Haplogroup T-M184

This article is about the Y-Chromosome Haplogroup T-M184. For the unrelated mtDNA Haplogroup, see Haplogroup T (mtDNA).
Haplogroup T-M184
Possible time of origin 19,000-30,000 years BP[1]
Possible place of origin West Asia[1][2]
Ancestor LT
Descendants T-M193
Defining mutations M184/PAGES34/USP9Y+3178, M272, PAGES129, L810, L455, L452, L445
Highest frequencies Somalis, Kurru, Bauris, Armenian Sasuntzis, Chians, Saccensi/Sicilians, Fulbe, Eivissencs, Northeastern Portuguese Jews, Rajus, Mahli, Zoroastrians in Kerman, Bakhtiaris/Lurs, Southern Egyptians

In molecular evolution, a haplogroup is a group of similar haplotypes that share a common ancestor having the same single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mutation in all haplotypes. Haplogroup T-M184 is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. From 2002 to 2008, it was known as Haplogroup K2.

The UEP which defines this clade is generally considered to be the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) M184. Other SNPs (M272, PAGES129, L810, L455, L452, L445) are currently considered to be phylogenetically equivalent.

Origins

Haplogroup T is a widespread but rare haplogroup that originated about 20,000 years ago, probably on the Arabian peninsula or in northeastern Africa. Today it is found across Eurasia and northern Africa, but rarely at levels above 10%. It is most common in the Near East, Arabia and the Horn of Africa, especially among Iraqis and northeastern Africans. Beyond Africa, T has been detected at levels of about 4% in southern and eastern India and about 2% in Iberia. It is possible that this represents contributions from northern Africa, but it could also be that T reached southwestern Europe with farmers who introduced agriculture from the Near East.

K2-M70 is believed to have originated in Asia after the emergence of the K-M9 polymorphism (45–30 ky) (Underhill et al. 2001a). As deduced from the collective data (Underhill et al. 2000; Cruciani et al. 2002; Semino et al. 2002; present study), K2-M70 individuals, at some later point, proceeded south to Africa. While these chromosomes are seen in relatively high frequencies in Egypt, Oman, Tanzania, Ethiopia, they are especially prominent in the Fulbe 18%( [Scozzari et al. 1997, 1999])"

— J. R. Luis et al.[3]

The occurrence in Europe of lineages belonging to both T1a1 (old T1a) and T1a2 (old T1b) subclades probably reflects multiple episodes of gene flow. T1a1* haplogroups in Europe likely reflect older gene flow.[1]

Distribution

Haplogroup T-M184 (M193, M272, L206, PAGES129) is found in a majority of Kurru, Bauris & Lodha in South Asia; and in a significant minority of Rajus and Mahli in South Asia; Somalis, southern Egyptians and Fulbe in north Cameroon; Chian Greeks, Saccensi/Sicilians, Eivissencs / Ibizans and Northeastern Portuguese Jews in Europe and Zoroastrians, Bakhtiaris/Lurs in the Middle East. Haplogroup T is common in northern Somalia and in the Somalis of Ethiopia. It is found in frequency of greater than 10 percent in populations of Kenya Tanzania and Cameroon. It is notable for being widespread in Tanzania where it is more common than Kenya . It has also been detected in the limba populations of Zimbabwe Malawi and South Africa. The distribution of this haplogroup has been suggested to be associated with mtdna haplogroup M1 as the two tend to be common in the same regions.[4]

Haplogroup T-M184 is not associated with the R1, G and J lineages that entered Africa from Eurasia relatively recently. Luis et al. (2004) suggest that the presence of the clade on the African continent may, like R1* representatives, point to an older introduction from Asia. The Levant rather than the Arabian Peninsula appears to have been the main route of entry, as the Egyptian and Turkish haplotypes are considerably older in age (13,700 ybp and 9,000 ybp, respectively) than those found in Oman (only 1,600 ybp). According to the authors, the spotty modern distribution pattern of haplogroup T-M184 within Africa may therefore represent the traces of a more widespread early local presence of the clade. Later expansions of populations carrying the E1b1b, E1b1a, G and J NRY lineages may have overwhelmed the T-M184 clade-bearers in certain localities.[5]

The distribution of haplogroup T-M184 in most parts of Europe is patchy or regionalized; for example, haplogroup T-M184 was found in 1.7% (10/591) of a pool of six samples of males from southwestern Russia, but it was completely absent from a pool of eight samples totalling 637 individuals from the northern half of European Russia.[6] The Russians from the southwest were from the following cities: Roslavl, Livny, Pristen, Repyevka, and Belgorod; and Kuban Cossacks from the Republic of Adygea.

The paternal haplogroup T-M70 varies between 3% and 24% of male lineages in Germany.

— The Genographic Project 2.0 2012

Northern Asia

Population Language Location Members/Sample size Percentage Source Notes
KazakhsKazakh (Turkic) Kosh-Agachski Raion 19/4938.8%[7]K(xL, NOP). According to Dulik 2011 only T fit.
TuviniansTuvan (Turkic) Kyzyl and Ubsunur Hollow10/1029.8%[7]In Kharkov et al. 2013 were sampled 296 Tuvinians from Kyzyl and were found to be 0% T.
KazakhsKazakh (Turkic) Southwestern Altai 1/30 3.3%[8]
KhakassKhakas (Turkic)Abakan3/1761.7%.[7]

