Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)

Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)
Possible time of origin	25,000-45,000 years BP
Possible place of origin	South Asia
Ancestor	HIJK
Defining mutations	M69
Highest frequencies	Romani people & populations of India

In human genetics, Haplogroup H (Y-DNA) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup.

This haplogroup is found at a high frequency in South Asia, particularly H-M69 and H-M52. Outside South Asia, the H-M82 subgroup is commonly found in the paternal lineage of Romani people.

Origins

It is a branch of Haplogroup HIJK, and is believed to have arisen in India between 30,000 and 40,000 years ago.^[1] Its probable site of introduction is India since it is concentrated there. It seems to represent the main Y-Chromosome haplogroup of the indigenous paleolithic inhabitants of India, because it is the most frequent Y-haplogroup of tribal populations (25-35%). H-M69 presence in upper castes is around 10%).^{[2] [3] [4]}

Distribution

South Asia

Haplogroup H-M69 is fairly common among populations of India, Sri Lanka , Nepal with small percentage in Pakistan and Afghanistan. Even though European Roma are attributed to Indian origin, Pakistan can not be discounted for their origin during historical times. Lower frequency in Pakistan can be attributed to historic demographic changes with in South Asia. The highest frequencies of H-M69 are in India, especially among Dravidians (33%).^[5] In Koya speakers (Dravidian tribes) has been found in 71%.^[6] All studied F * cases in the Indian subcontient have been shown to belong to a separate subclade of haplogroup H known as H3. H1+H2 is the brother clade of H3 , some old studies label H2 (once called F3) as H* this is not the same clade as the newly discovered clade and is closer to H1 . The numbers below are likely to be underestimates.

In India, Haplogroup H-M69 has been found in 27.2% (110/405) of a sample of unspecified ethnic composition from southern India.^[7][8] Another study has found haplogroup H-M69 in 26.4% (192/728) of an ethnically diverse pool of samples from various regions of India.^[3]

In Sri Lanka, Haplogroup H-M69 has been found in 25.3% (23/91) of a sample of unspecified ethnic composition^[7][8] and in 10.3% (4/39) of a sample of Sinhalese.^[6]

In Nepal, one study has found Haplogroup H-M69 in approximately 12% of a sample of males from the general population of Kathmandu(including 4/77 H-M82, 4/77 H-M52(xM82), and 1/77 H-M69(xM52, APT)) and in 6% of a sample of Newars (4/66 H-M82).^[9]

In Pakistan, Haplogroup H-M52 has been found in 4.1% Burusho, 20.5% Kalash, 4.2% Pashtun, and 2.5% other Pakistanis.^[10] Another study has found haplogroup H-M69 in approximately 8% (3/38) of a sample of Burusho (also known as Hunza), including 5% (2/38) H-M82(xM36, M97, M39/M138) and 3% (1/38) H-M36.^[11] Due to the small percentage by which the haplogroup is found, modern-day Pakistanis may not necessarily be genetically related to modern-day Indians. This conclusion sound not realistic based on this group alone as Indians and Pakistanis share lot of other groups like R1a,R2,J2 and L ^[11]

In Afghanistan, it has been found in 6.1% Pashtun.^[12]

Romani people

Haplogroup H-M82 is a major lineage cluster in the Balkan Romani group, accounting for approximately 60% of the total.^[13] A 2-bp deletion at M82 locus defining this haplogroup was also reported in one-third of males from traditional Romani populations living in Bulgaria, Spain, and Lithuania (Gresham et al. 2001). High prevalence of Asian-specific Y chromosome haplogroup H-M82 supports their Indian origin and a hypothesis of a small number of founders diverging from a single ethnic group in India (Gresham et al. 2001).

