Haplogroup F (mtDNA)

Haplogroup F
Possible time of origin 43,400 YBP[1]
Possible place of origin Asia
Ancestor R9
Descendants F1, F2, F3, F4
Defining mutations 249d, 6392, 10310[2]

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup F is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup typical for the Far East.

Haplogroup F is centered in Asia and appears throughout East Asia and Southeast Asia. It is not found in the Americas.[3] It is a descendant haplogroup of Haplogroup R.

Distribution

Fairly common in East Asia and Southeast Asia.[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] High frequencies occur in Lahu from Yunnan (33% - 77%, average 52%), Nicobar Islands (50%), Shors from Kemerovo Oblast of Siberia (41%), and Arunachal Pradesh, India (31%).[19] There is also an important frequency in Taiwanese aborigines, Khakas, Kets, Han Chinese (and, thus, nearly all of China), Lombok, Sumba, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its distribution extends with low frequency to the Tharu of southern Nepal and the Bashkirs of the southern Urals.[20][21][22]

Table of Frequencies of MtDNA Haplogroup F

Population Frequency Count Source Subtypes
Lahu (Lancang, Yunnan)0.77135Wen 2004F1a=18, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=9
Senoi (Malaysia)0.44252Hill 2006F1a1a=23
Tujia (Yongshun, Hunan)0.43330Wen 2004F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=6, F1a=4, F1c=2, F1b=1
Shor (Kemerovo)0.41582Derenko 2007F1=33, F2a=1
Lahu (Simao, Yunnan)0.34432Wen 2004F1a=10, F2a=1
Lahu (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.33315Wen 2004F1a=3, F1b=1, F1c=1
Pan Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)0.31332Wen 2005F3=2, F1b=2, F1a1a=2, F1a1(xF1a1a)=2, F1a(xF1a1)=1, F1c=1
Yi (Hezhang County, Guizhou)0.30020Li 2007F1b=4, F1a=2
Lingao (Hainan)0.29031Peng 2011F(xF1, F2, F3, F4)=2, F2=2, F1(xF1a)=1, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F1a1a=1, F3=1, F4=1
Lowland Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)0.28642Wen 2005F2a=4, F1a1(xF1a1a)=2, F1a(xF1a1)=2, F1b=1, F1c=1, F1(xF1a, F1b, F1c)=1, F3=1
Xiban Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)0.27311Wen 2005F1b=1, F1a(xF1a1)=1, F(xF1, F2a, F3)=1
Lanten Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)0.26926Wen 2005F1a(xF1a1)=5, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F(xF1, F2a, F3)=1
Bai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.26319Wen 2004F1a=2, F1b=2, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=1
Huatou Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)0.26319Wen 2005F1a1a=2, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F1a(xF1a1)=1, F(xF1, F2a, F3)=1
Vietnamese0.26242Jin 2009F1a=10, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2)=1
Taiwan (aborigines)0.253640Peng 2011F4=72, F3=54, F1a1(xF1a1a)=21, F1a(xF1a1)=14, F2=1
Bai (Dali, Yunnan)0.25068Wen 2004F1a=6, F1c=4, F2a=4, F1b=2, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=1
Indonesian (Mataram, Lombok)0.25044Hill 2007F1a1a=4, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=4, F1a3=1, F1a4=1, F(xF1a, F1b, F2, F3a, F3b, F4)=1
Uyghur (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.25016Comas 2004F=4
Yi (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.25016Wen 2004F1b=2, F1a=1, F2a=1
Khakassian (Khakassia)0.24657Derenko 2007F1=11, F2a=3
Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan)0.24445Wen 2004F1a=8, F1b=2, F2a=1
Bunu (Dahua & Tianlin, Guangxi)0.24025Wen 2005F1b=2, F(xF1, F2a, F3)=1, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F1a1a=1, F3=1
Ket0.23738Starikovskaya 2005F=9
Han (Beijing)0.22540Jin 2009F1a=4, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2)=3, F1b=2
Taiwanese (Taipei, Taiwan)0.22091Umetsu 2005F=20
Han (Southwest China; pool of 44 Sichuan, 34 Chongqing, 33 Yunnan, & 26 Guizhou)0.219137Ji 2012F1a=15, F2=8, F3=7
Hani (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.21233Wen 2004F1a=6, F1b=1
Tibetan (Shigatse, Tibet)0.20729Ji 2012F1a=5, F1b=1
Tujia (Yanhe County, Guizhou)0.20729Li 2007F1a=2, F1c=1, F2a3=1, F2b=1, F(xF1, F2)=1
Bapai Yao (Liannan, Guangdong)0.20035Wen 2005F1b=3, F3=2, F1a1a=1, F1a(xF1a1)=1
Indonesian (Waingapu, Sumba)0.20050Hill 2007F1a4=3, F1a3=2, F1a1a=2, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=1, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F3b=1
Manchurian0.20040Jin 2009F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2)=3, F1a=2, F1b=2, F1c=1
Thai0.20040Jin 2009F1b=8
Li (Hainan)0.197346Peng 2011F1a1(xF1a1a)=30, F2=20, F1(xF1a)=4, F1a(xF1a1)=4, F1a1a=3, F3=3, F4=3, F(xF1, F2, F3, F4)=1
Han (Xinjiang)0.19147Yao 2004F1a=2, F3=2, F1b=1, F1c=1, F2a2=1, F2a3=1, F4=1
Thailand0.190105Kaewsutthi 2011F1=18, F(xF1)=2
Lisu (Gongshan, Yunnan)0.18937Wen 2004F2a=4, F1b=2, F1a=1
Han (southern California)0.187390Ji 2012F=73
Oirat Mongol (Xinjiang)0.18449Yao 2004F2(xF2a2, F2a3, F2b)=3, F1b=3, F1a=2, F2b=1
Dong (Tianzhu County, Guizhou)0.17928Li 2007F1a=4, F1b=1
Han (Taiwan)0.1751117Ji 2012F=196
CHB (Han from Beijing Normal University)0.174121Zheng 2011F=21
Jino (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.16718Wen 2004F1a=2, F1b=1
Nu (Gongshan, Yunnan)0.16730Wen 2004F2a=5
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)0.16131Li 2007F1a=3, F1(xF1a, F1b, F1c)=1, F(xF1, F2)=1
CHD (Han from Denver)0.15173Zheng 2011F=11
Filipino (Palawan)0.15020Scholes 2011F3b2=3
Indonesian (52 Pekanbaru, 42 Medan, 34 Bangka, 28 Palembang, & 24 Padang)0.150180Hill 2007F1a1a=9, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=8, F1a5=3, F4=3, F1a3=2, F1a4=2
Kyrgyz (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.15020Comas 2004F=3
Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan)0.15040Wen 2004F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=2, F1a=2, F1b=2
Mongolian (Ulan Bator)0.14947Jin 2009F1a=3, F1b=3, F2a=1
Borneo (89 Banjarmasin & 68 Kota Kinabalu)0.146157Hill 2007F3b=9, F(xF1a, F1b, F2, F3a, F3b, F4)=4, F1a3=3, F1a4=3, F1a1(xF1a1a)=2, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=1, F1a1a=1
Indonesian (Bali)0.14682Hill 2007F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=5, F1a1(xF1a1a)=4, F1a1a=2, F(xF1a, F1b, F2, F3a, F3b, F4)=1
Hmong (Jishou, Hunan)0.146103Wen 2005F1a1(xF1a1a)=4, F1a1a=3, F(xF1, F2a, F3)=3, F1a(xF1a1)=2, F1b=2, F3=1
Aini (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.14050Wen 2004F1a=6, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=1
Indonesian (Ambon)0.14043Hill 2007F1a3=3, F1a4=2, F1a1a=1
Cun (Hainan)0.13330Peng 2011F4=3, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1
Hui (Xinjiang)0.13345Yao 2004F1b=2, F1c=2, F1a=1, F2a3=1
Batak (Palawan)0.12931Scholes 2011F1a3=3, F3b2=1
