Haplogroup M-P256

Haplogroup M-P256
Possible time of origin	32,000-47,000 years BP (Scheinfeldt 2006)
Possible place of origin	Southeast Asia - Melanesia
Ancestor	MS-P397
Defining mutations	P256

In molecular evolution, a haplogroup (from the Greek: ἁπλούς, haploûs, "onefold, single, simple") is a group of similar haplotypes that share a common ancestor having the same single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mutation in all haplotypes. Haplogroup M-P256 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.

Origins

M-P256 is a descendant haplogroup of haplogroup MS, and is believed to have first appeared between 32,000 and 47,000 years ago (Scheinfeldt 2006).

Distribution

M-P256 is the most frequently occurring Y-chromosome haplogroup in Western New Guinea (Kayser 2003).

Subclade Distribution

M-M4

Haplogroup M-M4
Possible time of origin	8,200 [3,800–20,600] years BP (Kayser 2003)
Possible place of origin	Southeast Asia - Melanesia
Ancestor	M-P256
Defining mutations	M4, M5/P73, M106, M186, M189, M296, P35

Found frequently in New Guinea and Melanesia, with a moderate distribution in neighboring parts of Indonesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. Haplogroup M-M4^{[Phylogenetics 1]} was also found at 1.7% in the Hazara at Balkh, Mazar-e Sharif (Haber 2012).

• Una 100% (Kayser 2003)
• Ketengban 100% (Kayser 2003)
• Awyu 100% (Kayser 2003)
• Citak 86% (Kayser 2003)
• Asmat 75% (Kayser 2003)
• West New Guinea
  • West New Guinea lowlands/coast 77.5% (Kayser 2003)
  • West New Guinea highlands 74.5% (Kayser 2003)
• Papua New Guinea
  • Papua New Guinea coast 29% (Kayser 2003)
  • Papua New Guinea highlands 35.5% (Kayser 2003)
• Mappi 70% (Kayser 2003)
• Kombai/Korowai 46% (Kayser 2003)
• Tolai (New Britain) 31% (Kayser 2003)
• Trobriand Islands 30% (Kayser 2003)

• Moluccas 21% (Kayser 2003)

M-P34

M-P34^{[Phylogenetics 2]} is the most frequently occurring Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup in Western New Guinea. It is also found with moderate frequency in neighboring parts of Indonesia (Maluku, Nusa Tenggara) and throughout Papua New Guinea, including offshore islands (Karafet 2005 and Kayser 2008).

M-P87

M-P87(xM104/P22) has been found in approximately 18% (20/109) of a pool of samples from New Ireland, approximately 12% (5/43) of a sample of Lavongai from New Hanover, approximately 5% (19/395) of a pool of samples from New Britain (and, in particular, in about 24% (15/63) of Baining from East New Britain), in one Saposa individual from northern Bougainville, and in another individual from the north coast of Papua New Guinea (Scheinfeldt 2006).

M-P22

M-P22 (AKA M-M104)^{[Phylogenetics 3]} is found frequently in populations of the Bismarck Archipelago and Bougainville Island, with a moderate distribution in New Guinea, Fiji, Tonga, East Futuna, and Samoa (Kayser 2008 and Scheinfeldt 2006).

M-M353

Found at a low frequency in Fiji and East Futuna (Kayser 2006).

M-M177

M-M177 (AKA M-SRY9138)^{[Phylogenetics 4]} is found in one Nasioi individual from the eastern coast of Bougainville and in one individual from Malaita Province of the Solomon Islands (Cox 2006).

M-P117

Found frequently in populations of New Britain, and also observed occasionally in northern Bougainville, Fiji, and East Futuna (Kayser 2008 and Scheinfeldt 2006).

M-M16

Please expand this section on M-M16.^{[Phylogenetics 5]}

M-M83

Please expand this section on M-M83.^{[Phylogenetics 6]}

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic History

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand)	(α)	(β)	(γ)	(δ)	(ε)	(ζ)	(η)	YCC 2002 (Longhand)	YCC 2005 (Longhand)	YCC 2008 (Longhand)	YCC 2010r (Longhand)	ISOGG 2006	ISOGG 2007	ISOGG 2008	ISOGG 2009	ISOGG 2010	ISOGG 2011	ISOGG 2012
M-M4	24	VIII	1U	37	Eu16	H17	E	M*	M	M1	M1	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
M-P34	24	VIII	1U	37	Eu16	H17	E	M1	M1	M1a	M1a	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
M-P22/M-M104	24	VIII	1U	38	Eu16	H17	E	M2*	M2a	M1b1	M1b1	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
M-M16	24	VIII	1U	39	Eu16	H17	E	M2a	M2a1	M1b1a	M1b1a	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
M-M83	24	VIII	1U	38	Eu16	H17	E	M2b	M2a2	M1b1b	M1b1b	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
K-SRY9138/M-SRY9138	23	VIII	1E	25	Eu16	H5	F	K1	K1	M2a	M2a	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

Original Research Publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.