Central Asia and the Middle East

Haplogroup H-M69 has been found very rarely outside of the Indian subcontinent and the Romani populations, including approximately 12.5% (2 out of 16 individuals) H-M52 in a sample of Tajiks from Dushanbe,^[14] 6% (1/17) H-M52 in a sample of Turks from Turkmenistan,^[14] 5% (1/20) H-M69 in a sample of Syrians,^[15] 4% (2/45) H-M52 in a sample of Uzbeks from Samarkand,^[14] 4% (2/53) H-M52 in a sample of Iranians from Samarkand,^[14] 3% (2/70) H-M52 in a sample of Uzbeks from Khorezm,^[14] 3% (1/38) H-M82 in a sample of Balkarians,^[16] 2.6% (3/117) H-M82 in a sample from southern Iran,^[17] 2% (1/41) H-M52 in a sample of Uyghurs from Kazakhstan,^[14] 1% (1/92 H-M82)^[16] to 2% (1/50 H-M69)^[15] of Ukrainians, 2% (1/56) H-M52 in a sample of Uzbeks from Bukhara,^[14] 2% (1/57) H-M82 in a sample of Macedonian Greeks,^[16] 2% (1/63) H-M52 in a sample of Uzbeks from the Fergana Valley,^[14] 0.9% (1/113) H-M82 in a sample of Serbians,^[13] 0.6% (3/523) H-M370 in a sample of Turks,^[18] and 0.5% (1/201) H-M52 in a sample of Somali immigrants to Denmark.^[19]

In the Arabian Peninsula, Haplogroup H-M69 has been found in 4.3% (7/164) of males from the United Arab Emirates (including 4/164 = 2.4% H-M69(xM52,Apt) and 3/164 = 1.8% H-M82),^[20] approximately 2% of males from Oman,^[21] 1.9% (3/157) of males from Saudi Arabia (including 2/157 = 1.3% H-M69(xM52) and 1/157 = 0.6% H-M82),^[22] and 1.4% (1/72 H-M82) of males from Qatar.^[20]

The subclade H-APT has been found in 1.3% (1/77) of a sample of Greeks.^[10]

East and Southeast Asia

At the easternmost extent of its distribution, Haplogroup H-M69 has been found in Thais from northern Thailand (1/17 = 5.9% H-M69),^[23] Balinese (19/551 = 3.45% H-M69),^[8] Tibetans (3/156 = 1.9% H-M69(xM52, APT)),^[9] Bamars from Myanmar (1/59 = 1.7% H-M82, with the relevant individual having been sampled in Bago Region),^[24] Chams from Binh Thuan, Vietnam (1/59 = 1.7% H-M69),^[23] and Mongolians (1/149 = 0.7% H-M69).^[7] The subclade H-M39/M138 has been observed in the vicinity of Cambodia, including one instance in a sample of six Cambodians^[3] and one instance in a sample of 18 individuals from Cambodia and Laos.^[11]

Haplogroup H P96

The H-P96 lineage is defined by seven SNPs. They are P96, M282, L279, L281, L284, L285, and L286. H-P96 defines the H-P96 subclade. . There is somewhat of a concentration of F-P96 in France, Switzerland, Germany and the Netherlands. But it is also found in Armenians, Iran, and India.

Subclades

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the ISOGG Y-DNA Haplogroup H and its Subclades tree - 2014.^[25]

• H-M3035
  • H-M69 (H1) (M69, M370)
    • H-M52 (H1a) (M52)
      • H-M82 (H1a1) (M82)
        • H-M36 (H1a1a1) (M36, M197)
        • H-M97 (H1ab) (M97)
        • H-M39 (H1a1c) (M39, M138)
    • H-APT (H1b1) (APT)
      • H-P80 (H1b1a) (P80, P314)
      • H-P266 (H1b1b) (P266)
    • H-P254 (H1c) (P254)
  • H-M282 (H2) (P96)(formerly known as haplogroup F3, now recognized as H2^[26])

Distribution of H-M82 (H1a1)

The following gives a summary of most of the studies which specifically tested for M82, showing its distribution in different part of the world.^[27]

See also

References

External links

• Spread of Haplogroup H, from National Geographic
• The India Genealogical Project