Guitarrero Cave is located in the Callejón de Huaylas valley in Yungay Province, in the Ancash region of Peru. The cave stands 50 meters above Rio Santa and 2,580 meters above sea level.[1]
Archeological findings
Guitarrero Cave has evidence of human use during 8000 BCE and possibly as early as 10,560 BCE.[2] A human's mandible and teeth found in the cave have been carbon dated to 10,610 BCE.[1]
Above all that, there were a series of Archaic period campfires, dated between 10,500 and 9,000 years ago.[2] Wood, bone, antler and fiber cordage were among the artifacts that were recovered from the level, as well as willow leaf, tanged, lanceolate, and concave base Ichuna/Arcata projectile points. A single grinding slab and a bone flesher were also recovered from this part of the area.[2]
Levels were included in the Early and Middle Horizon occupations, cist tombs, and wall paintings between about the 1000 BCE–1000 CE.
In the 1960s, archeologists discovered artifacts in an extraordinary state of preservation at the site. Remarkably, textiles, wood and leather tools, and basketry have been preserved intact. Some of the evidence of early domesticated beans Phaseolus, chili, corn and other cultivars have been argued for Guitarrero.[2]
Fiberwork found in the cave dates back over ten-thousand years – the earliest found in South America. The cave held utilitarian containers made by twisting, looping, and knotting plant fibers.[3]
The people of Guitarrero Cave are possible ancestors of the Chavín culture.[1]
Cultigens
Some of the earliest cultivated plants in South America have been found in the cave. They include:
- Ají pepper (Capsicum baccatum): first appears at Guitarrero cave in 8,500 BCE
- Oca (Oxalis tuberosa): first appears 8,500–7,500 BCE
- Aji (Capsicum chinense): first appears 8,000–7,500 BCE
- Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris): first appears 8,000–7,500 BCE
- Pallar bean (Phaseolus lunatus): first appears 8,000–7,5000 BCE
- Lúcuma (Lucuma bifera): first appears 8,000–5,500 BCE
- Olluco (Ullucus tuberosus): first appears 6,000 BCE at the cave es:Tres Ventanas in Peru,[4] and next at Guitarrero cave 5,500 BCE.
- Zapallo (Cucurbita sp.): first appears 7,000 BCE
- Maize or corn (Zea mays): possibly first traces but not conclusively identified from 6,200 BCE. Maize has been identified in the Ayacucho Region of south central Peru as early as 4,400 and 3,100 BCE.[1]
Notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Weber, George. "Guitarrero cave (Ancash, Peru)." Possible Relatives in the Americas. 11 July 2007 (retrieved 23 Feb 2010)
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Lynch, Thomas F.; Gillespie, R.; Gowlett, John A. J.; Hedges, R. E. M. (1985). "Chronology of Guitarrero Cave, Peru". Science 229 (4716): 864–7. doi:10.1126/science.229.4716.864. PMID 17777927.
- ↑ Stone-Miller, 17
- ↑ ENGEL, F. 1970. La grotte du Megatherium et les ecologies du Haut-Pliocene peruvien. Semiotica, 1, 413-436.
References
- Stone-Miller, Rebecca. Art of the Andes: from Chavín to Inca. London: Thames and Hudson, 2002. ISBN 978-0-500-20363-7.
|
---|
| |
- Acaray
- Amaru Marka Wasi
- Arhuaturo
- Asana
- Asiru Phat'jata
- Aspero
- Awila Qhincha Mach'ay
- Awkin Punta
- Awkillu Waqra
- Awkimarka (Apurímac)
- Awkimarka (Huánuco)
- Awqa Punta
- Aya Muqu
- Ayamach'ay
- Ayawayq'u
- Azángaro
- Baths of Boza
- Bandurria
- Buena Vista
- Cahuachi
- Cajamarquilla
- Cao Viejo
- Carajía
- Caral
- Caves of Sumbay
- Cerro Baúl
- Cerro Pátapo
- Cerro Trinidad
- Chakamarka
- Chan Chan
- Chankillo
- Chauchilla Cemetery
- Chavín de Huantar
- Chawaytiri
- Chichakuri
- Chipaw Marka
- Chuqik'iraw
- Chuqik'iraw Pukyu
- Chuqi Pukyu
- Churajón
- Chuya
- Cota Coca
- Cumbe Mayo
- El Brujo
- El Cañoncillo
- El Ingenio
- El Paraíso
- Garagay
- Gran Pajáten
- Gran Vilaya
- Guitarrero Cave
- Hatun Rumiyuq
- Hatun Mach'ay
- Hatun Uchku
- Hatun Usnu
