Haplogroup P-M45
| Haplogroup P (K2b2) | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Possible time of origin | 27,000-45,000 years BP[1] |
| Possible place of origin | Southeast_Asia Indonesia South Asia Central Asia |
| Ancestor | MPS [2] |
| Descendants | P*, Haplogroup QR |
| Defining mutations | 92R7, M45, M74/N12, P27, S25 |
In human genetics, K2b2 (M45) or Haplogroup P is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.
This haplogroup contains the patrilineal ancestors of many Europeans and almost all of the indigenous peoples of the Americas. It also contains approximately one third to two thirds of the males among various populations of Central Asia and Southern Asia, as well as among 1/3 of males in the Negritos Aeta. Different definitions of P exist. Increased phylogenic resolution has found that the P clade that makes up Q and R is just one branch of the entire P. A type of P is found in the Aeta and eastern Indonesia.
Origins
Haplogroup P is a branch of Haplogroup MNOPS, which is a branch of Haplogroup K (M9).
The descendant haplogroups of P include Q (M242) and R (M207).
Distribution
Haplogroup P is distributed commonly in Europe, Central Asia, North-East Asia.
Its highest frequency occurs among Turkic peoples of Central Asia and South Siberia (35.4% among Tuvans, 28.3% among Altaians-Kizhi).[3]
Besides the haplogroup R and haplogroup Q branches, other patrilines derived from Haplogroup P-M45 are labeled for sake of convenience as Haplogroup P-M45*. They are present at low to moderate frequency among modern South Asian populations.[4] P-M45* is most frequent among the Muslims of Manipur (33%), but this may be due to a very small sample size, 9. P* (or pre-p) is found at a frequency of 28% in the Aeta of the Philippines.[5] Most of the P in South Asia and Central Asia are probably simply unresolved cases or R2 or Q.
| Population group | N | P (xQ,xR) | Q | R | Paper | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Count | % | Count | % | Count | % | |||
| Gope | 16 | 1 | 6.4 | Sahoo 2006 | ||||
| Oriya Brahmin | 24 | 1 | 4.2 | Sahoo 2006 | ||||
| Mahishya | 17 | 3 | 17.6 | Sahoo 2006 | ||||
| Bhumij | 15 | 2 | 13.3 | Sahoo 2006 | ||||
| Saora | 13 | 3 | 23.1 | Sahoo 2006 | ||||
| Nepali | 7 | 2 | 28.6 | Sahoo 2006 | ||||
| Muslims of Manipur | 9 | 3 | 33.3 | Sahoo 2006 | ||||
| Himachal Pradesh Rajput | 15 | 1 | 6.7 | Sahoo 2006 | ||||
| Lambadi | 18 | 4 | 22.2 | Sahoo 2006 | ||||
| Gujarati Patel | 9 | 2 | 22.2 | Sahoo 2006 | ||||
| Katkari | 19 | 1 | 5.3 | Sahoo 2006 | ||||
| Madia Gond | 14 | 1 | 7.1 | Sahoo 2006 | ||||
| Kamma Chowdary | 15 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6.7 | 12 | 80 | Sahoo 2006 |
Population Frequencies from Studies
| Population group (with ethnolinguistic affiliation) | Paper | N | Percentage | SNPs Tested | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tuvinian (Turkic) | Darenko 2005 | 113 | 35.40 | P-M45 | |
| Nivkh (isolate) | Lell 2001 | 17 | 35 | P-M45 | |
| Kizhi (Turkic) | Darenko 2005 | 92 | 28.3 | P-M45 | |
| Todjin (Turkic) | Darenko 2005 | 36 | 22.2 | P-M45 | |
| Chukchi (Chukotkan) | Lell 2001 | 24 | 20.8 | P-M45 | |
| Koryak (Chukotkan) | Lell 2001 | 27 | 18.5 | P-M45 | |
| Yupik (Eskimo-Aleut) | Lell 2001 | 33 | 18.2 | P-M45 | |
| Uighur (Turkic) | Xue 2006 | 70 | 17.1 | P-M45 | |
| Kalmyk (Mongolic) | Darenko 2005 | 68 | 11.8 | P-M45 | |
| Turkmen (Turkic) | Wells 2001 | 30 | 10 | P-M45 | |
| Soyot (Turkic) | Darenko 2005 | 34 | 8.8 | P-M45 | |
| Uriankhai (Mongolic) | Katoh 2004 | 60 | 8.3 | P-M45 | |
| Khakas (Turkic) | Darenko 2005 | 53 | 7.6 | P-M45 | |
| Kazakh (Turkic) | Wells 2001 | 54 | 5.6 | P-M45 | |
| Uzbek (Turkic) | Wells 2001 | 366 | 5.5 | P-M45 | |
| Khasi-Khmuic (Austro-Asiatic) | Reddy 2009 | 353 | 5.40 | P-M45(xM173) § | |
| Mundari (Austro-Asiatic) | Reddy 2009 | 64 | 10.90 | P-M45(xM173) § | |
| Nicobarese (Mon-Khmer) | Reddy 2009 | 11 | 0.00 | P-M45(xM173) § | |
| Southeast Asia (Austro-Asiatic) | Reddy 2009 | 257 | 1.60 | P-M45(xM173) § | |
| Garo (Tibeto-Burman) | Reddy 2009 | 71 | 1.40 | P-M45(xM173) § | |