Europe

Population Language Location Members/Sample size Percentage Source Notes
Marchigianos Marchigiano (Romance) Arquata del Tronto and Apiro 2/2100%[9]
Cretans and southern Aegeans Southeastern Greek Crete and southern Aegean 2/6 33.3%[10]
Rural Saccensi Sicilian (Romance) Sciacca6/2030%[11]
Chians Southeastern Greek Khíos 4/16 25%[12]
German Stilfser/Tyrolese Southern Austro-Bavarian (Upper German) Stilfs4/17 23.5%[13]
Venetians Venetian (Romance) Vigasio and Povegliano Veronese 2/9 22.2%[14]
Abruzzesi Neapolitan language (Romance) L'Aquila6/30 20%[15]macro-haplogroup LT is 30% in L'Aquila population.
Sicilians Sicilian (Romance) Sciacca5/2817.9%[16]
Balearics Eivissenc (Romance) Eivissa 9/54 16.7%[17]
Urban Ragusani Sicilian (Romance) Ragusa3/1915.8%[11]
Northeastern Portuguese Jews Judaeo-Portuguese (Romance) Bragança 9/5715.7%[18]T have been found to be the second largest lineage in the Mirandês speaking population of Miranda do Douro too. Haplogroup T was not found in a sample of Belmonte Jews.
Albanians AlbanianBrescia (Lombardia) 12/8314.5%[19]The haplogroup tested is K*(xNOP), is assumed as LT and most probably are members of
Rural Normensi Italian (Romance) Norma1/714.3%[11]
Corsicans Corsican (Romance) Balagne (region of Haute-Corse) 3/8312.5%[20]
Rural Piazzesi Sicilian (Romance) Piazza Armerina3/2412.5%[11]
Cantabrians Astur-Leonese (Romance) Cantabria 2/1811.1%[21]All individuals were interviewed in order to assess the geographical origin of their grandparents and their speaking dialect.
Marchigianos Marchigiano (Romance) Matelica1/911.1%[9]
Gaditanos Andalusian (Romance) Cádiz 3/2810.7%[22]
Native Mirandese speakers Astur-Leonese (Romance) Miranda de l Douro 6/5810.3%[23]
Pacenses Astur-Leonese (Romance) Badajoz3/2910.3%[24]
Asturianos Astur-Leonese (Romance) Eastern Uviéu 1/1010%[25]
Murcianos Murcian (Romance) Murcia1/1010%[26]
Rural Alcamesi Sicilian (Romance) Alcamo2/229.1%[11]
Cretans Cretan Greek Lasithi 2/238.7%[27]
Lugueses Galician language (Romance) Lugo1/128.3%[24]
Campanians Neapolitan language (Romance) West Campania7/84 8.3%[28]
Campanians Neapolitan language (Romance) Cilento4/48 8.3%[29]
Sicilians Sicilian (Romance) Alcamo 2/248.3%[16]
LebaniegosAstur-Leonese (Romance) Liébana3/378.1%[30]
Corsicans Corsican (Romance) Corte 5/628.1%[20]
Segovianos Castilian language (Romance) Segovia2/258%[24]
Marchigianos Marchigiano (Romance)Offida3/387.9%[31]
SiciliansSicilian (Romance) East Sicily 9/1147.9%[16]
Northern Portugueses Portuguese (Romance) Vila Real 3/397.7%[32]
Campanians Neapolitan language (Romance) Campania8/108 7.4%[33]
BalearicsEivissenc (Romance) Eivissa 7/967.3%[34]
CretansCretan Greek Oropedio Lasithiou 3/417.3%[27]
Sicilians Sicilian (Romance) Ragusa 2/287.1%[16]
SiciliansSicilian (Romance) Piazza Armerina 2/287.1%[16]
Walloons Walloon (Romance) Wallonia 3/476.4%[35]
Asturianos Eonavian (Romance) Navia-Eo 2/316.5%[25]
Gagauzes Gagauz (Turkic) Kongaz 3/486.3%
Northern Portuguese Portuguese (Romance) Aveiro4/66 6.1%
Western Andalusians Andalusian (Romance)Huelva10/167 6%[36]
Aragonese Aragonese and Castilian (Romance) Aragón 2/345.9%
Corsicans Corsican Corsica2/345.9%
Panteschis Sicilian with Siculo-Arabic influences (Romance)Pantelleria1/175.9%[37]
Extremadurans Astur-Leonese and Castilian (Romance) Extremadura 3/52 5.8%
Bulgarians Bulgarian language (South Slavic languages) Unspecified Bulgarian region4/69 5.8%[38]
Dutch Hollandic (West Germanic) North Holland 1/185.6%
Lombardians Lombard and Italian (Romance) Lombardia 1/185.6%[20]
Sicilians Sicilian (Romance) Mazara del Vallo1/185.6%
Southern Italians Italian (Romance) South Apulia 4/715.6%
SiciliansSicilian (Romance) South Sicily 3/555.4%
Lombardians Lombard and Italian (Romance) Lombardia 7/1315.3%
HutteritesAustro-Bavarian (Upper German) Tyrol 4/755.3%
Peloponnesians Southern Greek Peloponnese 1/19 5.3%[10]
Estonians Estonian (Uralic) Estonia 11/2075.3%
GutesGutnish (North Germanic) Gotland 2/405%
AlsatiansAlsatian (Upper German) Strossburi 4/805%
AsturiansAstur-Leonese (Romance) Asturies 1/205%
Italian speakersItalian (Romance) Bozen 3/595%
Ladin Stilfser/TyroleseLadin (Romance) Stelvio 1/205%
Gaditanos Andalusian language (Romance) Cadiz1/205%[24]
Malacitanos Andalusian language (Romance) Malaga1/205%[24]
Macedonians and Thracians Northern Greek East Macedonia and Thrace 1/21 4.8%[10]
Bulgarians Bulgarian language (South Slavic languages) Razgrad1/21 4.8%[38]
Northeastern PortuguesePortuguese (Romance) Trás os Montes 3/644.7%
Sardinians Corsican (Romance) Sassari 2/434.7%[20]
Sicilians Sicilian (Romance) East Sicily 4/874.6%
Western Andalusians Andalusian (Romance) Huelva 1/224.5%[22]
West Andalusians Andalusian (Romance) Sevilla 7/1554.5%[22]
GaliciansGalician (Romance) Santiago2/46 4.4%
Palentinos Castilian language (Romance) Palencia1/234.4%[24]
Catalonians Catalan (Romance)Aragó1/234.4%[39]
Ligurians Ligurian (Romance)Central Liguria 2/454.4%[31]
Catalonians Catalan (Romance)Penedès7/1644.3%[39]
Greeks Greek Athens4/924.3%
Northern Portuguese Portuguese Beira Litoral 5/1164.3%
Ligurians Ligurian (Romance)La Spezia2/464.3%[40]
South Italians Salentino (Romance) North Apulia 2/46 4.3%
Cantabrians Astur-Leonese (Romance) Cantabria 3/704.3%[22]
Pincianos Castilian language (Romance) Valladolid1/244.2%[24]
Macedonians Northern Greek Central Macedonia 1/25 4%[10]
Madrileños Castilian language (Romance) Madrid2/504%[24]
Germans German (West Germanic) Berlin 4/1033.9%
Northern Portuguese Portuguese (Romance) Braga2/513.9%
Tuscans Tuscan (Romance) South Tuscany 3/793.8%
Riojans Riojan and Castilian (Romance) La Rioja 2/543.7%[21]
Marchigianos Marchigiano (Romance) Apennines Marche 1/273.7%
Calabrians Southern Italian (Romance)West Calabria1/273.7%[31]
Urban Biellesi Piedmontese (Romance) Bièla3/813.7%[11]
Native Sayaguese speakers Astur-Leonese (Romance) Sayago1/283.6%[23]
GaliciansGalician (Romance) Montes Baixo Miño 1/283.6%
Corsicans Corsican (Romance) Ajaccio 1/283.6%[20]
EstoniansEstonian (Uralic) Estonia -3.5%
Southern Portugueses Portuguese (Romance) Évora 1/293.5%
CanariansCanarian Spanish (Romance) La Palma 3/853.5%
Scanians Scanian dialects (South Scandinavian) Malmö 1/293.4%
OccitansAuvergnat (Romance) Clermont-Ferrand3/893.4%
Azoreans Portuguese (Romance)Eastern Azores3/87 3.4%[41]
Galicians Galician (Romance) Lugo 2/613.3%
Albanians Albanian dialectsAlbania 1/303.3%
Northeastern Portuguese Portuguese (Romance) Bragança1/303.3%[18]
Northern Portuguese Portuguese (Romance) Viseu1/303.3%
Northern Portuguese Portuguese (Romance) Guarda1/303.3%
Sicilians Sicilian (Romance) West Sicily 4/1223.3%
Leoneses Astur-leonese language (Romance) Leon7/2213.2%[24]
LithuaniansAukštaitian (Baltic) West Aukstaiciai 1/313.2%
Greeks Northern Greek Western Greece 1/31 3.2%[10]
Campanians Neapolitan language (Romance)San Giorgio La Molara1/313.2%[31]
Valencians Catalan and Castilian (Romance) Valencia 1/313.2%[22]
Southern Tyroleans Southern Austro-Bavarian (Upper German) Lower Vinschgau 1/323.1%
Rhinelanders Ripuarian (Central Franconian) Köln3/963.1%
Swedes Swedish dialects (East Scandinavian) Örebro 1/323.1%
Albaceteño Castilian language (Romance) Albacete1/323.1%[24]
Portuguese Portuguese (Romance) Madeira4/129 3.1%
Asturianos Astur-Leonese language (Romance) Asturias1/333%[24]
Shetlanders with Aboriginal surnames Scots language and Norn Language (Germanic) Shetland 1/352.9%Shetland Project.
Gienenses Castilian language (Romance) Jaen1/362.8%[24]
Native Alistano speakers Astur-Leonese (Romance) Aliste 1/362.8%[23]
Azoreans Portuguese (Romance)Central Azores2/76 2.6%[41]
Czechs Czech (West Slavic) Vysocina1/40 2.5%[42]
Flemish Dutch (West Germanic) Turnhout1/42 2.4%[43]‘1675’ data set
Bulgarians Bulgarian language (South Slavic languages) Haskovo1/41 2.4%[38]
Sardinians Corsican (Romance) Gaddùra 1/462.2%[20]
Sardinians Sardinian (Romance) Sardinia 27/12042.2%[44]
Sardinians Sardinian (Romance) Trexenta 1/472.1%[20]
Zamoranos Castilian (Romance) Campos - Pan 1/502%[23]
Eastern Andalusians Andalusian (Romance)Alpujarra de la Sierra1/50 2%
Basques Gipuzkoan (Isolate language) Southwestern Gipuzkoa1/571.8%[21]
Basques Gipuzkoan (Isolate language) Gipuzkoa1/581.7%[45]
Flemish Dutch (West Germanic) Noord-Brabant2/119 1.7%[43]‘1775’ data set
Bulgarians Bulgarian language (South Slavic languages) Sofia1/591.7%[38]
Bulgarians Bulgarian language (South Slavic languages) Lovech1/62 2.4%[38]
CataloniansCatalan language (Romance language) Camp de Tarragona4/2141.9%[39]
Bosch surname members Catalan language (Romance language) Països Catalans1/56 1.8%[46]
Balearics Majorcan (Romance) Majorca2/1291.6%[39]
Czechs Czech (West Slavic) Plzen1/621.6%[42]
Mecklenburgers East Low Saxon (West Germanic) Rostock3/2001.5%[47]
Catalonians Catalan (Romance) Castelló2/1461.4%[39]
Bulgarians Bulgarian language (South Slavic languages) Plovdiv2/159 1.3%[38]
Bulgarians Bulgarian language (South Slavic languages) Montana, Bulgaria1/80 1.3%[38]
Catalonians Catalan (Romance) Central Catalonia3/2301.3%[39]
Catalonians Catalan (Romance) Barcelona3/2311.3%[39]
Catalonians Catalan (Romance) Barcelona Periphery3/2351.3%[39]
Czechs Czech (West Slavic) Usti nad Labem1/861.2%[42]
Faroese Faroese (Germanic) Faroe Islands1/891.1%[48]Grandfathers originated from various Faroese islands.
Eastern Andalusians Andalusian (Romance)Granada2/180 1.1%[36]
Castellonenses Catalan language (Romance) Castellón5/5151%[24]
Czechs Czech (West Slavic) South Moravia2/2160.9%[42]
Catalonians Catalan (Romance) Girona2/2190.9%[39]
Bulgarians Bulgarian language (South Slavic languages) Sofia Province2/257 0.8%[38]
Catalonians Catalan (Romance) València1/1730.6%[39]
Czechs Czech (West Slavic) Prague3/5950.5%[42]
Individuals living in Catalonia Catalan language (Romance) Barcelona metropolitan area1/2470.4%[49]

