming languages, HDL syntax and semantics include explicit notations for expressing concurrency. However, in contrast to most software programming languages, HDLs also include an explicit notion of time, which is a primary attribute of hardware. Languages whose only characteristic is to express circuit connectivity between a hierarchy of blocks are properly classified as netlist languages used in electric computer-aided design (CAD). HDL can be used to express designs in structural, behavioral or register-transfer-level architectures for the same circuit functionality; in the latter two cases the synthesizer decides the architecture and logic gate layout.

HDLs are used to write executable specifications for hardware. A program designed to implement the underlying semantics of the language statements and simulate the progress of time provides the hardware designer with the ability to model a piece of hardware before it is created physically. It is this executability that gives HDLs the illusion of being programming languages, when they are more precisely classified as specification languages or modeling languages. Simulators capable of supporting discrete-event (digital) and continuous-time (analog) modeling exist, and HDLs targeted for each are available.

Comparison with control-flow languages

It is certainly possible to represent hardware semantics using traditional programming languages such as C++, which operate on control flow semantics as opposed to data flow, although to function as such, programs must be augmented with extensive and unwieldy class libraries. Generally, however, software programming languages do not include any capability for explicitly expressing time, and thus cannot function as hardware description languages. Before the recent introduction of System Verilog, C++ integration with a logic simulator was one of the few ways to use object-oriented programming in hardware verification. System Verilog is the first major HDL to offer object orientation and garbage collection.

Using the proper subset of hardware description language, a program called a synthesizer, or logic synthesis tool, can infer hardware logic operations from the language statements and produce an equivalent netlist of generic hardware primitives to implement the specified behaviour. Synthesizers generally ignore the expression of any timing constructs in the text. Digital logic synthesizers, for example, generally use clock edges as the way to time the circuit, ignoring any timing constructs. The ability to have a synthesizable subset of the language does not itself make a hardware description language.

History

The first hardware description languages appeared in the late 1960s, looking like more traditional languages.^[2] The first that had a lasting effect was described in 1971 in C. Gordon Bell and Allen Newell's text Computer Structures.^[3] This text introduced the concept of register transfer level, first used in the ISP language to describe the behavior of the Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) PDP-8.^[4]

The language became more widespread with the introduction of DEC's PDP-16 RT-Level Modules (RTMs) and a book describing their use.^[5] At least two implementations of the basic ISP language (ISPL and ISPS) followed.^[6][7] ISPS was well suited to describe relations between the inputs and the outputs of the design and was quickly adopted by commercial teams at DEC, as well as by a number of research teams both in the USA and among its NATO allies.

The RTM products never took off commercially and DEC stopped marketing them in the mid-1980s, as new techniques and in particular very-large-scale integration (VLSI) became more popular.

Separate work done about 1979 at the University of Kaiserslautern produced a language called KARL, which included design calculus language features supporting VLSI chip floorplanning and structured hardware design. This work was also the basis of KARL's interactive graphic sister language ABL. ABL was implemented in the early 1980s by the Centro Studi e Laboratori Telecomunicazioni (CSELT) in Torino, Italy, producing the ABLED graphic VLSI design editor. In the mid-1980s, a VLSI design framework was implemented around KARL and ABL by an international consortium funded by the Commission of the European Union.^[8]

By the late 1970s, design using programmable logic devices (PLDs) became popular, although these designs were primarily limited to designing finite state machines. The work at Data General in 1980 used these same devices to design the Data General Eclipse MV/8000, and commercial need began to grow for a language that could map well to them. By 1983 Data I/O introduced ABEL to fill that need.

As design shifted to VLSI, the first modern HDL, Verilog, was introduced by Gateway Design Automation in 1985. Cadence Design Systems later acquired the rights to Verilog-XL, the HDL simulator that would become the de facto standard of Verilog simulators for the next decade. In 1987, a request from the U.S. Department of Defense led to the development of VHDL (VHSIC Hardware Description Language). VHDL was based on the Ada programming language, as well as on the experience gained with the earlier development of ISPS.^[9] Initially, Verilog and VHDL were used to document and simulate circuit designs already captured and described in another form (such as schematic files). HDL simulation enabled engineers to work at a higher level of abstraction than simulation at the schematic level, and thus increased design capacity from hundreds of transistors to thousands.

