Haplogroup N-M231

Haplogroup N
Possible time of origin 20,000 to 25,000 years BP[1]
Possible place of origin N in Far East (ISOGG 2012) or South China[1]
Ancestor NO
Defining mutations M231
Highest frequencies Yakuts 75%, Nenets 75%, Finns 60%, Baltic States 45% (McDonald 2005), Saami 40%, East Prussian Germans 28%,[2] Russians 20% (Malyarchuk 2004),

Haplogroup N (M231) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup typical of northern Eurasia, defined by the presence of the marker M231.[Phylogenetics 1]

Origins

Haplogroup N-M231 is a descendant haplogroup of Haplogroup NO. It is considered relatively young, having populated the north of Eurasia after the last Ice Age. Males carrying the marker apparently moved northwards as the climate warmed in the Holocene. The absence of haplogroup N-M231 in the Americas indicates that its spread across Asia happened after the submergence of the Bering land bridge (Chiaroni 2009). It is suggested that it arose in southeast Asia 19.4±4.8 ky years ago, and then migrated in a counter-clockwise path from modern day regions of Mongolia and northern China to as far as northeastern Europe (Rootsi 2006).

Distribution

Haplogroup N-231 has a wide geographic distribution throughout northern Eurasia, and it also has been observed occasionally in more southerly areas, including Southeast Asia, Nepal, Southwest Asia, and Southern Europe. Its highest frequency occurs among the Finnic and Baltic peoples of northern Europe, the Ob-Ugric and Northern Samoyedic peoples of western Siberia, and the Siberian Turkic-speaking Yakuts (McDonald 2005). It is also carried by about 10% to 20% of Russians (Malyarchuk 2004).

Subclade distribution

Haplogroup N-M231 is the ancestral group for Haplogroup N-LLY22g[Phylogenetics 2] and its subclades, N-M128, N-P43, and N-M46/N-Tat (ISOGG 2012).

Paragroup N-M231*

Y-chromosomes that display the M231 mutation that defines Haplogroup N-M231 but do not display the LLY22g mutation that defines Haplogroup N-LLY22g are said to belong to Paragroup N-M231*. Per present research, Paragroup N-M231* Y-DNA has been found in 1.2% of a sample of 165 Han males from China (Karafet 2010).[Footnote 1]

Paragroup N-LLY22g*

Haplogroup N-LLY22g
Possible place of origin Asia
Ancestor N-M231
Defining mutations LLY22g

Y-chromosomes that display the M231 and LLY22g mutations that define Haplogroup N-M231 and Haplogroup N-LLY22g but do not display any of the downstream mutations that define the subclades N-M128, N-P43, and N-M46/N-Tat are said to belong to Paragroup N-LLY22g*.[Phylogenetics 2]

Paragroup N-LLY22g* reaches a frequency of up to 30% (13/43) among the Yizu of Butuo County, Sichuan Province in southwestern China (Hammer 2005, Karafet 2001, and Wen2004b). Paragroup N-LLY22g* also has been found in samples of Han Chinese, but with widely varying frequency:

Other populations in which representatives of Paragroup N-LLY22g* have been found include:

In Turkey, the total of subclades of haplogroup N-M231 amounts to 4% of the male population. One individual who belongs either to N-LLY22g(xM128,P43,Tat) or to N-M231(xLLY22g) has been found in a sample of 77 males from Kathmandu, Nepal (1/77 = 1.3% N-M231(xM128,P43,Tat)) (Gayden 2007).

N-M128

Haplogroup N-M128
Possible place of origin Asia
Ancestor N-LLY22g
Defining mutations M128

This subclade is defined by the presence of the marker M128.[Phylogenetics 3] N-M128 was first identified in a sample from Japan (1/23 = 4.3%) and in a sample from Central Asia and Siberia (1/184 = 0.5%) in a preliminary survey of worldwide Y-DNA variation.[4] Subsequently, it has been found with low frequency in some samples of Manchus, Sibes, Manchurian Evenks, Koreans, northern Han Chinese, Buyei, and some Turkic peoples of Central Asia.

