Hadži Mustafa Pasha
Hajji Mustafa Šinikdžić Pasha | |
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Hadži Mustafa Pasha's assassination by Kuchuk Alija, plate from 1802 | |
Native name | Hacı Mustafa Şinikoğlu Paşa |
Nickname(s) | "Serbian mother" |
Born | 1733 |
Died |
15 December 1801 (aged 67–68) Belgrade, Sanjak of Smederevo, Ottoman Empire |
Allegiance |
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Rank | pasha, vizier |
Hadji Mustafa Pasha (Serbo-Croatian: Hadži Mustafa-paša, Serbian: Хаџи Мустафа-паша, Turkish: Hacı Mustafa Şinikoğlu Paşa; 1733—15 December 1801) was an Ottoman commander and politician of Greek Muslim origin who lived in Sanjak of Smederevo (in modern day Serbia). He fought in the Austro-Turkish War (1787–1791) and the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774). In the period between 1793 and 1801 he was Vizier of the Sanjak of Smederevo (also known as Belgrade Pashaluk). On 15 December 1801 he was murdered by Kuchuk Alija, one of four Janissary dahias who took control over the sanjak.
Biography
Born in 1733, of Greek Muslim origin,[1] he was surnamed Şinikoğlu (Serbo-Croatian: Šinikdžić).[2] As hajji, he carried out a pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina, and was also a member of the Bektashi Order. He was among the notable Ottomans who had fought during the Austro-Turkish War (1787–1791) and the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774).
Mustafa Pasha was main government architect (bina emin) in the Pashalik of Belgrade before he became Vizier of the Belgrade Pashaluk in July 1793.[3] He closely collaborated with Peter Ichko and according to some sources both of them were members of one masonic lodge.[4] As a friend of the Serb people, he was nicknamed the "Serbian mother".
In 1793 and 1796 Selim III proclaimed firmans in which gave more rights to Serbs. Among other things, taxes were to be collected by local Serbian rulers with the title of ober-knez (dukes); freedom of trade and religion were granted and ordinary Serbs began to live in peace.
Selim III also decreed that some unpopular Janissaries were to leave the Belgrade Pashaluk as he saw them as a threat to the central authority of Hadži Mustafa Pasha. Many of those Janissaries were employed by or found refuge with Osman Pazvantoğlu, a renegade opponent of Sultan Selim III in the Sanjak of Vidin. Fearing the dissolution of the Janissary command in Sanjak of Smederevo, Osman Pazvantoğlu launched a series of raids against Serbian brigands without the permission of Sultan Selim III causing much volatility and fear in the region.[5]
Mustafa Pasha engaged mercenary forces in order to fight against forces of Osman Pazvantoğlu. To finance this forces Mustafa Pasha had to increase taxes. He accepted the proposal of local ober knezes to allow them to establish their own forces consisting of 15,000 Serbs led by Serb officers, commanded by Stanko Arambašić from Veliko Selo, to prevent the rebellion because of the increased taxes.[6]
In the summer of 1797 the sultan appointed Mustafa Pasha on position of beglerbeg of Rumelia Eyalet and he left Serbia for Plovdiv to fight against the Vidin rebels of Pazvantoğlu.[7] During the absence of Mustafa Pasha the forces of Pazvantoğlu together with Jannisaries captured Požarevac and besieged Belgrade fortress.[8] At the end of November 1797 ober knezes from Valjevo Aleksa Nenadović, Ilija Birčanin and Nikola Grbović brought their forces to Belgrade and forced besieging Janissary forces to retreat to Smederevo.[9][10]
In January 1798 Mustafa Pasha ordered his forces together with Serb forces under command of Ilija Birčanin to attack Janissary forces in Smederevo.[6] However, on January 30, 1799, the court of Sultan Selim III allowed the Janissaries to return, referring to them as local Muslims from the Sanjak of Smederevo. Initially the Janisaries accepted the authority of the Belgrade Pasha under Hadži Mustafa Pasha. Until a Janissary in Šabac, named Bego Novljanin, demanded from a Serb a surcharge and murdered the Serb when he refused to pay. Fearing the worst Hadži Mustafa Pasha, marched on Šabac with a force of 600 to ensure that the Janissary was brought to justice and order was restored. Hadži Mustafa Pasha was assassinated by Kuchuk Alija on 15 December 1801.[11] Before his death Mustafa Pasha allegedly instructed his son, Dervish Bey, to unite his forces with Serb forces and capture Belgrade from dahias.[12]
Citations
- ↑ "Posebna izdanja". 64-66. Serbian Academy of Science and Arts. 1927. p. 128.
Када је Хаџи-Мустафа постављен за београдског пашу било му је шесет година
- ↑ Ćorović 1997
Taj kapidži-baša bio je glavom Hadži Mustava-paša Šinikdžić (Šinik-oglu), raniji nadzornih javnih gradnja (bina-emin) u Beogradu
- ↑ Ćorović 1997
Hadži Mustafa postao je beogradski vezir jula meseca 1793
- ↑ Ćorović 1997
Ima vesti, da su Mustafa i Ičko bili u tešnjim vezama i kao članovi jedne slobodnozidarske lože u Beogradu, kojoj je možda pripadao i Aziz efendija.
- ↑ von Ranke, Leopold, ed. (1973), History of Servia and the Servian Revolution (Europe 1815-1945 Series), Da Capo Pr, ISBN 978-0-306-70051-4
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Filipović, Stanoje R. (1982). Podrinsko-kolubarski region. RNIRO "Glas Podrinja". p. 60.
На чело српског одреда, у који се пријавило 15.000 Срба, био је постављен Станко Арамбашић из Великог Села. То је био зачетак српске народне војске која је иступила у одбрану Београдског пашалука од јаничара крајем новембра 1797.
- ↑ Ćorović 1997
U leto 1797. sultan ga je imenovao za rumeliskog begler-bega i Mustafa je otišao u Plovdiv, da rukovodi akcijom protiv buntovnika iz Vidina i u Rumeliji.
- ↑ Ćorović 1997
Za vreme njegova otsutstva vidinski gospodar sa janičarima naredio je brz napad i potukao je srpsku i pašinu vojsku kod Požarevca, pa je prodro sve do Beograda i zauzeo samu varoš.
- ↑ Filipović, Stanoje R. (1982). Podrinsko-kolubarski region. RNIRO "Glas Podrinja". p. 60.
Ваљевски кнезови Алекса Ненадовић, Илија Бирчанин и Никола Грбовић довели су своју војску у Београд и учествовали у оштрој борби са јаничарима који су се побеђени повукли.
- ↑ Ćorović 1997
Pred sam Božić stigoše u pomoć valjevski Srbi i sa njihovom pomoću turska gradska posada odbi napadače i očisti grad. Ilija Birčanin gonio je "Vidinlije" sve do Smedereva.
- ↑ Ćorović 1997
janjičari ga 15. decembra 1801. ubiše u beogradskom gradu. Potom uzeše vlast u svoje ruke, spremni da je brane svima sredstvima. Kao glavne njihove vođe istakoše se četiri dahije: Kučuk Alija, pašin ubica, Aganlija, Mula Jusuf i Mehmed-aga Fočić.
- ↑ Paxton, Roger Viers (1968). Russia and the first Serbian revolution: a diplomatic and political study, the initial phase, 1804-1807. Dept. of History. p. 28.
Sources
- Ćorović, Vladimir (1997), Istorija srpskog naroda, Ars Libri, retrieved December 7, 2012
Political offices | ||
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Preceded by unknown |
Beylerbey of the Rumelia Eyalet 1797 |
Succeeded by unknown |