The introduction of logic synthesis for HDLs pushed HDLs from the background into the foreground of digital design. Synthesis tools compiled HDL source files (written in a constrained format called RTL) into a manufacturable netlist description in terms of gates and transistors. Writing synthesizable RTL files required practice and discipline on the part of the designer; compared to a traditional schematic layout, synthesized RTL netlists were almost always larger in area and slower in performance. A circuit design from a skilled engineer, using labor-intensive schematic-capture/hand-layout, would almost always outperform its logically-synthesized equivalent, but the productivity advantage held by synthesis soon displaced digital schematic capture to exactly those areas that were problematic for RTL synthesis: extremely high-speed, low-power, or asynchronous circuitry.

Within a few years, VHDL and Verilog emerged as the dominant HDLs in the electronics industry, while older and less capable HDLs gradually disappeared from use. However, VHDL and Verilog share many of the same limitations: neither is suitable for analog or mixed-signal circuit simulation; neither possesses language constructs to describe recursively-generated logic structures. Specialized HDLs (such as Confluence) were introduced with the explicit goal of fixing specific limitations of Verilog and VHDL, though none were ever intended to replace them.

Over the years, much effort has been invested in improving HDLs. The latest iteration of Verilog, formally known as IEEE 1800-2005 SystemVerilog, introduces many new features (classes, random variables, and properties/assertions) to address the growing need for better test bench randomization, design hierarchy, and reuse. A future revision of VHDL is also in development, and is expected to match SystemVerilog's improvements.

Design using HDL

As a result of the efficiency gains realized using HDL, a majority of modern digital circuit design revolves around it. Most designs begin as a set of requirements or a high-level architectural diagram. Control and decision structures are often prototyped in flowchart applications, or entered in a state diagram editor. The process of writing the HDL description is highly dependent on the nature of the circuit and the designer's preference for coding style. The HDL is merely the 'capture language', often beginning with a high-level algorithmic description such as a C++ mathematical model. Designers often use scripting languages such as Perl to automatically generate repetitive circuit structures in the HDL language. Special text editors offer features for automatic indentation, syntax-dependent coloration, and macro-based expansion of entity/architecture/signal declaration.

The HDL code then undergoes a code review, or auditing. In preparation for synthesis, the HDL description is subject to an array of automated checkers. The checkers report deviations from standardized code guidelines, identify potential ambiguous code constructs before they can cause misinterpretation, and check for common logical coding errors, such as dangling ports or shorted outputs. This process aids in resolving errors before the code is synthesized.

In industry parlance, HDL design generally ends at the synthesis stage. Once the synthesis tool has mapped the HDL description into a gate netlist, the netlist is passed off to the back-end stage. Depending on the physical technology (FPGA, ASIC gate array, ASIC standard cell), HDLs may or may not play a significant role in the back-end flow. In general, as the design flow progresses toward a physically realizable form, the design database becomes progressively more laden with technology-specific information, which cannot be stored in a generic HDL description. Finally, an integrated circuit is manufactured or programmed for use.

Simulating and debugging HDL code

Essential to HDL design is the ability to simulate HDL programs. Simulation allows an HDL description of a design (called a model) to pass design verification, an important milestone that validates the design's intended function (specification) against the code implementation in the HDL description. It also permits architectural exploration. The engineer can experiment with design choices by writing multiple variations of a base design, then comparing their behavior in simulation. Thus, simulation is critical for successful HDL design.

To simulate an HDL model, an engineer writes a top-level simulation environment (called a testbench). At minimum, a testbench contains an instantiation of the model (called the device under test or DUT), pin/signal declarations for the model's I/O, and a clock waveform. The testbench code is event driven: the engineer writes HDL statements to implement the (testbench-generated) reset-signal, to model interface transactions (such as a host–bus read/write), and to monitor the DUT's output. An HDL simulator — the program that executes the testbench — maintains the simulator clock, which is the master reference for all events in the testbench simulation. Events occur only at the instants dictated by the testbench HDL (such as a reset-toggle coded into the testbench), or in reaction (by the model) to stimulus and triggering events. Modern HDL simulators have full-featured graphical user interfaces, complete with a suite of debug tools. These allow the user to stop and restart the simulation at any time, insert simulator breakpoints (independent of the HDL code), and monitor or modify any element in the HDL model hierarchy. Modern simulators can also link the HDL environment to user-compiled libraries, through a defined PLI/VHPI interface. Linking is system-dependent (Win32/Linux/SPARC), as the HDL simulator and user libraries are compiled and linked outside the HDL environment.

Design verification is often the most time-consuming portion of the design process, due to the disconnect between a device's functional specification, the designer's interpretation of the specification, and the imprecision of the HDL language. The majority of the initial test/debug cycle is conducted in the HDL simulator environment, as the early stage of the design is subject to frequent and major circuit changes. An HDL description can also be prototyped and tested in hardware — programmable logic devices are often used for this purpose. Hardware prototyping is comparatively more expensive than HDL simulation, but offers a real-world view of the design. Prototyping is the best way to check interfacing against other hardware devices and hardware prototypes. Even those running on slow FPGAs offer much shorter simulation times than pure HDL simulation.

