Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

"Gitmo" redirects here. For other titular locales, see Guantánamo (disambiguation). For other uses, see Gitmo (disambiguation).

Coordinates: 19°54′N 75°9′W / 19.900°N 75.150°W

United States Naval Station
Guantanamo Bay
Guantánamo Bay, Cuba

Aerial view of Guantanamo Bay
Type Military base
Site information
Controlled by United States Navy
Site history
Built 1898
In use 1898–present
Battles/wars Battle of Guantánamo Bay
Map of Cuba showing location of Guantánamo Bay on the southeastern coast.
Map of Guantánamo Bay showing approximate U.S. Naval Base boundaries.

Guantanamo Bay Naval Base (also called GTMO and pronounced gitmo by the U.S. military personnel stationed there[1]) is located on 45 square miles (120 km2) of land and water at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, which the United States leased for use as a coaling and naval station in the Cuban–American Treaty of 1903 (for $2,000 until 1934, for $4,085 since 1938 until now). The base is on the shore of Guantánamo Bay at the southeastern end of Cuba. It is the oldest overseas U.S. Naval Base.[2] Since 1959, the Cuban government has consistently protested against the U.S. presence on Cuban soil and called it illegal under international law, alleging that the military base was imposed on Cuba by force. At the United Nations Human Rights Council in 2013, Cuba's Foreign Minister demanded the U.S. return the base and the "usurped territory" occupied since the U.S. invasion of Cuba during the Spanish–American War in 1898.[3][4][5][6][7]

Since 2002, the naval base has contained a military prison, the Guantanamo Bay detention camp, for unlawful combatants captured in Afghanistan, Iraq, and other places during the War on Terror.[8] Cases of torture of prisoners,[9] and their denial of protection under the Geneva Conventions, has been condemned internationally.[10][11]

Units and commands

Resident Units

Assigned Units

Homeported Watercraft

Civilian contractors

Besides servicemen, the base houses a large number of civilian contractors working for the military. Largely imported from Jamaica and Philippines, they are thought to constitute up to 40% of the base's population.[26]

History

The base in 1916
US Fleet at anchor, 1927
An aerial view of the naval base with the Navy Exchange and McDonald's at left and an outdoor movie theater at bottom right, 1995
Victims from 2010 Haiti earthquake are unloaded at U.S. Naval Hospital Guantanamo Bay

Spanish colonial era

The area surrounding Guantanamo bay was originally inhabited by the Taíno people.[27] On 30 April 1494, Christopher Columbus, on his second voyage, arrived and spent the night. The place where Columbus had landed is now known as Fisherman's Point. Columbus declared the bay Puerto Grande.[28] The bay and surrounding areas came under British control during the War of Jenkins' Ear. Prior to British occupation, the bay was referred to as Walthenham Harbor. The British renamed the bay Cumberland Bay. The British retreated from the area after a failed attempt to march to Santiago de Cuba.[28]

Guantanamo Bay during the Spanish–American War

Main articles: Spanish–American War and 1898 invasion of Guantánamo Bay

During the Spanish–American War, the U.S. fleet attacking Santiago secured Guantánamo's harbor for protection during the hurricane season of 1898. The Marines landed at Guantanamo Bay, with naval support, and American and Cuban forces routed the defending Spanish troops. In the Treaty of Paris of 1898, Spain surrendered control of all of Cuba to the United States.

The lease

In 1903, Cuba signed a treaty that leased Guantanamo Bay to the United States for use as a naval station, with the understanding that this would reduce the military footprint of the U.S. on the island. One rent check was cashed after the Cuban Revolution, but the Government of Cuba has declined to cash all subsequent checks.[29]

World War II

During World War II, the base was set up to use a nondescript number for postal operations. The base used the Fleet Post Office, Atlantic, in New York City, with the address: 115 FPO NY.[30] The base was also an important intermediate distribution point for merchant shipping convoys from New York City and Key West, Florida, to the Panama Canal and the islands of Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and Trinidad & Tobago.[31]

1958–99

Until the 1953–59 revolution, thousands of Cubans commuted daily from outside the base to jobs within. In mid-1958, vehicular traffic was stopped; workers were required to walk through the base's several gates. Public Works Center buses were pressed into service almost overnight to carry the tides of workers to and from the gate.[32] By 2006, only two elderly Cubans, Luis Delarosa and Harry Henry, still crossed the base's North East Gate daily to work on the base, because the Cuban government prohibits new recruitment. They retired at the end of 2012.[33]