N-P43

Haplogroup N-P43[Phylogenetics 4] is defined by the presence of the marker P43. It is a significantly younger subclade, perhaps only 6,000 to 8,000 years old, with a probable origin in Siberia (Darenko 2007). It is found frequently among Northern Samoyedic peoples; also found at low to moderate frequency among some other Uralic peoples, Turkic peoples, Mongolic peoples, Tungusic peoples, and Siberian Yupiks.

Haplogroup N-P43 forms two distinctive subclusters of STR haplotypes, Asian and European, the latter mostly distributed in Uralic-speakers and related populations (Rootsi 2006).

N-M46

The mutations that define the subclade N-M46[Phylogenetics 5] are M46/Tat and P105. This is the most frequent subclade of N. It arose probably in the region of present day China, and subsequently experienced serial bottlenecks in Siberia and secondary expansions in eastern Europe (Rootsi 2006). Haplogroup N-M46 is approximately 14,000 years old.

In Siberia, haplogroup N-M46 reaches a maximum frequency of approximately 90% among the Yakuts, a Turkic people who live mainly in the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic. However, it is practically non-existent among many of the Yakuts' neighboring ethnic groups, such as Tungusic speakers. It also has been detected in 5.9% (3/51) of a sample of Hmong Daw from Laos (Cai 2011), 2.4% (2/85) of a sample from Seoul, South Korea (Katoh 2004), and in 1.4% (1/70) of a sample from Tokushima, Japan (Hammer 2005).

The haplogroup N-M46 has a low diversity among Yakuts suggestive of a population bottleneck or founder effect ( & Pakendorf 2002). This was confirmed by a study of ancient DNA which traced the origins of the male Yakut lineages to a small group of horse-riders from the Cis-Baikal area (Crubézy 2010).

N-M178

The subclade N-M178[Phylogenetics 6] is defined by the presence of markers M178 and P298. N-M178* has higher average frequency in Northern Europe than in Siberia, reaching frequencies of approximately 60% among Finns and approximately 40% among Latvians, Lithuanians & 35% among Estonians (Darenko 2007 and Lappalainen 2008).

Miroslava Derenko and her colleagues noted that there are two subclusters within this haplogroup, both present in Siberia and Northern Europe, with different histories. The one that they labelled N3a1 first expanded in south Siberia (approximately 10,000 years ago on their calculated by the Zhivotovsky method) and spread into Northern Europe where its age they calculated as around 8,000 years ago. Meanwhile, the younger subcluster, which they labelled N3a2, originated in south Siberia (probably in the Baikal region) approximately 4,000 years ago (Darenko 2007).

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic history

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) (α) (β) (γ) (δ) (ε) (ζ) (η) YCC 2002 (Longhand) YCC 2005 (Longhand) YCC 2008 (Longhand) YCC 2010r (Longhand) ISOGG 2006 ISOGG 2007 ISOGG 2008 ISOGG 2009 ISOGG 2010 ISOGG 2011 ISOGG 2012
N-LLY22g12VIII1U25Eu16H5FN*NN1N1-------
N-M12812VIII1U25Eu16H5FN1N1N1aN1a-------
N-P6312VIII1U25Eu16H5FN2N2aN1b1N1b1-------
N-TAT12VIII1I26Eu13H5FN3*N3N1cN1c-------
N-M17816VIII1I26Eu14H5FN3a*M178N1c1N1c1-------
N-P2116VIII1I26Eu14H5FN3a1N3a1N1c1aN1c1a-------

Original research publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.

Associated mutations (SNPs and UEPs)

B1/B3 The b2/b3 deletion in the AZFc region of the Y-chromosome. This deletion appears to have occurred independently on at least four different occasions. Therefore, this deletion should not be taken as a unique event polymorphism defining this branch of the Y-chromosome tree (ISOGG 2012).