With K-M9+, unconfirmed but probable T-M70+ : 14% (3/23) of Russians in Yaroslavl,[50] 12.5% (3/24) of Italians in Matera,[29] 10.3% (3/29) of Italians in Avezzano,[29] 10% (3/30) of Tyroleans in Nonstal,[29] 10% (2/20) of Italians in Pescara,[29] 8.7% (4/46) of Italians in Benavento,[29] 7.8% (4/51) of Italians in South Latium,[28] 7.4% (2/27) of Italians in Paola,[29] 7.3% (11/150) of Italians in Central-South Italy,[51] 7.1% (8/113) of Serbs in Serbia,[52] 7% (6/86) of Sardinians in Tempio,[53] 4.7% (2/42) of Aromanians in Romania,[54] 3.7% (3/82) of Italians in Biella,[55] 3.7% (1/27) of Andalusians in Córdoba,[22] 3.3% (2/60) of Leoneses in León|,[22] 3.2% (1/31) of Italians in Postua,[55] 3.2% (1/31) of Italians in Cavaglià,[55] 3.1% (3/97) of Calabrians in Reggio Calabria,[56] 2.8% (1/36) of Russians in Ryazan Oblast,[57] 2.8% (2/72) of Italians in South Apulia,[58] 2.7% (1/37) of Calabrians in Cosenza,[56] 2.6% (3/114) of Serbs in Belgrade,[59] 2.5% (1/40) of Russians in Pskov,[50] 2.4% (1/42) of Russians in Kaluga,[50] 2.2% (2/89) of Transylvanians in Csíkszereda,[60] 2.2% (2/92) of Italians in Trino Vercellese,[55] 1.9% (2/104) of Italians in Brescia,[61] 1.9% (2/104) of Romanians in Romania,[62] 1.7% (4/237) of Serbs and Montenegrins in Serbia and Montenegro,[63] 1.7% (1/59) of Italians in Marche,[58] 1.7% (1/59) of Calabrians in Catanzaro,[56] 1.6% (3/183) of Greeks in Northern Greece,[64] 1.3% (2/150) of Swiss Germans in Zürich Area,[65] 1.3% (1/79) of Italians in South Tuscany and North Latium,[58] 1.1% (1/92) of Dutch in Leiden,[66] 0.8% (1/132) of "Andalusians" in Northwest Tunisia,[67] 0.5% (1/185) of Serbs in Novi Sad (Vojvodina),[68] 0.5% (1/186) of Polish in Podlasie[69] and 0.4% (1/234) of Germans in Halle, Saxony-Anhalt.[70]

