Hadwiger conjecture (combinatorial geometry)

A triangle can be covered by three smaller copies of itself, but a square requires four smaller copies
List of unsolved problems in mathematics
Can every n-dimensional convex body be covered by 2n smaller copies of itself?

In combinatorial geometry, the Hadwiger conjecture states that any convex body in n-dimensional Euclidean space can be covered by 2n or fewer smaller bodies homothetic with the original body, and that furthermore, the upper bound of 2n is necessary iff the body is a parallelepiped. There also exists an equivalent formulation in terms of the number of floodlights needed to illuminate the body.

The Hadwiger conjecture is named after Hugo Hadwiger, who included it on a list of unsolved problems in 1957; it was, however, previously studied by Levi (1955) and independently, Gohberg & Markus (1960). Additionally, there is a different Hadwiger conjecture concerning graph coloring—and in some sources the geometric Hadwiger conjecture is also called the Levi–Hadwiger conjecture or the Hadwiger–Levi covering problem.

The conjecture remains unsolved even in three dimensions, though the two dimensional case was resolved by Levi (1955).

Formal statement

Formally, the Hadwiger conjecture is: If K is any bounded convex set in the n-dimensional Euclidean space Rn, then there exists a set of 2n scalars si and a set of 2n translation vectors vi such that all si lie in the range 0 < si < 1, and

K\subseteq\bigcup_{i=1}^{2^n} s_i K + v_i.

Furthermore, the upper bound is necessary iff K is a parallelepiped, in which case all 2n of the scalars may be chosen to be equal to 1/2.

Alternate formulation with illumination

As shown by Boltyansky, the problem is equivalent to one of illumination: how many floodlights must be placed outside of an opaque convex body in order to completely illuminate its exterior? For the purposes of this problem, a body is only considered to be illuminated if for each point of the boundary of the body, there is at least one floodlight that is separated from the body by all of the tangent planes intersecting the body on this point; thus, although the faces of a cube may be lit by only two floodlights, the planes tangent to its vertices and edges cause it to need many more lights in order for it to be fully illuminated. For any convex body, the number of floodlights needed to completely illuminate it turns out to equal the number of smaller copies of the body that are needed to cover it.[1]

Examples

As shown in the illustration, a triangle may be covered by three smaller copies of itself, and more generally in any dimension a simplex may be covered by n + 1 copies of itself, scaled by a factor of n/(n + 1). However, covering a square by smaller squares (with parallel sides to the original) requires four smaller squares, as each one can cover only one of the larger square's four corners. In higher dimensions, covering a hypercube or more generally a parallelepiped by smaller homothetic copies of the same shape requires a separate copy for each of the vertices of the original hypercube or parallelepiped; because these shapes have 2n vertices, 2n smaller copies are necessary. This number is also sufficient: a cube or parallelepiped may be covered by 2n copies, scaled by a factor of 1/2. Hadwiger's conjecture is that parallelepipeds are the worst case for this problem, and that any other convex body may be covered by fewer than 2n smaller copies of itself.[1]

Known results

The two-dimensional case was settled by Levi (1955): every two-dimensional bounded convex set may be covered with four smaller copies of itself, with the fourth copy needed only in the case of parallelograms. However, the conjecture remains open in higher dimensions except for some special cases. The best known upper bound on the number of smaller copies needed to cover a given body is

\displaystyle 4^n (5n\ln n).

In three dimensions it is known that sixteen copies always suffice, but this is still far from the conjectured bound of eight copies.[1]

The conjecture is known to hold for certain special classes of convex bodies, including symmetric polyhedra and bodies of constant width in three dimensions.[1] The number of copies needed to cover any zonotope is at most (3/4)2n, while for bodies with a smooth surface (that is, having a single tangent plane per boundary point), at most n + 1 smaller copies are needed to cover the body, as Levi already proved.[1]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Brass, Moser & Pach (2005).

References