During the Cuban missile crisis in 1962, the families of military personnel were evacuated from the base. Notified of the evacuation on 22 October, evacuees were told to pack one suitcase per family member, to bring evacuation and immunization cards, to tie pets in the yard, to leave the keys to the house on the dining table, and to wait in front of the house for buses.[34] Dependents traveled to the airfield for flights to the United States, or to ports for passage aboard evacuation ships. After the crisis was resolved, family members were allowed to return to the base in December 1962.

Since 1939, the base's water had been supplied by pipelines that drew water from the Yateras River about 4.5 miles (7 km) northeast of the base. The U.S. government paid a fee for this; in 1964, it was about $14,000 a month for about 2,500,000 U.S. gallons (9,000 m3) per day. In 1964, the Cuban government stopped the flow. The base had about 14,000,000 U.S. gallons (50,000 m3) water in storage, and strict water conservation was put into effect immediately. The U.S. first imported water from Jamaica via barges, then relocated a desalination plant from San Diego (Point Loma).[35] When the Cuban government accused the United States of stealing water, base commander John D. Bulkeley ordered that the pipelines be cut and a section removed. A 38 in (97 cm) length of the 14 in (36 cm) diameter pipe and a 20 in (51 cm) length of the 10 in (25 cm) diameter pipe were lifted from the ground and the openings sealed.

The military facilities at Guantanamo Bay employs over 9,500 U.S. sailors and Marines.[36] It is the only military base the U.S. maintains in a communist country.

Notable persons born at the naval base include actor Peter Bergman and American guitarist Isaac Guillory.

21st century

In 2005, the Navy completed a $12 million wind project erecting four wind turbines capable of supplying about a quarter of the base's peak power needs, reducing diesel fuel usage and pollution from the existing diesel generators, while saving $1.2 million in annual energy costs.[37]

In January 2009, President Obama signed executive orders directing the CIA to shut what remains of its network of "secret" prisons and ordering the closing of the Guantánamo detention camp within a year.[38] However, he postponed difficult decisions on the details for at least six months.[39] On 7 March 2011, President Obama issued an executive order that permits ongoing indefinite detention of Guantánamo detainees.[40] The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 would have authorized indefinite detention of suspected terrorists,[41] but enforcement of the relevant section was blocked by a federal court ruling in the case of Hedges v. Obama on 16 May 2012,[42] a suit brought by a number of private citizens, including Chris Hedges, Daniel Ellsberg, Noam Chomsky, and Birgitta Jónsdóttir.[43] The government sidestepped the ruling, however, saying "The government construes this Court's Order as applying only as to the named plaintiffs in this suit."[44] As of March 2015, the U.S. government has yet to close the detention camp.

Geography

The Naval Base is divided into three main geographical sections: Leeward Point, Windward Point, and Guantánamo Bay. Guantánamo Bay physically divides the Naval Station into sections. The bay extends past the boundaries of the base into Cuba, where the bay is then referred to as Bahía de Guantánamo. Guantánamo Bay contains several cays, which are identified as Hospital Cay, Medico Cay, North Toro Cay, and South Toro Cay.

Leeward Point of the Naval Station is the site of the active airfield. Major geographical features on Leeward Point include Mohomilla Bay and the Guantánamo River. Three beaches exist on the Leeward side. Two are available for use by base residents, while the third, Hicacal Beach, is closed.

Windward Point contains most of the activities on the Naval Station. There are nine beaches available to base personnel. The highest point on the base is John Paul Jones hill at a total of 495 feet.[14] The geography of Windward Point is such that there are many coves and peninsulas along the bay shoreline providing ideal areas for mooring ships.

Cactus Curtain

U.S. Marines stack up landmines for disposal in July 1997.