Other parts that have been found to contain a significant proportion of haplogroup T-M184 individuals include Trentino (2/67 or 3%), Mariña Lucense (1/34 or 2.9%), Heraklion (3/104 or 2.9%), Roslavl (3/107 or 2.8%), Ourense (1/37 or 2.7%), Livny (3/110 or 2.7%), Biella (3/114 or 2.6%), Entre Douro (6/228 or 2.6%), Porto (3/118 or 2.5%), Urbino (1/40 or 2.5%), Iberian Peninsula (16/629 or 2.5%), Blekinge/Kristianstad (1/41 or 2.4%), Belarus (1/41 or 2.4%), Modena (3/130 or 2.3%), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (1/45 or 2.2%), Pristen (1/45 or 2.2%), Cáceres (2/91 or 2.2%), Brac (1/47 or 2.1%), Satakunta (1/48 or 2.1%), Western Croatia (2/101 or 2%), Ukrainia (1/50 or 2%), Greifswald (2/104 or 1.9%), Moldavians in Sofia (1/54 or 1.9%), Uppsala (1/55 or 1.8%), Lublin (2/112 or 1.8%), Pias in Beja (1/54 or 1.8%), Macedonian Greeks (1/57 or 1.8%), Nea Nikomedeia (1/57 or 1.8%), Sesklo/Dimini (1/57 or 1.8%), Lerna/Franchthi (1/57 or 1.8%), Açores (2/121 or 1.7%), Viana do Castelo (1/59 or 1.7%), Toulouse (1/67 or 1.5%), Belgorod (2/143 or 1.4%), Sardinia (1/77 or 1.3%).[71][72][73][74][75][76][28][77][32][78][48][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][77][91][92][93][9][94][95][96][97][98] According to data from commercial testing, 3.9% of Italian males belonging to this haplogroup.[99] Approximately 3% of Sephardi Jews and 2% of Ashkenazi Jews belong to haplogroup T.[100]

Middle East and Caucasus

Population Language Location Members/Sample size Percentage Source Notes
Tajiks Dari (Southwestern Iranian)Logar Province2/450%[101]
Armenian Sasuntzis Western Armenian dialect, Kurmanji and Dimli (Northwestern Iranian) languages Sasun 21/10420.2%[102]T1a1 and T1a2 subclades
Zoroastrians Persian Kerman 5/3713.5%[103]
Bakhtiaris/LursBakhtiari/Lurs (Southwestern Iranian (Perside)) Izeh 13/103 12.6%[104][105]
ArmeniansWestern Armenian dialectHistorical Southwestern Armenia 11/9611.5%[106]
Abudhabians Gulf Arabic (Semitic) Abu Dhabi21/19111%[Research 1]
Assyrians Assyrian (Central Semitic)West Azerbaijan Province4/3910.3%[107]
Persian Muslims Persian Shiraz 5/51 9.8%[103]
Persian Muslims Persian Kerman 6/66 9.1%[103]
Iraqis Iraqi Arabic (Semitic) Al-Qadisiyah 6/69 8.7%[108]
Kurds Sorani (Northwestern Iranian)Kurdestan5/598.5%[107]
Omani Arabs Omani Arabic (Semitic) Oman 10/121 8.3%[5]
Azeris Azeri (Oghuz)West Azerbaijan Province5/637.9%[107]
Iraqis Iraqi Arabic (Semitic) Iraq 10/1397.2%[109]
Kuwaitis Gulf Arabic (Semitic) Kuwait3/427.1%[78]
IraqisIraqi Arabic (Semitic)Iraq3/437%[110]
Arabs Levantine Arabic Israel and Palestine10/1437%[111]
Persians Farsi (Southwestern Iranian)Fars3/446.8%[107]
Christian Arabs Levantine Arabic Israel and Palestine3/446.8%[112]
Western Armenians Armenian Eastern Turkey6/906.7%[113]
Persians Farsi (Southwestern Iranian)Yazd3/466.5%[107]
Armenians Armenian Gardman 6/966.3%[102]
Muslim Arabs Levantine Arabic Israel and Palestine7/1195.9%[112]
Northern Armenians Armenian Northern Armenia, southern Georgia (Bolnisi, Akhalkalaki and Akhaltsikhe) and northwestern Azerbaijan (around Gyanja)10/1895.3%[113]
Armenians Armenian Tehran 2/385.3%[103]
Eastern Armenians Armenian Karabakh11/2155.1%[113]
Persians Farsi (Southwestern Iranian)Khorasan3/595.1%[107]
Saudi Arabians Arabic dialects (Semitic) Saudi Arabia 8/1575.1%[114]
Armenians Armenian Syunik7/1405%[113]
Emiratis Gulf Arabic (Semitic) United Arab Emirates 8/1644.9%
Lebanese Muslims Lebanese Arabic (Semitic)Lebanon28/5684.9%[115]
Kurds Kurmanji (Northwestern Iranian) Anatolia 12/2514.8%[116]
Kurds Kurdish dialects (Northwestern Iranian) Iraq 6/1264.8%[Research 2]
Anizes Gulf Arabic (Semitic) Kuwait 1/214.7%[117]
Lebaneses Levantine Arabic (Semitic) Lebanon 43/9144.7%
Cypriots Cypriot Greek Cyprus 3/654.6%
Maronites Lebanese Arabic and Syriac (Semitic)Lebanon24/5184.6%[115]
Armenians ArmenianArarat2/444.6%[113]
Qeshmis Qishmi (southwestern Iranian)Qeshm2/494.1%[107]
Lurs Luri (Southwestern Iranian)Lorestan2/504%[107]
Sadats Languages of Iran Different cities of Iran2/504%[118]
Armenians Armenian Lake Van 4/1033.9%[102]
Armenians Armenian Ararat Valley 4/1103.6%[102]
Tajiks Tajik (Southwestern Iranian)Afghanistan2/563.6%[101]
Iranians Languages of Iran South Iran 4/1173.4%[72]
Ionians Greek Phokaia 1/313.2%[119]
Bandaris Bandari (Southwestern Iranian)Bandar Abbas4/1313.1%[107]
Jordanians Arabic dialects (Semitic) Jordania 8/2732.9%
Lezghins Lezgian (Northeast Caucasian) Southern Dagestan 2/812.5%[120]
Turks Turkish Turkey 13/5232.5%
Iranians Languages of IranIran7/3242.2%[115]
Azerbaijani Muslims Azerbaijani (Turkic) Uromia 2/912.2%[103]
Assyrians Assyrian Neo-Aramaic (Semitic) Uromia and Tehran 1/551.8%[103]
Abkhazians Abkhaz (Northwest Caucasian) Abkhazia 1/581.7%[120]
Greek Orthodox Koine GreekLebanon2/1161.7%[115]
Aeolians Greek Smyrna 1/681.5%[119]
Turkmens Turkmen (Oghuz)the people of Golestan1/681.5%[107]
Ossetian Digors Digorian (Scythian) North Ossetia1/1270.8%[120]
Yemeni Arabs Sanaani Arabic (Semitic)Sana'a1/1290.8%[Research 3]
Syrians Syrian Arabic (Semitic)Syria4/5180.8%[115]
Circassians Adyghe (Northwest Caucasian) Republic of Adygea1/1420.7%[120]
Pashtuns Pashto (Eastern Iranian)mainly living in the Southern Afghanistan province of Kandahar1/1410.7%[121]