Yi (Luxi, Yunnan)0.12931Wen 2004F1b=3, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=1
Guoshan Yao (Jianghua, Hunan)0.12524Wen 2005F1a(xF1a1)=1, F1b=1, F3=1
Tu Yao (Hezhou, Guangxi)0.12241Wen 2005F1a1a=4, F1a(xF1a1)=1
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)0.118102Liu 2011F1a(xF1a1)=4, F1b=3, F2(xF2a, F2b)=2, F3a=2, F3(xF3a)=1
Tibetan (Nagchu, Tibet)0.11435Ji 2012F=4
Tibetan (Lhasa, Tibet)0.11444Ji 2012F1a=2, F2=2, F1b=1
Filipino (Luzon)0.113177Tabbada 2010F1a3=6, F1a4=6, F3b=5, F4b=2, F1a1a=1
Indonesian (Alor)0.11145Hill 2007F1a4=3, F1a1a=1, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=1
Indonesian (Sulawesi, incl. 89 Manado, 64 Toraja, 46 Ujung Padang, & 38 Palu)0.110237Hill 2007F1a4=12, F1a3=4, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=4, F1a1a=3, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F1a5=1, F1b=1
Tujia (western Hunan)0.10964Wen 2004F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=2, F1a=2, F1b=2, F1c=1
Cham (Bình Thuận, Vietnam)0.107168Peng 2010F1a1a=10, F1(xF1a)=3, F1a(xF1a1)=3, F1a1(xF1a1a)=2
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet)0.10519Ji 2012F=2
Dingban Yao (Mengla, Yunnan)0.10010Wen 2005F1a(xF1a1)=1
Filipino (Visayas)0.098112Tabbada 2010F1a4=7, F1a3=3, F3b=1
Korean (South Korea)0.097185Jin 2009F1a=8, F1b=8, F2(xF2a)=2
Korean (Seoul National University Hospital)0.096633Fuku 2007F=61
Filipino0.09464Tabbada 2010F1a3=3, F1a4=3
Mien (Shangsi, Guangxi)0.09432Wen 2005F1a1(xF1a1a)=2, F1a1a=1
Tibetan (Tibet)0.093216Ji 2012F1a=13, F1b=4, F2=3
CHS (Han from Hunan & Fujian)0.09155Zheng 2011F=5
Buryat0.087126Kong 2003F1b=6, F1a=3, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=2
Tofalar0.08746Starikovskaya 2005F1b=4
Uzbek (Xinjiang)0.08658Yao 2004F2a3=2, F4=2, F1b=1
Tuvinian (Tuva)0.086105Derenko 2007F1=8, F2a=1
Japanese (Tōhoku)0.083336Umetsu 2005F=28
Mongol (New Barag Left Banner)0.08348Kong 2003F1a=2, F1c=1, F2a=1
Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan)0.08336Wen 2004F2a=2, F1b=1
Tibetan (Diqing, Yunnan)0.08324Wen 2004F1a=1, F1b=1
Korean (northern China)0.07851Jin 2009F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2)=1, F1a=1, F1b=1, F1c=1
JPT (Japanese from Tokyo)0.076118Zheng 2011F=9
Kazakh (Xinjiang)0.07553Yao 2004F1b=3, F2(xF2a2, F2a3, F2b)=1
Chinese (Shenyang, Liaoning)0.075160Umetsu 2005F=12
Danga (Hainan)0.07540Peng 2011F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F2=1, F3=1
Japanese (northern Kyūshū)0.074256Umetsu 2005F=19
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet)0.07454Ji 2012F1a=2, F1b=2
Uyghur0.07355Yao 2004F1b=2, F1a=1, F1c=1
Filipino (Mindanao)0.07170Tabbada 2010F3b=2, F1a4=2, F1a3=1
Korean (Seoul & Daejeon, South Korea)0.069261Kim 2008F1=12, F(xF1)=6
Tibetan (Chamdo, Tibet)0.06929Ji 2012F1a=2
Semelai (Malaysia)0.06661Hill 2006F1a1a=4
Japanese (Hokkaidō)0.065217Asari 2007F=14
Wuzhou Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)0.06531Wen 2005F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F3=1
Korean (South Korea)0.064203Umetsu 2005F=13
Mongolian (Ulan Bator)0.06447Derenko 2007F1=3
Uyghur (Xinjiang)0.06447Yao 2004F1b=2, F1a=1
Bashkir (Beloretsky, Sterlibashevsky, Ilishevsky, & Perm)0.063221Bermisheva 2002F=14
Dungan (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.06316Comas 2004F=1
Japanese (Miyazaki)0.060100Uchiyama 2007F1b=3, F1a=2, F2a=1
Tharu (Chitwan, Nepal)0.060133Fornarino 2009F1c=7, F1(xF1c, F1d)=1