"Cactus Curtain" is a term describing the line separating the naval base from Cuban-controlled territory. After the Cuban Revolution, some Cubans sought refuge on the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base. In the fall of 1961, Cuban troops planted an 8-mile (13 km) barrier of Opuntia cactus along the northeastern section of the 17-mile (27 km) fence surrounding the base to stop Cubans from escaping Cuba to take refuge in the United States.[45] This was dubbed the Cactus Curtain, an allusion to Europe's Iron Curtain,[46] the Bamboo Curtain in East Asia or the similar Ice Curtain in the Bering Strait.

U.S. and Cuban troops placed some 55,000 land mines across the "no man's land" around the perimeter of the naval base creating the second-largest minefield in the world, and the largest in the Western Hemisphere. On 16 May 1996, U.S. President Bill Clinton ordered the demining of the American field. They have since been replaced with motion and sound sensors to detect intruders on the base. The Cuban government has not removed its corresponding minefield outside the perimeter.[47][48]

Detention camp

The entrance to Camp 1 in detention camp's Camp Delta
One of the guard towers at Guantanamo Bay, 1991

In the last quarter of the 20th century, the base was used to house Cuban and Haitian refugees intercepted on the high seas. In the early 1990s, it held refugees who fled Haiti after military forces overthrew president Jean-Bertrand Aristide. These refugees were held in a detainment area called Camp Bulkeley until United States district court Judge Sterling Johnson, Jr. declared the camp unconstitutional on 8 June 1993. This decision was later vacated. The last Haitian migrants departed Guantanamo on 1 November 1995.

Beginning in 2002, some months after the War on Terror started in response to the attacks of September 11, 2001, a small portion of the base was used to detain several hundred enemy combatants at Camp Delta, Camp Echo, Camp Iguana, and the now-closed Camp X-Ray. The U.S. military has alleged without formal charge that some of these detainees are linked to al-Qaeda or the Taliban. In litigation regarding the availability of fundamental rights to those imprisoned at the base, the U.S. Supreme Court has recognized that the detainees "have been imprisoned in territory over which the United States exercises exclusive jurisdiction and control."[49] Therefore, the detainees have the fundamental right to due process of law under the Fifth Amendment. A district court has since held that the "Geneva Conventions applied to the Taliban detainees, but not to members of Al-Qaeda terrorist organization."[50]

On 10 June 2006, the Department of Defense reported that three Guantanamo Bay detainees committed suicide. The military reported the men hanged themselves with nooses made of sheets and clothes.[51] A study published by Seton Hall Law's Center for Policy and Research, while making no conclusions regarding what actually transpired, asserts that the military investigation failed to address significant issues detailed in that report.[52]

On 6 September 2006, President George W. Bush announced that alleged or non-alleged combatants held by the CIA would be transferred to the custody of Department of Defense, and held at Guantanamo Prison. Of approximately 500 prisoners in Guantanamo Bay, only 10 have been tried by the Guantanamo military commission, but all cases have been stayed pending the adjustments being made to comply with the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Hamdi v. Rumsfeld.

President Barack Obama said he intended to close the detention camp, and planned to bring detainees to the United States to stand trial by the end of his first term in office. On 22 January 2009, he issued three executive orders. Only one of these explicitly dealt with policy at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp, and directed the camp's closure within one year. All three could have possibly impacted the detention center, as well as how the United States holds detainees.

While mandating closure of the detention camp, the naval base as a whole is not subject to the order and will remain operational indefinitely. This plan was thwarted for the time being on 20 May 2009, when the United States Senate voted to keep the prison at Guantanamo Bay open for the foreseeable future and forbid the transfer of any detainees to facilities in the United States. Senator Daniel Inouye, a Democrat from Hawaii and chairman of the appropriations committee, said he initially favored keeping Guantanamo open until Obama produced a "coherent plan for closing the prison."[53] As of January 2015, the facility remains open, with 122 detainees being housed there.[54]

Represented businesses

McDonald's at Guantanamo

A Baskin-Robbins ice cream store, which opened in the 1980s, was the first franchise business on the base. In 1986, Guantanamo became host to the first and only McDonald's restaurant within Cuba.[55][56]

A Subway sandwich shop was opened in November 2002.[57] Other fast food outlets have followed. These fast food restaurants are on base, and not accessible to Cubans. It has been reported that prisoners cooperating with interrogations have been rewarded with Happy Meals from the McDonald's located on the mainside of the base.[58]

