Hanapepe massacre

The Hanapēpē Massacre (also called the Battle of Hanapēpē since both belligerents were armed) happened on September 9, 1924. Toward the end of a long-lasting strike of Filipino sugar workers on Kauaʻi, Hawaiʻi, local police shot dead nine strikers and fatally wounded seven, strikers shot and stabbed three sheriffs to death and fatally wounded one; a total of 20 people died. As reprehensible as it may appear in retrospect, the incident did not arouse contemporary public censure nor bring into question the legitimacy of the coercive agents or their actions. The massacre brought an end to armed protests in Hawaii.

History

By the 1920s, the sugar plantation owners in Hawaiʻi had become disillusioned with both Japanese and Filipino workers. They spent the next few years trying to get the U.S. Congress to relax the Chinese Exclusion Act so that they could bring in new Chinese workers. Congress prevented the importation of Chinese labor.^[1]

But organized labor in the 1920s' U.S. mainland supported the Congress in this action, so that for a while it looked as though militant unionism on the sugar plantations was dead. To ensure the complete subjugation of labor, the Hawaiian Territorial Legislature passed the Criminal Syndicalism Law of 1919, Anarchistic Publications law of 1921, and the Anti-Picketing Law of 1923.

This repression, with penalties of up to 10 years in prison, only increased the discontent of the workers. The Filipinos, who were rapidly becoming the dominant plantation labor force, had deep seated grievances: as the latest immigrants they were treated most poorly. Although the planters had claimed there was a labor shortage and they were actively recruiting workers from the Philippines, they wanted only illiterate workers and turned back any arrivals who could read or write, as many as one in six.

Strikes and Massacre

By 1922 Filipino labor activist Pablo Manlapit had organized a new Filipino Higher Wage Movement which numbered some 13,000 members. In April 1924, it called for a strike on the island of Kauaʻi, demanding $2 a day in wages and reduction of the workday to 8 hours. As they had previously, the plantation owners used armed forces, the National Guard, and strike breakers paid a higher wage than the strikers demanded. Again workers were turned out of their homes. Propaganda was distributed to whip up racism. Spying and infiltration of the strikers' ranks was acknowledged by Jack Butler, executive head of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association.

Strike leaders were arrested in attempts to disrupt workers' solidarity, and people were bribed to testify against them. On September 9, 1924, outraged strikers seized two strike breakers at Hanapēpē, Kauaʻi and prevented them from going to work. The police, armed with clubs and guns, came to union headquarters to 'rescue' them. Filipino strikers were armed only with homemade weapons and knives.

The Associated Press flashed the story of what followed across the United States in the following words: Honolulu. - Twenty persons dead, unnumbered injured lying in hospital, officers under orders to shoot strikers as they approached, distracted widows with children tracking from jails to hospitals and morgues in search of missing strikers - this was the aftermath of a clash between cane strikers and workers on the McBryde plantation, Tuesday at Hanapepe, island of Kauai. The dead included sixteen Filipinos and four policemen.

Aftermath

After the massacre police rounded up all male protesters they could find, and a total of 101 Filipino men were arrested. 76 were brought to trial,^[2] and of these 60 received four-year jail sentences. Pablo Manlapit was charged with subornation of perjury and was sentenced to two to ten years in prison.^[3] The Hawaiʻi Hochi claimed that he had been railroaded into prison, a victim of framed-up evidence, perjured testimony, racial prejudice and class hatred. Shortly thereafter, he was paroled on condition that he leave Hawaiʻi. After eight months the strike disintegrated.

The Federationist, the official publication of the American Federation of Labor, reported that in 1924 the ten leading sugar companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange paid dividends averaging 17 percent. From 1913 to 1923, the eleven leading sugar companies paid cash dividends of 172.45 percent, and most of them issued large stock dividends.

After the 1924 strike, the labor movement in Hawaiʻi dwindled, but did not die, and discontent among the workers rarely surfaced again. Pablo Manlapit, who had been imprisoned and exiled, returned to the islands in 1932 and started a new labor organization, this time hoping to include other ethnic groups. But the time was not ripe in the Depression years. There were small nuisance strikes in 1933 that made no headway and involved mostly Filipinos. Protests since the massacre have discouraged carrying guns at demonstrations.

See also

• List of massacres in the United States

References

Additional sources

• Beechert, Edward D. Working in Hawaii: A Labor History. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1985; ISBN 978-0-8248-0890-7
• Chang, Lester. "Massacre Strengthened Labor Unions." Kauai Garden Island, May 26, 2006; accessed May 23, 2007.
• Monrayo, Angeles. Tomorrow's Memories: A Diary, 1924-1928. Rizaline R. Raymunod, ed. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2003; ISBN 0-8248-2671-X
• "Plaque Remembers Hanapepe Massacre", Associated Press, September 10, 2006.; accessed May 23, 2007.
• Reinecke, John E. The Filipino Piecemeal Sugar Strike of 1924-1925. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1997; ISBN 0-8248-1896-2
• Soboleski, Hank. "Pablo Manlapit and the Hanapepe Massacre." Kauai Garden Island, September 9, 2006; accessed May 23, 2007.

Further reading

• Aquino, Belinda A. Understanding the ‘Hanapepe Massacre.’ "The Filipino Century Beyond Hawaii," International Conference On The Hawaii Filipino Centennial, Honolulu, Hawaii.

Major armed conflicts in American labor union history 19th century Great Railroad Strike of 1877 Rock Springs massacre, 1885 Bay View Massacre, 1886 Haymarket affair, 1886 Thibodaux massacre, 1887 Morewood massacre, 1891 Homestead Strike, 1892 Coeur d'Alene, Idaho labor strike of 1892 Pullman Strike, 1894 Streetcar strikes in the United States, 1895–1929 Lattimer massacre, 1897 Illinois Coal Wars, 1898-1899 20th century Streetcar strikes in the United States, 1895–1929 Colorado Labor Wars, 1903–04 1905 Chicago Teamsters' strike Pressed Steel Car Strike of 1909 Westmoreland County coal strike of 1910–1911 Paint Creek–Cabin Creek strike of 1912 Colorado Coalfield War, including the Ludlow Massacre, 1913–14 Everett massacre, 1916 Bisbee Deportation, 1917 1920 Alabama coal strike Battle of Matewan, 1920 Battle of Blair Mountain, 1921 Herrin massacre, 1922 Hanapepe massacre, 1924 Columbine Mine massacre, 1927 Harlan County War, 1931–32 Auto-Lite strike, 1934 Minneapolis Teamsters Strike of 1934 1934 West Coast waterfront strike Memorial Day massacre of 1937 Hilo Massacre, 1938 Portal:Organized Labour