Unconfirmed but probable T-M70+ : 28% (7/25) of Lezginians in Dagestan,[105] 21.7% (5/23) of Ossetians in Zamankul,[122] 14% (7/50) of Iranians in Isfahan,[105] 13% (3/23) of Ossetians in Zil'ga,[122] 12.6% (11/87) of Kurmanji Kurds in Eastern Turkey,[123] 11.8% (2/17) of Palestinian Arabs in Palestine,[124] 8.3% (1/12) of Iranians in Shiraz,[125] 8.3% (2/24) of Ossetians in Alagir,[122] 8% (2/25) of Kurmanji Kurds in Georgia,[123] 7.5% (6/80) of Iranians in Tehran,[105][126] 7.4% (10/135) of Palestinian Arabs in Israeli Village,[124] 7% (10/143) of Palestinian Arabs in Israel and Palestine,[124] 5% (1/19) of Chechens in Chechenia,[105][126] 4.2% (3/72) of Azerbaijanians in Azerbaijan,[105][126] 4.1% (2/48) of Iranians in Isfahan,[126] 4% (4/100) of Armenians in Armenia,[105][126] 4% (1/24) of Bedouins in Israel[124] and 2.6% (1/39) of Turks in Ankara.[126]

Africa

Population Language Location Members/Sample size Percentage Source Notes
Somalis (Northern Dir tribes) Northern Somali (East Cushitic) Dire Dawa14/1782.4%[127] Dir sub-clans of Dire Dawa are Issa, Gurgura and Gadabuursi.
AnteonyAntemoro (Plateau Malagasy)old Antemoro Kingdom 22/3759.5%[128]The Anteony are the descendants of aristocrats, from whom the Antemoro king is chosen. Can be grouped into the Silamo, because they have the right to undertake the ritual slaughter of animals (Sombily)
AushiAushi Zambia 1/250%[129]
Akie Akie people (Nilotic) Tanzania3/1323.1%[Hirbo et al.]Akie people have remnants of a Cushitic language
Somalis Darood Somali (East Cushitic) Jijiga (Ogaden)19/8322.9%[127]Jijiga is mostly inhabited by Darod subclans like Bartire, Geeri Koombe and Ogaden.
Arabs from Somalia Benaadir (Cushitic) immigrants in Yemen 7/33 21.2%[130]
Lemba Venda and Shona (Bantu) South Africa 6/34 17.6%[1] Exclusively belong to T1a2* (old T1b*). Possible recent founder effect. Low frequency of T1a2 has been observed in Bulgarian Jews and Turks but is not found in other Jewish communities. Y-str Haplotypes close to some T1a2 Armenians.
Fulbe Fula northern Cameroon 3/17 17.6%[131]
Rangi Rangi Language (Bantu) Tanzania5/3215.6%[Hirbo et al.]
Multiple ethnicity-Somalia15/10514.3%[132][133]
Iraqw Iraqw language (Cushitic) Tanzania6/4712.8%[Hirbo et al.]
Somali Somali (Cushitic) immigrants to Norway 12/104 11.5%[134]
Bench Bench(northern Omotic) Bench Maji Zone14/12611.4%[127]
Kores(Cushitic)SNNP2/1811.1%[127]
Oromo Afaan Oromo language (Cushitic) Oromiyaa1/911.1%[135]
Gorowa Gorowa language (Cushitic) Tanzania2/1910.5%[Hirbo et al.]
Somali Somali (Cushitic) immigrants to Denmark 21/201 10.4%[136]
Upper Egyptians Egyptian Arabic Luxor Governorate 3/29 10.3%[17][137]
KontasKonta language (Omotic)Konta special woreda11/10710.3%[127]
Rendille Rendille language (Cushitic) Kenya3/319.7%[Hirbo et al.]
GewadasGewada language (east Cushitic)SNNP11/1169.5%[127]
AntalaotraAntemoro (Plateau Malagasy)old Antemoro Kingdom4/439.3%[128]The Antalaotra are in charge of the magical and religious domains; they have the ability to read and write Sorabe. Can be grouped into the Silamo, because they have the right to undertake the ritual slaughter of animals (Sombily)
Upper EgyptiansEgyptian ArabicAswan Governorate1/119.1%[138]
Subiya Subiya/Kuhane (Bantu) Zambia1/119%[129]
Upper EgyptiansEgyptian ArabicAssiut Governorate6/708.6%[138]
Konsos(Semitic)Konso special woreda2/248.3%[127]
Somali Somali (Cushitic) immigrants to Sweden12/1478.2%[139]
Arabs and Berbers Egyptian Arabic and Siwi Lower Egypt 12/1478.2%[5]
Upper Egyptians Egyptian Arabic Sohag Governorate 4/52 7.7%[138]
Egyptians Erythraic (Cushitic)Egypt7/927.6%[133][135]If the K* sample is M184+ then 8.7%
Oromo (Semitic) SNNP2/287.1%[129]
Tigray-Tigrinyas Tigrinya (South Semitic) SNNP2/306.7%[127]
Dirashas Dirasha (east Cushitic) Dirashe special woreda5/796.3%[127]
Canarians Canarian Spanish Tenerife11/1786.2%
Omo Valley Omotic languages Ethiopia6/986.1%[129]
Upper Egyptians Egyptian Arabic Qena Governorate 3/52 5.8%[138]
Afars Afar (East Cushitic) Afar Region6/1115.4%[127]
Ethiopians Ethiopian languagesEthiopia4/745.4%[110]
MashilesMashile language (Cushitic)SNNP7/1305.4%[127]
GuragesGurage languages (South Semitic)SNNP6/1185.1%[127]
Canarians Canarian Spanish Gran Canaria4/785.1%[129]
Oromo Afaan Oromo language (Cushitic) Oromiyaa4/785.1%[129]
Oromo Afaan Oromo language (Cushitic) Adis Abeba2/405%[129]
Turu Nyaturu (Bantu) Tanzania1/205%[140]
GedeosGedeo (east Cushitic)SNNP6/1224.9%[127]
Western Libyans Libyan Arabic (Semitic)Tripoli region7/1424.9%[141]
Kanuri Kanuri Cameroon1/214.8%[Hirbo et al.]
Iraqw[142] Iraqw (Cushitic) Tanzania2/434.7%
Yems Yemsa (Omotic) SNNP5/1074.7%[127]
GobezeCushiticSNNP5/1134.4%[127]
Upper EgyptiansEgyptian ArabicMinya Governorate1/234.3%[138]
KonsosKonso language (East Cushitic)Konso special woreda4/944.3%[127]
Amhara Amharic (Semitic) Ethiopia2/484.2%[129]
KembaatasEast CushiticKembata Tembaro Zone4/1023.9%[127]
Maasai Maasai (Eastern Nilotic) Kenya3/793.8%[129]
Lower Egyptians Egyptian Arabic (Semitic) Mansoura1/442.2%[17][137]
Berbers Siwi (Berber) Siwa Oasis2/932.2%[143][144]
Meru Meru (Northeast Bantu) Tanzania2/992%[145]
Itam Ibibio Obong Itam (Southeast Nigeria)1/502%[146]
Berbers Shilha (Berber) Asni1/541.9%[143][144]
Eastern Libyans Libyan Arabic (Semitic)Benghazi4/2141.9%[147]
Algerians Algerian Arabic (Semitic) Algeria3/1641.8%[124]
Bokoras Karamojong (Eastern Nilotic) Karamoja region1/591.7%[148]
Lower Egyptians Egyptian Arabic (Semitic) Cairo1/631.6%[149]
Nilotes Ateker (Eastern Nilotic) Karamoja region1/1180.8%[148]