Japanese (Gifu)0.0591617Fuku 2007F=96
Japanese (Tōkai)0.057282Umetsu 2005F=16
Teleut (Kemerovo)0.05753Derenko 2007F1=3
Altai Kizhi0.05690Derenko 2007F1=3, F2a=2
Kalmyk (Kalmykia)0.055110Derenko 2007F1=6
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet)0.05555Ji 2012F1a=2, F2=1
Tibetan (Qinghai)0.05456Wen 2004F1c=2, F1a=1
Japanese0.052211Maruyama 2003F1b=9, F1a=2
Hmong (Wenshan, Yunnan)0.05139Wen 2005F1b=1, F3=1
Kazakh (Kosh-Agach, Altai Republic)0.05198Derenko 2012F1=5
Karakalpak (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.05020Comas 2004F=1
Tharu (Morang, Nepal)0.05040Fornarino 2009F1c=1, F1d=1
Turkmen (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.05020Comas 2004F=1
Korean (South Korea)0.049103Derenko 2007F1=5
Oroqen (Oroqen Autonomous Banner)0.04544Kong 2003F1b=2
Yakut0.043117Kong 2003F2a=3, F1b=2
Tuvan0.04295Starikovskaya 2005F(xF1b)=3, F1b=1
Kyrgyz (Talas)0.04248Yao 2004F1a=1, F1b=1
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet)0.04224Ji 2012F=1
Khamnigan (Buryatia)0.04099Derenko 2007F1=4
Iu Mien (Mengla, Yunnan)0.03727Wen 2005F(xF1, F2a, F3)=1
Kazakh0.03655Yao 2004F1b=2
Barghut (Hulunbuir)0.034149Derenko 2012F1=4, F2=1
Buryat (Buryatia)0.031295Derenko 2007F1=7, F2a=2
Tibetan (Zhongdian, Yunnan)0.02935Wen 2004F2a=1
Kim Mun (Malipo, Yunnan)0.02540Wen 2005F1a1(xF1a1a)=1
Uzbek (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.02540Comas 2004F=1
Okinawa0.025326Umetsu 2005F=8
Evenk (New Barag Left Banner)0.02147Kong 2003F1c=1
Ainu0.02051Sato 2009F1b=1
Evenk (53 Stony Tunguska basin & 18 Tugur-Chumikan)0.01471Starikovskaya 2005F1b=1
Telenghit (Altai Republic)0.01471Derenko 2007F1=1
Tubalar0.01472Starikovskaya 2005F1b=1
Evenk (Krasnoyarsk)0.01473Derenko 2007F1=1
Ulchi (Old & New Bulava, Ulchsky, Khabarovsk)0.01187Starikovskaya 2005F(xF1b)=1
Mansi0.01098Starikovskaya 2005F=1
Khanty0.009106Pimenoff 2008F1=1
Chukchi (Anadyr)0.00015Derenko 2007 -
Bukharan Arab (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00020Comas 2004 -
Crimean Tatar (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00020Comas 2004 -
Iranian (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00020Comas 2004 -
Kazakh (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00020Comas 2004 -
Tajik (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00020Comas 2004 -
Hindu (Chitwan, Nepal)0.00024Fornarino 2009 -
Nganasan0.00024Starikovskaya 2005 -
Buryat (Kushun, Nizhneudinsk, Irkutsk Oblast)0.00025Starikovskaya 2005 -
Kurd (northwestern Iran)0.00025Derenko 2007 -
Andhra Pradesh (tribal)0.00029Fornarino 2009 -
Batek (Malaysia)0.00029Hill 2006 -
Mendriq (Malaysia)0.00032Hill 2006 -
Negidal0.00033Starikovskaya 2005 -
Temuan (Malaysia)0.00033Hill 2006 -
Yakut (Yakutia)0.00036Derenko 2007 -
Tibetan (Deqin, Yunnan)0.00040Wen 2004 -
Tajik (Tajikistan)0.00044Derenko 2007 -
Daur (Evenk Autonomous Banner)0.00045Kong 2003 -
Evenk (Buryatia)0.00045Derenko 2007 -
Udege (Gvasiugi, Imeni Lazo, Khabarovsk)0.00046Starikovskaya 2005 -
Itelmen0.00047Starikovskaya 2005 -
Kyrgyz (Sary-Tash)0.00047Yao 2004 -
Korean (Arun Banner)0.00048Kong 2003 -
Jahai (Malaysia)0.00051Hill 2006 -
Nivkh (northern Sakhalin)0.00056Starikovskaya 2005 -
Mansi0.00063Pimenoff 2008 -
Chukchi0.00066Starikovskaya 2006 -
Siberian Eskimo0.00079Starikovskaya 2005 -
Persian (eastern Iran)0.00082Derenko 2007 -
Koryak0.000155Starikovskaya 2005 -