| India (Tibeto-Burman) | Reddy 2009 | 226 | 3.10 | P-M45(xM173) § | |
| East Asia (Tibeto-Burman) | Reddy 2009 | 214 | 0.00 | P-M45(xM173) § | |
| Eastern India (Indo-European) | Reddy 2009 | 54 | 18.50 | P-M45(xM173) § | |
| Iran (Southern Talysh) | Nasidze 2009 | 50 | 4.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173) | |
| Azerbaijan (Northern Talysh) | Nasidze 2009 | 40 | 5.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173) | |
| Mazandarani (Iranian) | Nasidze 2009 | 50 | 4.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173) | |
| Gilaki (Iranian) | Nasidze 2009 | 50 | 0.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173) | |
| Tehran (Iranian) | Nasidze 2004 | 80 | 4.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173) | |
| Isfahan (Iranian) | Nasidze 2004 | 50 | 6.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173) | |
| Bakhtiari (Iranian) | Nasidze 2008 | 53 | 2.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173) | |
| Iranian Arabs (Arabic) | Nasidze 2008 | 47 | 2.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173) | |
| North Iran (Iranian) | Regueiro 2006 | 33 | 9.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173) | |
| South Iran (Iranian) | Regueiro 2006 | 117 | 3.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173) | |
| South Caucacus (Georgian) | Nasidze and Stoneking 2001 | 77 | 3.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173) | |
| South Caucacus (Armenian) | Nasidze and Stoneking 2001 | 100 | 2.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173) |
§ These may include members of haplogroup R2.
Subgroups
The subclades of Haplogroup P with their defining mutation, according to the 2008 ISOGG tree:
- P (92R7_1, 92R7_2, L138, L268, M45, M74/N12, P27.1_1/P207, P27.1_2, P69, P226, P228, P230, P235,P237, P239, P240, P243, P244, P281, P282, P283, P284, P295/S8, PG83)
- P*
- Q (M242)
- R (M207, P224, P227, P229, P232, P280, P285, L248.2, V45)
References
- ↑ Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF (May 2008). "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree". Genome Res. 18 (5): 830–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMC 2336805. PMID 18385274.
- ↑ http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2013/11/22/000802.1
- ↑ Miroslava Derenko et al 2005, Contrasting patterns of Y-chromosome variation in South Siberian populations from Baikal and Altai-Sayan regions
- ↑ Sahoo, S. (2006). "A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103 (4): 843. doi:10.1073/pnas.0507714103. PMC 1347984. PMID 16415161.
- ↑ http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/vaop/ncurrent/pdf/ejhg2014106a.pdf
External links
- Spread of Haplogroup P, from The Genographic Project, National Geographic
| Evolutionary tree of human Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MRC Y-ancestor | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A00 | A0'1'2'3'4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A0 | A1'2'3'4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A1 | A2'3'4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A2'3 | A4=BCDEF | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A2 | A3 | B | CDEF | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| DE | CF | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| D | E | C | F | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| GHIJKLT | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| G | HIJKLT | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| H | IJKLT | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| IJ | KLT (K) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| I | J | LT(K1) | K (K2) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| L | T | MPS (K2b) | X (K2a) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| MS | P | NO | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| M | S | QR | N | O | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Q | R | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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