Unconfirmed but probable T-M70+ : 9.7% (3/31) of Datogs in Tanzania,[140] 5.8% (4/69) of Kordofanians in Kurdufan,[124] 5.6% (1/18) of Tuaregs in Gorom-Gorom,[150] 4.8% (5/105) of Tunisians in Sfax,[151] 4.8% (3/63) of Libyans in Tripoli Area,[152] 2.6% (1/39) of Hutus in Rwanda[153] 2.1% (1/47) of Berbers in Sejenane,[154] 1.9% (1/53) of Ovimbundo in Angola,[155] and 1.5% (1/68) of Mozabites in Ghardaia,[156]

South Asia

Haplogroup T-M184 has been detected in:

Population Language Location Members/Sample size Percentage Source Notes
Kurru Yerukala (Dravidian) Andhra Pradesh 10/18 55.6% [77]
Bauris Bengali (Indo-Aryan) West Bengal 10/19 52.6% [77]K* is found at 6/19, if M70- but M184+, then could be 84.2%. Bauris are thought to be descendants of a native tribe of the Central Highlands before the Aryan invasion, then as Bauris have not been well assimilated and have not participated satisfactorily in the new Aryan society, the Bauris ended up being seen as "low caste". They are at "halfway" between the old Bauri tribal and the new Aryan society lifestyle.
Lodha Lodhi (Sora–Juray–Gorum Munda) West Bengal 2/4 50% [77]
Rajus Telugu (Dravidian) Andhra Pradesh 3/1915.9%[77]
Maheli Mahali (Kherwari Munda)West Bengal2/13 15.3%[77]
Chenchus Chenchu (Dravidian) Andhra Pradesh3/2015%[77]K* is found at 7/20, if M70- but M184+, then could be 50%
Kare VokkalKannada (Dravidian)Uttara Kannada4/3013.3%[157]K* is found at 3/30, if M70- but M184+, then could be 23.3%
Banjaras Lambadi (Indo-Aryan) Andhra Pradesh 2/1811.1%[77]
Gonds Gondi (Dravidian) South Uttar Pradesh 4/38 10.6%[158]
Gonds Gondi (Dravidian) Madhya Pradesh 10/1397.2%[158]
Indians languages of India South India18/3055.9%[77]
Maheli Mahali (Kherwari Munda)Jamshedpur from Jharkhand; Purulia, Midnapore & other location from West Bengal2/385.3%[77][159]Two samples from different studies grouped together
Chenchus Chenchu (Dravidian) Andhra Pradesh3/614.9%[77][160]Samples from Trivedi et al. and Kivisild et al.
Banjaras Lambadi (Indo-Aryan) Andhra Pradesh 2/533.8%[77][160]Two samples from different studies grouped together
Indians languages of India East India 14/3673.8%[77]
Gujaratis Gujarati (Indo-Aryan) Gujarat 1/293.4%[160]
LodhaLodhi (Sora–Juray–Gorum Munda)Midnapore & other location from West Bengal2/712.8%[77][159][161]Three samples from different studies grouped together
Sahariyas Saharia (Munda)Madhya Pradesh2/732.7%[162]

With K-M9+, unconfirmed but probable T-M70+ : 56.6% (30/53) of Kunabhis in Uttar Kannada,[163] 32.5% (13/40) of Kammas in Andhra Pradesh,[164] 26.8% (11/41) of Brahmins in Visakhapatnam,[164] 25% (1/4) of Kattunaiken in South India,[165] 22.4% (11/49) of Telugus in Andhra Pradesh,[166] 20% (1/5) of Ansari in South Asia, (2/20) of Poroja in Andhra Pradesh,[164] 9.8% (5/51) of Kashmiri Pandits in Kashmir,[158] 8.2% (4/49) of Gujars in Kashmir,[158] 7.7% (1/13) of Siddis (migrants from Ethiopia) in Andhra Pradesh,[164] 5.5% (3/55) of Adi in Northeast India,[167] 5.5% (7/128) of Pardhans in Adilabad,[166] 5.3% (2/38) of Brahmins in Bihar,[158] 4.3% (1/23) of Bagata in Andhra Pradesh,[164] 4.2% (1/24) of Valmiki in Andhra Pradesh,[164] (1/32) of Brahmins in Maharashtra,[158] 3.1% (2/64) of Brahmins in Gujarat,[158] 2.9% (1/35) of Rajput in Uttar Pradesh,[168] 2.3% (1/44) of Brahmins in Peruru,[164] and 1.7% (1/59) of Manghi in Maharashtra.[166]

Also in Desasth-Brahmins in Maharashtra (1/19 or 5.3%) and Chitpavan-Brahmins in Konkan (1/21 or 4.8%), Chitpavan-Brahmins in Konkan (2/66 or 3%).