Subclades

F1a clearly predominates among the representatives of haplogroup F in Southeast Asia, but subclades of this haplogroup have been found in populations as far north as the Buryats of Siberia.

F1b tends to become more frequent as a fraction of total F in populations of the northern parts of East Asia and Central Asia, such as Mongols, Kazakhs, Uyghurs, and Japanese, but it is most frequent as a fraction of the total population in areas inhabited by Tai peoples, such as Thailand, Guangxi, and southern Yunnan. It is also notably frequent among the Yi people. There are odd exclaves of F1b in Gaininsk Bashkirs of Perm Oblast and Croats of Hvar Island.[20][23]

F2 has been found mainly in the form of F2a, which has been observed in more than 10% of a couple samples of Nu and Lisu from Gongshan, Yunnan.[9] F2 has been found with frequencies exceeding 5% in several other populations of Southwest China, Guangxi, and Hainan, including the Han majority population. Outside of southwestern China, F2 has been found with frequency greater than 5% in a sample of Oirat Mongols from Xinjiang and a sample of Khakas from Khakassia, with the former population boasting particularly high diversity within this clade.

F3 is especially common among Austronesian peoples of Taiwan and the Malay Archipelago, but it also has been found in many populations of Southwest China and South-Central China, and in a sample of Hans from Xinjiang.

F4 has been found mainly in aboriginal populations of Taiwan and Hainan, with some representatives among samples of Filipinos from Luzon, Indonesians from Sumatra, and Hans and Uzbeks from Xinjiang.

