HMCS Rainbow (1891)

For other ships of the same name, see HMS Rainbow and HMCS Rainbow.
HMCS Rainbow in 1910
Career (United Kingdom)
Name: Rainbow
Builder: Palmers, Hebburn
Launched: 25 March 1891
Commissioned: 1893
Decommissioned: 1909
Struck: 1909
Fate: Transferred to Canada
Career (Canada)
Name: Rainbow
Commissioned: 4 August 1910
Decommissioned: 1 June 1920
Struck: 1 June 1920
Fate: Scrapped 1920
General characteristics
Class and type:Apollo-class protected cruiser
Displacement:3,600 tons
Length:314 ft (95.7 m)
Beam:43.5 ft (13.3 m)
Draught:17.5 ft (5.3 m)
Speed:19.75 knots (36.58 km/h)
Complement:273 to 300 (Officers and Men)
Armament:2 × QF 6-inch (152.4 mm) guns

6 × QF 4.7-inch (120 mm) guns[1]
8 × QF 6-pounder (47-mm) guns (replaced by QF 12-pounder (3-inch) 12 cwt guns circa 1911 [2])

2 to 4 × 14 inch torpedo tubes

HMCS Rainbow, formerly HMS Rainbow, was an Apollo-class protected cruiser built for Great Britain's Royal Navy by Palmers at Hebburn-On-Tyne in England. She was launched on 25 March 1891 as HMS Rainbow and entered service in 1893. She was transferred to the Royal Canadian Navy in 1910 and scrapped in 1920.

Operational history

Royal Navy

Rainbow would serve in the China Station in Hong Kong from 1895 to 1898 and in Malta from 1898 to 1899. She had an operating cost that was deemed excessive and between 1900 and 1909, saw very little service. Most of her operations at this time were closer to England. On 17 December 1901 she was commissioned at Devonport by Captain Thomas Young Greet for service in the cruiser squadron as an additional ship in home waters.[3] She arrived back at Devonport from a tour of the Mediterranean with the squadron in April 1902.[4] During the following years, she saw a severe reduction in fleet support due to her high operating cost, resulting in only minor modernization. Her crew rotation at this time was used as a training cycle. Eventually, she was not used at sea at all from 1907 to 1909. In early 1909, the Admiralty ordered her decommissioned and placed on the inactive list.

Royal Canadian Navy

Rainbow was presented to Canada in 1910, and was recommissioned HMCS Rainbow on 4 August. She and HMS Niobe were purchased from the Admiralty to be used as training ships at Royal Naval College of Canada in Halifax, Nova Scotia.[5][6] During discussions on the type of cruisers to be sent to Canada, the Admiralty believed that the Apollo-class cruiser was the right choice.[7] Canada paid $225 000 to acquire Rainbow, using outstanding money from the Marine and Fisheries Department.[8] Before departing Great Britain, the ships required alterations to make them suitable for training. This required new heating systems, an up-to-date galley, the latest in Marconi wireless, the enlargement of the cadet gunroom and principal messes and the removal of the obsolete secondary armament.[6]

After commissioning, Rainbow was assigned to the west coast of Canada and was the first Canadian ship to sail around South America by the Strait of Magellan.[6] She arrived at Esquimalt, British Columbia on 7 November 1910. However after commissioning, the status of the Canadian vessels and their ability to operate without direction from the Admiralty kept the new ships within coastal waters. This limited Rainbow to fisheries patrols until the matter was settled.[9] Her service was quiet on the west coast, performing ceremonial duties,[10] training and coastal fisheries patrol, notably apprehending the American fishing schooner Edrie in February 1913 for illegal fishing.[11] When Niobe was laid up in 1913, her crew was sent west to fill out Rainbow‍ '​s complement.[12]

HMCS Rainbow in Vancouver's English Bay, where she was sent to guard the freighter Komagata Maru in July 1914

In July 1914, Rainbow was called to Vancouver to assist with an international incident that was unfolding. Komagata Maru, a Japanese merchant ship filled with Sikh immigrants from India, challenged Canada's immigration law, designed to prevent immigration from South Asia. The ship's passengers were not permitted to disembark even though they were British subjects. After the local authorities were rebuffed in their attempts to make the ship leave, Rainbow was ordered to intervene. After some discussion with the passengers, who had taken over the vessel, those aboard Komagata Maru agreed to leave Vancouver only when supplies for the ship were provided.[13] Twenty of the passengers were killed upon returning to Budge Budge, India, after they resisted an attempt to forcibly return them to Punjab.[14]