Design verification with HDLs

Historically, design verification was a laborious, repetitive loop of writing and running simulation test cases against the design under test. As chip designs have grown larger and more complex, the task of design verification has grown to the point where it now dominates the schedule of a design team. Looking for ways to improve design productivity, the electronic design automation industry developed the Property Specification Language.

In formal verification terms, a property is a factual statement about the expected or assumed behavior of another object. Ideally, for a given HDL description, a property or properties can be proven true or false using formal mathematical methods. In practical terms, many properties cannot be proven because they occupy an unbounded solution space. However, if provided a set of operating assumptions or constraints, a property checker can prove (or disprove) certain properties by narrowing the solution space.

The assertions do not model circuit activity, but capture and document the designer's intent in the HDL code. In a simulation environment, the simulator evaluates all specified assertions, reporting the location and severity of any violations. In a synthesis environment, the synthesis tool usually operates with the policy of halting synthesis upon any violation. Assertion-based verification is still in its infancy, but is expected to become an integral part of the HDL design toolset.

HDL and programming languages

An HDL is grossly similar to a software programming language, but there are major differences. Many programming languages are inherently procedural (single-threaded), with limited syntactical and semantic support to handle concurrency. HDLs, on the other hand, resemble concurrent programming languages in their ability to model multiple parallel processes (such as flipflops and adders) that automatically execute independently of one another. Any change to the process's input automatically triggers an update in the simulator's process stack. Both programming languages and HDLs are processed by a compiler (usually called a synthesizer in the HDL case), but with different goals. For HDLs, "compiling" refers to logical synthesis, a process of transforming the HDL code listing into a physically realizable gate netlist. The netlist output can take any of many forms: a "simulation" netlist with gate-delay information, a "handoff" netlist for post-synthesis place and route, or a generic industry-standard Electronic Design Interchange Format (EDIF) (for subsequent conversion to a JEDEC-format file).

On the other hand, a software compiler converts the source-code listing into a microprocessor-specific object code for execution on the target microprocessor. As HDLs and programming languages borrow concepts and features from each other, the boundary between them is becoming less distinct. However, pure HDLs are unsuitable for general purpose software application development, just as general-purpose programming languages are undesirable for modeling hardware. Yet as electronic systems grow increasingly complex, and reconfigurable systems become increasingly common, there is growing desire in the industry for a single language that can perform some tasks of both hardware design and software programming. SystemC is an example of such—embedded system hardware can be modeled as non-detailed architectural blocks (black boxes with modeled signal inputs and output drivers). The target application is written in C or C++ and natively compiled for the host-development system (as opposed to targeting the embedded CPU, which requires host-simulation of the embedded CPU or an emulated CPU). The high level of abstraction of SystemC models is well suited to early architecture exploration, as architectural modifications can be easily evaluated with little concern for signal-level implementation issues. However, the threading model used in SystemC and its reliance on shared memory mean that it does not handle parallel execution or lower level models well.

High level synthesis

In their level of abstraction, HDLs have been compared to assembly languages. There are moves to raise the abstraction level of the design in order to reduce the complexity of programming in HDLs, creating a sub-field called high-level synthesis. Companies such as Cadence, Synopsys and Agility Design Solutions are promoting SystemC as a way to combine high level languages with concurrency models to allow faster design cycles for FPGAs than is possible using traditional HDLs. Approaches based on standard C or C++ (with libraries or other extensions allowing parallel programming) are found in the Catapult C tools from Mentor Graphics, the Impulse C tools from Impulse Accelerated Technologies, and the free and open-source ROCCC 2.0 tools from Jacquard Computing Inc. Annapolis Micro Systems, Inc.'s CoreFire Design Suite and National Instruments LabVIEW FPGA provide a graphical dataflow approach to high-level design entry and languages such as SystemVerilog, SystemVHDL, and Handel-C seek to accomplish the same goal, but are aimed at making existing hardware engineers more productive, rather than making FPGAs more accessible to existing software engineers. It is also possible to design hardware modules using MATLAB and Simulink using the Mathworks tool HDL Coder^[10] or Xilinx System Generator (XSG) from Xilinx^[11] (formerly Accel DSP).