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup F subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[2] and subsequent published research.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Soares, P; Ermini, L; Thomson, N; Mormina, M; Rito, T; Röhl, A; Salas, A; Oppenheimer, S; MacAulay, V (2009). "Correcting for Purifying Selection: An Improved Human Mitochondrial Molecular Clock". American Journal of Human Genetics 84 (6): 740–59. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.05.001. PMC 2694979. PMID 19500773.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 van Oven, Mannis; Manfred Kayser (13 Oct 2008). "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation". Human Mutation 30 (2): E386–E394. doi:10.1002/humu.20921. PMID 18853457. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
  3. ↑ Haplogroup F.
  4. ↑ David Comas, Stephanie Plaza, R. Spencer Wells et al., "Admixture, migrations, and dispersals in Central Asia: evidence from maternal DNA lineages", European Journal of Human Genetics (2004) 12, 495–504. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201160
  5. ↑ Starikovskaya, E. B., Sukernik, R. I., Derbeneva, O. A., Volodko, N. V., Ruiz-Pesini, E., Torroni, A., Brown, M. D., Lott, M. T., Hosseini, S. H., Huoponen, K. and Wallace, D. C. (2005), "Mitochondrial DNA Diversity in Indigenous Populations of the Southern Extent of Siberia, and the Origins of Native American Haplogroups." Annals of Human Genetics, 69: 67–89. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00127.x
  6. ↑ Catherine Hill, Pedro Soares, Maru Mormina et al., "Phylogeography and Ethnogenesis of Aboriginal Southeast Asians", Mol. Biol. Evol. 23(12) 2480–2491. (2006) doi:10.1093/molbev/msl124 PMID 16982817
  7. ↑ Catherine Hill, Pedro Soares, Maru Mormina et al., "A Mitochondrial Stratigraphy for Island Southeast Asia", Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2007;80:29–43.
  8. ↑ Asari M et al., "Utility of haplogroup determination for forensic mtDNA analysis in the Japanese population", Leg Med (2007), doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2007.01.007
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Bo Wen, Xuanhua Xie, Song Gao et al., "Analyses of Genetic Structure of Tibeto-Burman Populations Reveals Sex-Biased Admixture in Southern Tibeto-Burmans", Am. J. Hum. Genet. 74:856–865 (2004)
  10. ↑ Bo Wen, Hui Li, Song Gao et al., "Genetic Structure of Hmong-Mien Speaking Populations in East Asia as Revealed by mtDNA Lineages", Mol. Biol. Evol. 22(3) 725–734. (2005) doi:10.1093/molbev/msi055
  11. ↑ Derenko M, Malyarchuk B, Denisova G, Perkova M, Rogalla U, et al. (2012), "Complete Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of Eastern Eurasian Haplogroups Rarely Found in Populations of Northern Asia and Eastern Europe." PLoS ONE 7(2) e32179. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032179
  12. ↑ Sayaka Maruyama, Kiyoshi Minaguchi, and Naruya Saitou, "Sequence polymorphisms of the mitochondrial DNA control region and phylogenetic analysis of mtDNA lineages in the Japanese population", Int J Legal Med (2003) 117 : 218–225 doi:10.1007/s00414-003-0379-2
  13. ↑ Supannee Kaewsutthi, Nopasak Phasukkijwatana, Yutthana Joyjinda et al., "Mitochondrial Haplogroup Background May Influence Southeast Asian G11778A Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy", Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, June 2011, Vol. 52, No. 7
  14. ↑ Min-Sheng Peng, Huy Ho Quang, Khoa Pham Dang et al., "Tracing the Austronesian Footprint in Mainland Southeast Asia: A Perspective from Mitochondrial DNA", Mol. Biol. Evol. 27(10) 2417–2430. 2010 doi:10.1093/molbev/msq131
  15. ↑ Noriyuki Fuku, Kyong Soo Park, Yoshiji Yamada et al., "Mitochondrial Haplogroup N9a Confers Resistance against Type 2 Diabetes in Asians", Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2007; 80:407–415. doi:10.1086/512202
  16. ↑ Kim W, Yoo T-K, Shin D-J, Rho H-W, Jin H-J, et al. (2008) "Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroup Analysis Reveals no Association between the Common Genetic Lineages and Prostate Cancer in the Korean Population." PLoS ONE 3(5) e2211. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002211
  17. ↑ Taketo Uchiyama, Rinnosuke Hisazumi, Kenshi Shimizu et al., "Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation and Phylogenetic Analysis in Japanese Individuals from Miyazaki Prefecture", Japanese Journal of Forensic Science and Technology 01/2007; 12(1) 83-96. doi:10.3408/jafst.12.83
  18. ↑ Kristina A. Tabbada, Jean Trejaut, Jun-Hun Loo et al., "Philippine Mitochondrial DNA Diversity: A Populated Viaduct between Taiwan and Indonesia?", Mol. Biol. Evol. 27(1) 21–31. (2010) doi:10.1093/molbev/msp215 PMID 19755666
  19. ↑ Derenko, Miroslava 2007 Phylogeographic Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA in Northern Asian Populations The American Journal of Human Genetics 81, 5, Nov 07, 1025–1041
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 M. A. Bermisheva, K. Tambets, R. Villems, and E. K. Khusnutdinova, "Diversity of Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups in Ethnic Populations of the Volga–Ural Region", Molecular Biology, Vol. 36, No. 6, 2002, pp. 802–812. Translated from Molekulyarnaya Biologiya, Vol. 36, No. 6, 2002, pp. 990–1001.
  21. ↑ Simona Fornarino, Maria Pala, Vincenza Battaglia et al., "Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2009, 9:154 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-154 PMID 19573232
  22. ↑ Ville N Pimenoff, David Comas, Jukka U Palo et al., "Northwest Siberian Khanty and Mansi in the junction of West and East Eurasian gene pools as revealed by uniparental markers", European Journal of Human Genetics (2008) 16, 1254–1264; doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.101
  23. ↑ Helle-Viivi Tolk, Lovorka Barac, Marijana Pericic et al., "The evidence of mtDNA haplogroup F in a European population and its ethnohistoric implications", European Journal of Human Genetics (2001) 9, 717–723.

External links

Evolutionary tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups

  Mitochondrial Eve (L)    
L0 L1–6
L1 L2 L3   L4 L5 L6
  M   N  
CZ D E G Q   O A S   R   I W X Y
C Z B F R0   pre-JT P  U
HV JT K
H V J T