When the First World War broke out, Rainbow was sent to cover the withdrawal of the British sloops, HMS Shearwater and HMS Algerine, who had been engaged protecting British citizens during civil unrest in Mexico.[15] She was the largest armed ship the Allies had at the time in the western Pacific Ocean and was ordered to find and engage ships of the Imperial German Navy in the Pacific Ocean; in particular SMS Leipzig and SMS Nurnberg. She never met either of these ships, although she missed Leipzig by only a day at San Francisco.[16] She remained the only source of protection for shipping in western North America until the arrival of the Japanese armoured cruiser Izumo.[17] Following the destruction of the German Pacific Fleet at the Battle of the Falkland Islands in December 1914, the greatest threat to shipping in Pacific was considered to be armed German raiders and Rainbow was considered to be a match for all but the fastest.[18] However in 1915, her patrols were shortened due to the lack of a collier to refuel Rainbow while out on patrol.[19]

In early 1916, Rainbow was still patrolling the west coast of North America, performing reconnaissance on German shipping. On 23 April 1916, she seized the German-owned but American-flagged schooner Oregon and then followed that up by seizing the Mexican-flagged schooner Leonor.[20] In 1916 and early 1917, Rainbow was used to transport $140,000,000 in Russian gold bullion (valued in 1917 Canadian dollars), between Esquimalt and Vancouver.[21] This money was placed in trust with Canada by the Russian government for protection due to the impending Russian revolution.

The Royal Canadian Navy found that the cost of operating Rainbow was using up too much of the West Coast naval operations budget, and the crew of Rainbow were sorely needed on the Atlantic coast for the fight against the U-boats. Rainbow was decommissioned and de-activated on 8 May 1917, her crew sent east. On 5 July she was recommissioned in Esquimalt as a depot ship. She served in this capacity until 1 June 1920, when she was sold for scrap to a Seattle shipbroker.[10]

Commanding officers

Notes

  1. ↑ Admiral Percy Scott quotes 6 × 4.7 inch guns on sister ship HMS Scylla in 1899. "Fifty Years in the Royal Navy" published 1919, page 88
  2. ↑ Tunnicliffe 2006
  3. ↑ "Naval & Military intelligence" The Times (London). Wednesday, 18 December 1901. (36641), p. 6.
  4. ↑ "Naval & Military intelligence" The Times (London). Thursday, 1 May 1902. (36756), p. 6.
  5. ↑ MacMillan-Murphy, Jim. "Esquimalt Remembers" Esquimalt Heritage Advisory Committee. Retrieved 20 July, 2013
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Johnston et al. pp.233-234
  7. ↑ Johnston et al. pp.225
  8. ↑ Johnston et al. pp.226
  9. ↑ Johnston et al. pp.242
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Macpherson, Ken; Barrie, Ron (2002). Warships of Canada's Naval Forces. St. Catharines: Vanwell Publishing Limited. p. 11. ISBN 1-55125-072-1.
  11. ↑ Johnston et al. pp.267
  12. ↑ Johnston et al. pp.297
  13. ↑ Johnston et al. pp.298-299
  14. ↑ Ricketts, Bruce. "The Komagata Maru Incident". Mysteries of Canada. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
  15. ↑ Johnston et al. pp.299
  16. ↑ Milner, Marc (May–June 2004). "The Original Rainbow Warrior". Legion Magazine. Retrieved 3 December 2009.
  17. ↑ Johnston et al. pp.311
  18. ↑ Johnston et al. pp.321
  19. ↑ Johnston et al. pp.437
  20. ↑ Johnston et al. pp.438
  21. ↑ Sugrue, Clare (2005–2006). "Ship histories: HMCS Rainbow". CFB Esquimalt Naval & Military Museum. Retrieved 3 May 2007.

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to HMS Rainbow (ship, 1893).

A City Goes to War - www.acitygoestowar.ca This web site from the University of Victoria includes an excellent account of HMCS Rainbow. https://onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca/ssprincesssophia/