Discussion

The Karafet's 2008 paper introduced a number of changes, compared to the previous 2006 ISOGG tree. Before the discovery of the P256 marker, the current subgroup M-M4 (defined by the M4 marker) previously represented the whole of Haplogroup M-P256; and subgroups M2 and M3 were formerly classed as subgroups K1 and K7 of the parent Haplogroup K.

Phylogenetic Trees

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree (Karafet 2008) and subsequent published research.

• M-P256 (P256)
  • M-M4 (M4, M5/P73, M106, M186, M189, M296, P35)
    • M-P34 (P34)
      • M-P51 (P51)
      • M-P94 (P94)
    • M-P87 (P87)
      • M-M104 (M104/P22)
        • M-M16 (M16)
        • M-M83 (M83)
  • M-M353 (M353, M387)
    • M-M177 (SRY9138/M177)
  • M-P117 (P117, P118)

See also

Genetics

Y-DNA M Subclades

Y-DNA Backbone Tree

Evolutionary tree of human Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups
ISOGG Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015(1 February 2015)PDF[n 1]
	MRC Y-ancestor
		A00	A0'1'2'3'4
			A0	A1'2'3'4
				A1	A2'3'4
					A2'3	A4=BCDEF
				A2	A3		B		CDEF
										DE				CF
									D	E		C		F
														GHIJKLT
														G	HIJKLT
															H		IJKLT
																IJ			KLT (K)
															I	J		LT(K1)	K (K2)
																		L	T		MPS (K2b)	X (K2a)
																							MS			P		NO
																						M	S		QR		N	O
																											Q	R
Y-DNA by populations Famous Y-DNA haplotypes
↑ van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation 35 (2): 187–91. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID 24166809.

References

Footnotes

Works Cited

• Cox, Murray P.; Mirazón Lahr, Marta (2006). "Y-chromosome diversity is inversely associated with language affiliation in paired Austronesian- and Papuan-speaking communities from Solomon Islands". American Journal of Human Biology 18 (1): 35–50. doi:10.1002/ajhb.20459. PMID 16378340. 
• Haber, Marc; Platt, Daniel E.; Ashrafian Bonab, Maziar; Youhanna, Sonia C.; Soria-Hernanz, David F.; Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Douaihy, Bouchra; Ghassibe-Sabbagh, Michella; Rafatpanah, Hoshang (2012). Kayser, Manfred, ed. "Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events". PLoS ONE 7 (3): e34288. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034288. PMC 3314501. PMID 22470552. 
• Karafet, Tatiana M.; Lansing, J. S.; Redd, Alan J.; Watkins, Joseph C.; Surata, S. P. K.; Arthawiguna, W. A.; Mayer, Laura; Bamshad, Michael; Jorde, Lynn B. (2005). "Balinese Y-Chromosome Perspective on the Peopling of Indonesia: Genetic Contributions from Pre-Neolithic Hunter-Gatherers, Austronesian Farmers, and Indian Traders". Human Biology 77 (1): 93–114. doi:10.1353/hub.2005.0030. PMID 16114819. 
• Karafet, T. M.; Mendez, F. L.; Meilerman, M. B.; Underhill, P. A.; Zegura, S. L.; Hammer, M. F. (2008). "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree". Genome Research 18 (5): 830–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMC 2336805. PMID 18385274. 
• Kayser, Manfred; Brauer, Silke; Weiss, Gunter; Schiefenhövel, Wulf; Underhill, Peter; Shen, Peidong; Oefner, Peter; Tommaseo-Ponzetta, Mila; Stoneking, Mark (2003). "Reduced Y-Chromosome, but Not Mitochondrial DNA, Diversity in Human Populations from West New Guinea". The American Journal of Human Genetics 72 (2): 281–302. doi:10.1086/346065. PMC 379223. PMID 12532283. 
• Kayser, M.; Brauer, S; Cordaux, R; Casto, A; Lao, O; Zhivotovsky, LA; Moyse-Faurie, C; Rutledge, RB; Schiefenhoevel, W (2006). "Melanesian and Asian Origins of Polynesians: MtDNA and Y Chromosome Gradients Across the Pacific". Molecular Biology and Evolution 23 (11): 2234–44. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl093. PMID 16923821. 
• Kayser, M.; Choi, Y.; Van Oven, M.; Mona, S.; Brauer, S.; Trent, R. J.; Suarkia, D.; Schiefenhovel, W.; Stoneking, M. (2008). "The Impact of the Austronesian Expansion: Evidence from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Diversity in the Admiralty Islands of Melanesia". Molecular Biology and Evolution 25 (7): 1362–74. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn078. PMID 18390477. 
• Scheinfeldt, L.; Friedlaender, F; Friedlaender, J; Latham, K; Koki, G; Karafet, T; Hammer, M; Lorenz, J (2006). "Unexpected NRY Chromosome Variation in Northern Island Melanesia". Molecular Biology and Evolution 23 (8): 1628–41. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl028. PMID 16754639. 

Phylogenetics

External links

• Spread of Haplogroup M, from National Geographic