Far East

Population Language Location Members/Sample size Percentage Source Notes
Xibe/Sibo/Xibo people Xibe (Tungusic) Xinjiang 1/812.5%[169][170]
Bajo sea Nomads Bajaw (Malayo-Polynesian) Sulawesi 2/277.4%[171]T1a-M70
Uyghur Uyghur (Turkic) Xinjiang 1/48 (1/4 samples) 2.1%[172]

Unconfirmed but probable T-M70+ : 4.9% (2/41) of Xibe in Xinjiang,[173] 2% (4/204) of Hui in Liaoning province,[174] and 0.9% (1/113) of Bidayuh in Sarawak.[175]

Colonial America

Population Language Location Members/Sample size Percentage Source Notes
Movimas Movima language (Language isolate) Beni 1/520%[176]
Colombians Colombian Spanish (Romance) Antioquia 9/5117.6%[177]
ColombiansColombian Spanish (Romance) Aranzazu, Caldas 23/190 12.1%[177]
Bahamians Bahamian English (West Germanic) Long Island 3/437%[178]
Northwest Argentinians Argentinian Spanish (Romance) Mountainous region of San Salvador de Jujuy 6/86 7%[179]
Kolla Quechua, Aymara and Argentinian SpanishMountainous region of Tucumán 2/29 6.9%[180][181]
Basques Basque (Isolate language) Nevada 1/16 6.3%[Research 4]
Colombians Colombian Spanish (Romance) Marinilla and its zone of influence15/2416.2%[182]
Centralwest Argentinians Argentinian Spanish (Romance) Mountainous region of La Rioja (Capital) 5/87 5.7%[179]
Kolla Quechua, Aymara and Argentinian SpanishMountainous region of Jujuy 1/18 5.6%[183]
Colombians Colombian Spanish (Romance) Cundinamarca 1/22 4.5%[177]
Centralwest Argentinians Argentinian Spanish (Romance) Mountainous region of Mendoza (Capital) 3/75 4%[179]
Bahamians Bahamian English (West Germanic) Eleuthera 1/601.7%[178]
Colombians Colombian Spanish (Romance) Peque (Antioquia) 1/62 1.6%[177]

Elite endurance runners

Possible patterns between Y-chromosome and elite endurance runners were studied in an attempt to find a genetic explanation to the Ethiopian endurance running success. Given the superiority of East African athletes in international distance running over the past four decades, it has been speculated that they are genetically advantaged. Elite marathon runners from Ethiopia were analysed for K*(xP) which according to the previously published Ethiopian studies is attributable to the haplogroup T[184] and specifically to the T1a1a* (old T1a*) subclade, according to further studies.[1] T1a1a* was found to be proportionately more frequent in the elite marathon runners sample than in the control samples than any other haplogroup, therefore this y-chromosome could play a significant role in determining Ethiopian endurance running success. Haplogroup T1a1a* was found in 14% of the elite marathon runners sample of whom 43% of this sample are from Arsi province. In addition, haplogroup T1a1a* was found in only 4% of the Ethiopian control sample and only 1% of the Arsi province control sample. T1a1a* is positively associated with aspects of endurance running, whereas E1b1b1 (old E3b1) is negatively associated.[185]

Notable haplogroup members

A notable member of the T-M184 haplogroup is American President Thomas Jefferson. The Y-chromosomal complement of the Jefferson male line was studied in 1998 in an attempt to resolve the controversy over whether he had fathered the mixed-race children of his slave Sally Hemings. A 1998 DNA study of the Y chromosome in the Jefferson male line found that it matched that of a descendant of Eston Hemings, Sally Hemings' youngest son. This confirmed the body of historical evidence, and most historians believe that Jefferson had a long-term intimate liaison with Hemings for 38 years, and fathered her six children of record, four of whom lived to adulthood. In addition, the testing conclusively disproved any connection between the Hemings descendant and the Carr male line. Jefferson grandchildren had asserted in the 19th century that a Carr nephew had been the father of Hemings' children, and this had been the basis of historians' denial for 180 years. Jefferson's paternal family traced back Wales, where T is incredibly rare , as it is throughout Britain. A couple of British males with the Jefferson surname have been found with the third president's type of T, reinforcing the idea that his immediate paternal ancestry was British. But Jefferson's T type is also closely related to Egyptian and Iberian T branches of the haplogroup. Future research may improve understanding of the geographic patterns of T migrations within Europe and northern Africa. Geneticists have shown that former American president Thomas Jefferson, who might have been of Welsh descent, along with two other British men out of 85 British men with the surname Jefferson, carry the rare Y chromosome marker T which is typically found in East Africa and the Middle East. It is also found in 4.5% of Greek men, 3.5% of Estonian, and 2.5% of Spanish and Italian men. There has been no other documented cases of Haplogroup T occurring in Northern Europe other than those two cases. The presence of scattered and diverse European haplotypes within the network is nonetheless consistent with Jefferson's patrilineage belonging to an ancient and rare indigenous European type.

Phylogenetic network analysis of its Y-STR (short tandem repeat) haplotype shows that it is most closely related to an Egyptian K2 haplotype, but the presence of scattered and diverse European haplotypes within the network is nonetheless consistent with Jefferson’s patrilineage belonging to an ancient and rare indigenous European type. This is supported by the observation that two of 85 unrelated British men sharing the surname Jefferson also share the President’s Y-STR haplotype within haplogroup K2.

— Turi E. King et al.[186]

The affiliation of the Jefferson haplotype to T1a* and the absence of closely related haplotypes (zero to two step mutations away) in the network supports the hypothesis that this haplotype belongs to an ancient rare European Y-chromosome lineage rather than to lineages that recently migrated to Europe from the Near East.

— Mendez 2011

Subclades

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the 2012 ISOGG Tree.

Phylogenetic history

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) (α) (β) (γ) (δ) (ε) (ζ) (η) YCC 2002 (Longhand) YCC 2005 (Longhand) YCC 2008 (Longhand) YCC 2010r (Longhand) ISOGG 2006 ISOGG 2007 ISOGG 2008 ISOGG 2009 ISOGG 2010 ISOGG 2011 ISOGG 2012 ISOGG 2013
T-M18426VIII1U25Eu16H5FK*KTTK2K2TTTTTT
K-M70/T-M7026VIII1U25Eu15H5FK2K2TT1K2K2TTTT1T1aT1a
T-P7726VIII1U25Eu15H5FK2K2T2T1a2K2K2T2T2T2a1T1a1bT1a1a1T1a1a1

Original research publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.

α Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 and Kaladjieva 2001

β Underhill 2000

γ Hammer 2001

δ Karafet 2001

ε Semino 2000

ζ Su 1999

η Capelli 2001

See also

Evolutionary tree of human Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups
MRC Y-ancestor
A00 A0'1'2'3'4
A0 A1'2'3'4
A1 A2'3'4
A2'3 A4=BCDEF
A2 A3 B CDEF
DE CF
D E C F
GHIJKLT
G HIJKLT
H IJKLT
IJ KLT (K)
I J LT(K1) K (K2)
L T MPS (K2b) X (K2a)
MS P NO
M S QR N O
Q R
  1. ↑ van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation 35 (2): 187–91. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID 24166809.

