Hansen solubility parameter

Hansen Solubility Parameters were developed by Charles M. Hansen in his Ph.D thesis in 1967^[1] as a way of predicting if one material will dissolve in another and form a solution.^[2] They are based on the idea that like dissolves like where one molecule is defined as being 'like' another if it bonds to itself in a similar way.

Specifically, each molecule is given three Hansen parameters, each generally measured in MPa^0.5:

$\ \delta_{d}$ The energy from dispersion forces between molecules
$\ \delta_{p}$ The energy from dipolar intermolecular force between molecules
$\ \delta_{h}$ The energy from hydrogen bonds between molecules.

These three parameters can be treated as co-ordinates for a point in three dimensions also known as the Hansen space. The nearer two molecules are in this three-dimensional space, the more likely they are to dissolve into each other. To determine if the parameters of two molecules (usually a solvent and a polymer) are within range a value called interaction radius (R₀) is given to the substance being dissolved. This value determines the radius of the sphere in Hansen space and its center is the three Hansen parameters. To calculate the distance (Ra) between Hansen parameters in Hansen space the following formula is used:

     $\ (Ra)^2=4(\delta_{d2}-\delta_{d1})^2+(\delta_{p2}-\delta_{p1})^2+(\delta_{h2}-\delta_{h1})^2$

Combining this with the interaction radius gives the relative energy difference (RED) of the system:

     $\ RED=Ra/R_{0}$

RED < 1 the molecules are alike and will dissolve
RED = 1 the system will partially dissolve
RED > 1 the system will not dissolve

Uses

Historically Hansen Solubility Parameters (HSP) have been used in industries such as paints and coatings where understanding and controlling solvent/polymer interactions was vital. Over the years their use has been extended widely to applications such as:

Environmental Stress Cracking of polymers
Controlled dispersion of pigments, such as carbon black
Understanding of solubility/dispersion properties of carbon nanotubes, buckyballs and quantum dots
Adhesion to polymers
Permeation of solvents and chemicals through plastics to understand issues such as glove safety, food packaging barrier properties and skin permeation
Diffusion of solvents into polymers via understanding of surface concentration based on RED number
Cytotoxicity via interaction with DNA ^[3]
Artificial noses (where response depends on polymer solubility of the test odor) ^[4]
Safer/cheaper/faster solvent blends where an undesirable solvent can be rationally replaced by a mix of more desirable solvents whose combined HSP equals the HSP of the original solvent.

Theoretical Context

HSP have been criticized for lacking the formal theoretical derivation of Hildebrand solubility parameters. One should remember that all practical correlations of phase equilibrium involve certain assumptions that may or may not apply to a given system. In particular, all solubility parameter based theories have a fundamental limitation that they apply only to associated solutions (i.e., they can only predict positive deviations from Raoult's law): they cannot account for negative deviations from Raoult's law that result from effects such as solvation (often important in water soluble polymers) or the formation of electron donor acceptor complexes. Like any simple predictive theory, HSP are best used for screening with data used to validate the predictions. Hansen parameters have been used to estimate Flory-Huggins Chi parameters, often with reasonable accuracy.

The factor of 4 in front of the Dispersion term in the calculation of Ra has been the subject of debate. There is some theoretical basis for the factor of four (see Ch 2 of Ref 1 and also.^[5] However there are clearly systems (e.g. Bottino et al., "Solubility parameters of poly(vinylidene fluoride)" J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polymer Physics 26(4), 785-79, 1988) where the regions of solubility are far more eccentric than predicted by the standard Hansen theory.

HSP effects can be over-ridden by size effects (small molecules such as methanol can give "anomalous results").

It has been shown that it is possible to calculate HSP via molecular dynamics techniques,^[6] though currently the Polar and Hydrogen Bonding parameters cannot reliably be partitioned in a manner that is compatible with Hansen's values.

Limitations

The following limitations were acknowledged by Charles Hansen:

The parameters will vary with temperature
The parameters are an approximation. Bonding between molecules is more subtle than the three parameters suggest. Molecular shape is relevant. As are other types of bonding such as induced dipole, metallic and electrostatic interactions.
The size of the molecules also plays a significant role in whether two molecules actually dissolve in a given period
The parameters are hard to measure
Recent work by Abbott and Hansen ^[7] has helped address some of the above issues. Temperature variations can be calculated, the role of molar volume ("kinetics versus thermodynamics") is clarified, new chromatographic ways to measure HSP are available, large datasets for chemicals and polymers are available, 'Sphere' software for determining HSP values of polymers, inks, quantum dots etc. is available (or easy to implement in one's own software) and the new Stefanis-Panayiotou method for estimating HSP from Unifac groups is available in the literature ^[8] and also automated in software. All these new capabilities are described in the e-book, software, datasets described in the external links but can be implemented independently of any commercial package.
Sometimes Hildebrand Solubility Parameters are used for similar purposes. Unfortunately, Hildebrand parameters are not suitable for use outside their original area which was non-polar, non-hydrogen-bonding solvents. In fact, the Hildebrand parameter for such non-polar solvents is usually close to the Hansen $\ \delta_{d}$ value. A typical example showing why Hildebrand parameters can be unhelpful is the fact that two solvents, butanol and nitroethane, which have the same Hildebrand parameter are each incapable of dissolving typical epoxy polymers. Yet a 50:50 mix gives a good solvency for epoxies. This is easily explicable knowing the hansen parameter of the two solvents and the fact that the hansen parameter for the 50:50 mix is close to the hansen parameter of epoxies.

External links

More info on Solubility parameters Link
Official Charles Hansen site Link
e-book, software and large datasets for Hansen Solubility Link
Interactive web app for finding solvents with matching solubility parameters Link
Hansen's Thesis Link (Note that Values given are not in SI units.)

References

↑ Hansen, Charles (1967). The Three Dimensional Solubility Parameter and Solvent Diffusion Coefficient and Their Importance in Surface Coating Formulation. Copenhagen: Danish Technical Press.
↑ Hansen, Charles (2007). Hansen Solubility Parameters: A user's handbook, Second Edition. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-7248-3.
↑ C.M. Hansen, Polymer science applied to biological problems: Prediction of cytotoxic drug interactions with DNA, European Polymer Journal 44, 2008, 2741–2748
↑ M. Belmares, M. Blanco, W. A. Goddard III, R. B. Ross, G. Caldwell, S.-H. Chou, J. Pham, P. M. Olofson, Cristina Thomas, Hildebrand and Hansen Solubility Parameters from Molecular Dynamics with Applications to Electronic Nose Polymer Sensors, J Comput. Chem. 25: 1814–1826, 2004
↑ Patterson, D., Role of Free Volume Changes in Polymer Solution Thermodynamics, J. Polym. Sci. Part C, 16, 3379–3389, 1968
↑ http://www.wag.caltech.edu/publications/sup/pdf/587.pdf
↑ Abbott & Hansen (2008). Hansen Solubility Parameters in Practice. www.hansen-solubility.com.
↑ Stefanis, E.; Panayiotou, C. (2008). "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method". International Journal of Thermophysics 29 (2): 568. doi:10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z.