- Hatunmarka
- Hunqupampa
- Inka Mach'ay
- Inka Raqay, Apurímac
- Inka Raqay, Ayacucho
- Inka Tampu, Cajamarca
- Inka Tampu, Huayopata
- Inka Tampu, Vilcabamba
- Inka Tunuwiri
- Inka Uyu
- Inka Wasi, Ayacucho
- Inka Wasi, Huancavelica
- Inka Wasi, Lima
- Inkapintay
- Inkill Tampu
- Inti Punku
- Inti Watana, Ayacucho
- Inti Watana, Calca
- Inti Watana, Urubamba
- Intikancha
- Intini Uyu Pata
- Intipa Ñawin
- Intiyuq K'uchu
- Isuq
- Jinkiori
- Jisk'a Iru Muqu
- Kanichi
- Killarumiyuq
- Kiswar
- Kotosh
- Kuelap
- Kukuli
- Kuntur Wasi
- Kunturmarka, Ayacucho
- Kunturmarka, Pasco
- Kunturqaqa
- Kuntuyuq
- Kusichaka valley
- Kutimpu
- Khichuqaqa
- Khuchi Mach'ay
- K'allapayuq Urqu
- K'anamarka
- K'ipakhara
- Laguna de las Momias
- Lawriqucha
- Layzón
- Llamachayuq Qaqa
- Llamayuq
- Llamuqa
- Llaqtan
- Llaqtapata
- Machu Pikchu
- Machu Pirqa
- Machu Pitumarka
- Machu Q'inti
- Machu Qullqa
- Mameria
- Maray Qalla
- Marayniyuq
- Markahirka
- Markansaya
- Markapukyu
- Markawamachuku
- Marpa
- Mawk'allaqta, Castilla
- Mawk'allaqta, Espinar
- Mawk'allaqta, La Unión
- Mawk'allaqta, Melgar
- Mawk'allaqta, Paruro
- Mawk'allaqta, Sandia
- Mawk'ataray
- Mayqu Amaya
- Mazur
- Mikulla
- Millka
- Miraflores
- Mirq'imarka
- Miyu Pampa
- Mulinuyuq
- Mulluq'u
- Muray
- Muyu Urqu
- Muyuq Marka
- Nazca Lines
- Nina Kiru
- Ninamarka
- Ñawpallaqta, Huanca Sancos
- Ñawpallaqta, Fajardo
- Ñawpallaqta, Lucanas
- Ñusta Hisp'ana
- Pacatnamu
- Pachakamaq
- Pachatusan
- Paiján
- Pañamarka
- Paracas Candelabra
- Paraxra
- Patallaqta
- Phiruru
- Pikillaqta
- Pikimach'ay
- Pilluchu
- Pinkuylluna
- Pirqa Pirqa, La Libertad
- Pirqa Pirqa, Lima
- Pirwalla
- Pirwayuq
- P'isaq
- Puka Pukara
- Puka Tampu
- Puka Urqu
- Pukara, Coporaque
- Pukara, Fajardo
- Pukara, Puno
- Pukara, Vilcas Huamán
- Pukarani
- Pumamarka, San Sebastián
- Pumamarka, Urubamba
- Pumaq Hirka
- Pumawasi
- Punkuri
- Puqin Kancha
- Puruchuco
- Purum Llaqta, Cheto
- Purum Llaqta, Soloco
- Pusharo
- Pusuquy Pata
- Phuyupatamarka
- Qaqapatan
- Qillqatani
- Quchapata
- Qillqa
- Qillqay Mach'ay
- Quchapampa
- Quiaca
- Qullqanpata
- Qullqapampa
- Qulu Qulu
- Qunchamarka
- Qunchupata
- Qurikancha
- Qurimarka, Apurímac
- Qurimarka, Cusco
- Quriwayrachina, Anta
- Quriwayrachina, Ayacucho
- Quriwayrachina, La Convención
- Quyllur
- Q'arachupa
- Qasa Pata
- Q'illaywasin
- Q'inqu
- Q'inq'u
- Raimondi Stele
- Raqch'i
- Revash
- Rumiqullqa
- Rumiwasi
- Runkuraqay
- Saksaywaman
- Sara Sara
- Sayaqmarka
- Sayhuite
- Sechin
- Sillustani
- Sipán
- Suntur
- Susupillu
- Tambo Totem
- Tampu Mach'ay, Cusco
- Tampu Mach'ay, Huancavelica
- Tampukancha
- Tanqa Tanqa
- Tantarica
- Taqrachullu
- Tarawasi
- Tarmatampu
- The Frogs of Wiraqucha
- Tinyaq
- Tipón
- Titiqaqa
- Toquepala Caves
- Toro Muerto
- Trinchera Fortress
- Túcume
- Tunanmarka
- Tunay Q'asa
- Tupu Inka
- T'akaq
- T'uqu T'uquyuq
- Uchkus Inkañan
- Ullantaytampu
- Urpish
- Uskallaqta
- Usnu, Ayacucho
- Usnu, Huánuco
- Uyu Uyu
- Venado cautivo
- Ventarron
- Vitcos
- Wak'a del Dragón
- Wak'a Wallamarka
- Wak'a de la Luna
- Wak'a del Sol
- Wak'a of San Marcos
- Wak'a of Santa Ana
- Wak'a Prieta
- Wak'a Pukllana
- Wallpayunka
- Waman Pirqa
- Wamanmarka, Chumbivilcas
- Wamanmarka, La Convención
- Wamp'uy
- Wanakawri, Cusco
- Wanakawri, Huánuco
- Wanqaran
- Wanuku Pampa
- Waqlamarka
- Waqramarka
- Waqra Pukara
- Waqutu
- Warahirka
- Waraqayuq
- Waraqu Urqu
- Warawtampu
- Wari ruins
- Wari Willka
- Waruq
- Wat'a, Cusco
- Wat'a, Huánuco
- Wayna Pikchu
- Wayna Q'inti
- Wayna Tawqaray
- Wayra Punku
- Wichama
- Wichqana
- Wich'un
- Wila Wilani
- Willka
- Willkapampa
- Willkaraqay
- Willkawaman
- Willkawayin
- Wiñaw
- Wiñay Wayna
- Wiraqucha Pirqa
- Wiraquchapampa
- Yanaca
- Yanaqi - Qillqamarka
- Yaynu
- Yuraq Mach'ay
- Zorro Temple
|
|
|
---|
| | | | | |
---|
| Ceremonial | |
---|
| Dwellings | |
---|
| Water management | |
---|
| Other architecture | |
---|
|
| | |
|