References

Footnotes

    Original research

    1. ↑ W. Goodwin et al, " Department of Forensic and Investigative Science ," "www.yhrd.org/" (2012),
    2. ↑ Carsten Hohoff and Bernd Brinkmann "Institut für Rechtsmedizin"," 'Universität Münster <http://www.yhrd.org>
    3. ↑ Uta D. Immel et al, "Institut für Rechtsmedizin, Martin-Luther Universität Haale/Saale," "www.yhrd.org/" (1999),
    4. ↑ Laura Valverde Potes et al, "Grupo BIOMICs / BIOMICs Research Group," "www.yhrd.org/" (2011),

    Works cited

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Mendez, Fernando L.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Krahn, Thomas; Ostrer, Harry; Soodyall, Himla; Hammer, Michael F. (2011). "Increased Resolution of Y Chromosome Haplogroup T Defines Relationships among Populations of the Near East, Europe, and Africa". Human Biology 83 (1): 39–53. doi:10.3378/027.083.0103. PMID 21453003.
    2. ↑ Underhill, Peter A.; Passarino, Giuseppe; Lin, Alice A.; Marzuki, Sangkot; Oefner, Peter J.; Cavalli-Sforza, L. Luca; Chambers, Geoffrey K. (2001). "Maori origins, Y-chromosome haplotypes and implications for human history in the Pacific". Human Mutation 17 (4): 271–80. doi:10.1002/humu.23. PMID 11295824.
    3. ↑ Luis JR, Rowold DJ, Regueiro M et al. (March 2004). "The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: evidence for bidirectional corridors of human migrations". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 74 (3): 532–44. doi:10.1086/382286. PMC 1182266. PMID 14973781.
    4. ↑ [drum.lib.umd.edu/]
    5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Luis JR, Rowold DJ, Regueiro M et al. (March 2004). "The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: evidence for bidirectional corridors of human migrations". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 74 (3): 532–44. doi:10.1086/382286. PMC 1182266. PMID 14973781.
    6. ↑ Balanovsky, Oleg; Rootsi, Siiri; Pshenichnov, Andrey; Kivisild, Toomas; Churnosov, Michail; Evseeva, Irina; Pocheshkhova, Elvira; Boldyreva, Margarita et al. (2008). "Two Sources of the Russian Patrilineal Heritage in Their Eurasian Context". The American Journal of Human Genetics 82 (1): 236–50. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.09.019. PMC 2253976. PMID 18179905.
    7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 M. A. Gubina et al, "Haplotype Diversity in mtDNA and Y�Chromosome in Populations of Altai–Sayan Region," "Russian Journal of Genetics," (2012),
    8. ↑ Dulik MC, Osipova LP, Schurr TG, "Y-Chromosome Variation in Altaian Kazakhs Reveals a Common Paternal Gene Pool for Kazakhs and the Influence of Mongolian Expansions," "PLoS ONE" (2011),
    9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 V. Onofri et al., "Y-chromosome genetic structure in sub-Apennine populations of Central Italy by SNP and STR analysis," Springer-Verlag (2007)
    10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 Panayotis Katsaloulis et al., "Genetic population study of 11 Y chromosome STR loci in Greece," Forensic Science International: Genetics (2013)
    11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 Robino, C.; Ralf, A.; Pasino, S. et al. (2015). "Development of an Italian RM Y-STR haplotype database: Results of the 2013 GEFI collaborative exercise". Forensic Science International: Genetics 15: 56–63. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.10.008.
    12. ↑ C. Robino et al., "Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in a population sample from continental Greece, and the islands of Crete and Chios," Forensic Science International (2004)
    13. ↑ I. Pichler et al., "Genetic Structure in Contemporary South Tyrolean Isolated Populations Revealed by Analysis of Y-Chromosome, mtDNA, and Alu Polymorphisms," Human Biology, August 2006, v. 78, no. 4, pp. 441–464.
    14. ↑ Stefania Turrina et al. , "Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in a Northeast Italian population sample using 17plex loci PCR assay," Springer-Verlag (2006)
    15. ↑ Alessio Boattini et al. , "Uniparental Markers in Italy Reveal a Sex-Biased Genetic Structure and Different Historical Strata ," PLOS ONE (2013)
    16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 Cornelia; Gaetano, Di; Cerutti, Nicoletta; Crobu, Francesca et al. (2009). "Differential Greek and northern African migrations to Sicily are supported by genetic evidence from the Y chromosome". European Journal of Human Genetics 17 (1): 91–99. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.120. PMC 2985948. PMID 18685561.
    17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Zalloua, Pierre A.; Platt, Daniel E.; El Sibai, Mirvat; Khalife, Jade; Makhoul, Nadine; Haber, Marc; Xue, Yali; Izaabel, Hassan et al. (2008). "Identifying Genetic Traces of Historical Expansions: Phoenician Footprints in the Mediterranean". The American Journal of Human Genetics 83 (5): 633–42. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.10.012. PMC 2668035. PMID 18976729.
    18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Nogueiro I, Manco L, Gomes V, Amorim A, Gusmão L (March 2010). "Phylogeographic analysis of paternal lineages in NE Portuguese Jewish communities". Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 141 (3): 373–81. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21154. PMID 19918998.
    19. ↑ Venusia Cortellini et al. (2013). "Y-chromosome polymorphisms and ethnic group – a combined STR and SNP approach in a population sample from northern Italy". Croatian Medical Journal.
    20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.6 Scozzari R, Cruciani F, Pangrazio A et al. (September 2001). "Human Y-chromosome variation in the western Mediterranean area: implications for the peopling of the region". Hum. Immunol. 62 (9): 871–84. doi:10.1016/S0198-8859(01)00286-5. PMID 11543889.
    21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Begoña Martínez-Cruz et al., Evidence of pre-Roman tribal genetic structure in Basques from uniparentally inherited markers, Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution 2012.
    22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 22.6 Carlos Flores, Nicole Maca-Meyer, Ana M González, Peter J Oefner, Peidong Shen, Jose A Pérez, Antonio Rojas, Jose M Larruga and Peter A Underhill, "Reduced genetic structure of the Iberian peninsula revealed by Y-chromosome analysis: implications for population demography," European Journal of Human Genetics (2004) 12, 855–863 & 2004 Nature Publishing Group
    23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 S. L. Monteiro et al., "Universidade do Porto" (2012)
    24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 24.5 24.6 24.7 24.8 24.9 24.10 24.11 24.12 Conrado Martinez-Cadenas et al, "The relationship between surname frequency and Y chromosome variation in Spain," European Journal of Human Genetics (2015)
    25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Pardiñas et al., "Universidade do Porto" (2012)
    26. ↑ Cristina Santos, "Mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome structure at the mediterranean and atlantic façades of the iberian peninsula," American Journal of Human Biology (2013)
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