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree (Karafet 2008) and subsequent published research.

See also

Genetics

Y-DNA N subclades

  • N-M231

Y-DNA backbone tree

Evolutionary tree of human Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups
MRC Y-ancestor
A00 A0'1'2'3'4
A0 A1'2'3'4
A1 A2'3'4
A2'3 A4=BCDEF
A2 A3 B CDEF
DE CF
D E C F
GHIJKLT
G HIJKLT
H IJKLT
IJ KLT (K)
I J LT(K1) K (K2)
L T MPS (K2b) X (K2a)
MS P NO
M S QR N O
Q R
  1. ↑ van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation 35 (2): 187–91. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID 24166809.

References

Footnotes

  1. ↑ In Karafet 2010, the "Southern Han" sample of Karafet and Hammer's research group is described as originating from Guangdong, and the "Northern Han" sample is described as originating from Shaanxi.

Work cited

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Shi H, Qi X, Zhong H, Peng Y, Zhang X, et al. (2013) Genetic Evidence of an East Asian Origin and Paleolithic Northward Migration of Y-chromosome Haplogroup N. PLoS ONE 8(6): e66102. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066102
  2. ↑ http://www.eupedia.com/forum/threads/28371-How-Old-Prussian-were-the-East-Prussian-Germans
  3. ↑
  4. ↑ Peter A. Underhill, Peidong Shen, Alice A. Lin et al., "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations," Nature Genetics • Volume 26 • November 2000
  5. ↑ Dulik 2012

Journals

Websites

Further reading

Phylogenetics

  1. ↑ The b2/b3 deletion in the AZFc region of the human Y-chromosome is a characteristic of Haplogroup N-M231 haplotypes. This deletion, however, appears to have occurred independently on four different occasions. Therefore this deletion should not be thought as a unique event polymorphism contributing to the definition of this branch of the Y-chromosome tree (ISOGG 2012).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 This table shows historic names for N-LLY22g from peer reviewed literature.
    YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) N-LLY22g
    Jobling and Tyler-Smith 200012
    Underhill 2000VIII
    Hammer 20011U
    Karafet 200125
    Semino 2000Eu16
    Su 1999H5
    Capelli 2001F
    YCC 2002 (Longhand)N*
    YCC 2005 (Longhand)N
    YCC 2008 (Longhand)N1
    YCC 2010r (Longhand)N1
  3. ↑ This table shows historic names for N-M128 from peer reviewed literature.
    YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) N-M128
    Jobling and Tyler-Smith 200012
    Underhill 2000VIII
    Hammer 20011U
    Karafet 200125
    Semino 2000Eu16
    Su 1999H5
    Capelli 2001F
    YCC 2002 (Longhand)N1
    YCC 2005 (Longhand)N1
    YCC 2008 (Longhand)N1a
    YCC 2010r (Longhand)N1a
  4. ↑ This branch is sometimes called N1b in early trees.
  5. ↑ This table shows historic names for N-M46 (AKA N-Tat) from peer reviewed literature.
    YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) N-M46/N-TAT
    Jobling and Tyler-Smith 200012
    Underhill 2000VIII
    Hammer 20011I
    Karafet 200126
    Semino 2000Eu13
    Su 1999H5
    Capelli 2001F
    YCC 2002 (Longhand)N3*
    YCC 2005 (Longhand)N3
    YCC 2008 (Longhand)N1c
    YCC 2010r (Longhand)N1c
  6. ↑ This table shows historic names for N-M178 from peer reviewed literature.
    YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) N-M178
    Jobling and Tyler-Smith 200016
    Underhill 2000VIII
    Hammer 20011I
    Karafet 200126
    Semino 2000Eu14
    Su 1999H5
    Capelli 2001F
    YCC 2002 (Longhand)N3a*
    YCC 2005 (Longhand)M178
    YCC 2008 (Longhand)N1c1
    YCC 2010r (Longhand)N1c1

External links