Examples of HDLs

HDLs for analog circuit design

Name	Description
Analog Hardware Descriptive Language	an open analog hardware description language
SpectreHDL	a proprietary analog hardware description language
Verilog-AMS (Verilog for Analog and Mixed-Signal)	an open standard extending Verilog for analog and mixed analog/digital simulation
VHDL-AMS (VHDL with Analog/Mixed-Signal extension)	a standardised language for mixed analog/digital simulation
HDL-A	a proprietary analog hardware description language

HDLs for digital circuit design

The two most widely used and well-supported HDL varieties used in industry are Verilog and VHDL.

Name	Description
Advanced Boolean Expression Language (ABEL)
Altera Hardware Description Language (AHDL)	a proprietary language from Altera
AHPL	A Hardware Programming language
Bluespec	high-level HDL based on Haskell (not embedded DSL)[12]
Bluespec SystemVerilog (BSV)	based on Bluespec, with Verilog HDL like syntax, by Bluespec, Inc.
C-to-Verilog	Converter from C to Verilog
Chisel (Constructing Hardware in a Scala Embedded Language)	based on Scala (embedded DSL)
Confluence	a functional HDL; has been discontinued
CoWareC	a C-based HDL by CoWare. Now discontinued in favor of SystemC
CUPL (Compiler for Universal Programmable Logic[13]}	a proprietary language from Logical Devices, Inc.
ELLA	no longer in common use
ESys.net	.net framework written in C#
Handel-C	a C-like design language
HHDL	based on Haskell (embedded DSL).
Hardware Join Java (HJJ)	based on Join Java
HML (Hardware ML)	based on SML[14]
Hydra	based on Haskell
Impulse C	another C-like HDL
ISPS	Original HDL from CMU, no longer in common use
ParC (Parallel C++)	kusu extended with HDL style threading and communication for task-parallel programming
JHDL	based on Java
KARL	KARlsruhe Language (chapter in[15]), a Pascalish hardware descriptive language, no longer in common use.
Lava	based on Haskell (embedded DSL).[16][17][18][19]
Lola	a simple language used for teaching
M	A HDL from Mentor Graphics
MyHDL	based on Python (embedded DSL)
PALASM	for Programmable Array Logic (PAL) devices
PSHDL	the plain and simple hardware description language
ROCCC (Riverside Optimizing Compiler for Configurable Computing)	Free and open-source C to HDL tool
RHDL	based on the Ruby programming language
Ruby (hardware description language)
SystemC	a standardized class of C++ libraries for high-level behavioral and transaction modeling of digital hardware at a high level of abstraction, i.e. system-level
SystemVerilog	a superset of Verilog, with enhancements to address system-level design and verification
SystemTCL	SDL based on Tcl.
THDL++ (Templated HDL inspired by C++)	An extension of VHDL with inheritance, advanced templates and policy classes
Verilog	One of the most widely used and well-supported HDLs
VHDL (VHSIC HDL)	One of the most widely used and well-supported HDLs

HDLs for printed circuit board design

Several projects exist for defining printed circuit board connectivity using language based, textual-entry methods.

Name	Description
PHDL (PCB HDL)	A free and open source HDL for defining printed circuit board connectivity
EDAsolver	An HDL for solving schematic designs based on constraints

See also

• Specification language
• Modeling language
• Hardware verification language
• SystemC
• SystemVerilog
• Property Specification Language
• OpenVera
• Bluespec
• C to HDL
• Flow to HDL
• Rosetta-lang

References

External links

• Verilog-AMS Technical Subcommittee
• HCT - The HDL Complexity tool, used to determine design complexity.

Types of computer languages Architecture description Hardware description Markup Modeling Programming language Query Specification Stylesheet Template processing Transformation

Programmable logic Concepts ASIC SOC FPGA Logic block CPLD EPLD PLA PAL GAL Reconfigurable computing Xputer Soft microprocessor Circuit underutilization Languages Verilog A AMS Icarus VHDL AMS VITAL SystemVerilog DPI SystemC AHDL Handel-C PSL UPF PALASM ABEL CUPL PSHDL OpenVera C to HDL Flow to HDL MyHDL JHDL ELLA Companies Accellera Actel Achronix AMD Aldec Altera Atmel Cadence Cypress Duolog Forte Intel Lattice National Mentor Graphics Microsemi Signetics Synopsys Magma Virage Logic Texas Instruments Tabula Xilinx Products Hardware Stratix Virtex (FPGA) Software Altera Quartus Xilinx ISE ModelSim Simulators IP Proprietary ARC LEON LatticeMico32 MicroBlaze PicoBlaze Nios Nios II Open-source LatticeMico8 OpenCores OpenRISC 1200 RISC-V JOP