In 2004, a combined KFC & A&W restaurant was opened at the bowling alley and a Pizza Hut Express at the Windjammer Restaurant.[59] There is also a Taco Bell, and the Triple C shop that sells Starbucks coffee and Breyers ice cream. All the restaurants on the installation are franchises owned and operated by the Department of the Navy.[60]

All proceeds from these restaurants are used to support morale, welfare, and recreation (MWR) activities for service personnel and their families.[61]

Airfields

There are two airfields within the base, Leeward Point Field and McCalla Field. Leeward Point Field is the active military airfield, with the ICAO code MUGM and IATA code NBW.[62] McCalla Field was designated as the auxiliary landing field in 1970.[13]

Leeward Point Field was constructed in 1953 as part of Naval Air Station (NAS) Guantanamo Bay.[63] Leeward Point Field has a single active runway, 10/28, measuring 8,000 ft (2,400 m).[62] The former runway, 9/27 was 8,500 ft (2,600 m). Currently, Leeward Point Field operates several aircraft and helicopters supporting base operations. Leeward Point Field was home to Fleet Composite Squadron 10 (VC-10) until the unit was phased out in 1993. VC-10 was one of the last active-duty squadrons flying the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk.

McCalla Field was established in 1931[63] and remained operational until 1970. Naval Air Station Guantanamo Bay was officially established 1 February 1941. Aircraft routinely operating out of McCalla included JRF-5, N3N, J2F, C-1 Trader,[64] and dirigibles. McCalla Field is now listed as a closed airfield. The area consists of 3 runways: 1/19 at 4,500 ft (1,400 m), 14/32 at 2,210 ft (670 m), and 10/28 at 1,850 ft (560 m). Camp Justice is now located on the grounds of the former airfield.

Access to the Naval Station is very limited and must be preapproved through the appropriate local chain of command with Commander Naval Base GTMO as the final approval. Since berthing facilities are limited, visitors must be sponsored indicating that they have an approved residence for the duration of the visit.[65]

Education

Department of Defense Education Activity (DODEA) provides for the education of dependent personnel with two schools. Both schools are named for Rear Admiral William Thomas Sampson. W.T. Sampson Elementary School serves grades K – 5 and W. T. Sampson High School serves grades 6 – 12. The Villamar Child Development Center provides child care for dependents from six weeks to five years old. MWR operates a Youth Center that provides activities for dependents.[66] Some former students of the Guantánamo have shared stories of their experiences with the Guantánamo Public Memory Project.[67] The 2013 documentary Guantanamo Circus by film maker Christina Linhardt reveals a glimpse of day-to-day life on GTMO as seen through the eyes of a circus. It is used as a reference by the Guantánamo Public Memory Project.

Climate

U.S. Naval Station Guantanamo Bay has an annual rainfall of about 61.5 cm (24 in).[68] The amount of rainfall has resulted in the base being classified as a semi-arid desert environment.[68] The annual average high temperature on the base is 31.2 °C (88.2 °F), the annual average low is 22.7 °C (72.9 °F).

Climate data for Guantanamo Bay
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °F (°C) 84
(29)		 84
(29)		 86
(30)		 88
(31)		 88
(31)		 90
(32)		 91
(33)		 91
(33)		 91
(33)		 90
(32)		 88
(31)		 86
(30)		 88.1
(31.2)
Average low °F (°C) 68
(20)		 68
(20)		 70
(21)		 72
(22)		 73
(23)		 75
(24)		 75
(24)		 75
(24)		 75
(24)		 75
(24)		 73
(23)		 70
(21)		 72.4
(22.5)
Average precipitation inches (cm) 0.98
(2.5)		 0.91
(2.3)		 1.2
(3)		 1.3
(3.3)		 3.58
(9.1)		 2.09
(5.3)		 1.1
(2.8)		 1.89
(4.8)		 3.1
(8)		 5.1
(13)		 1.81
(4.6)		 1.1
(2.8)		 24.16
(61.5)
Source: Weatherbase[69]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ "File:US Navy 040813-N-6939M-002 Commissions building courtroom at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.jpg".
  2. ↑ "CNIC Naval Station Guantanamo Bay History". United States Navy. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
  3. ↑ Australian News, May 2013, Comments by Cuba to the UN Human Rights Council
  4. ↑ Granma, January 26, 2012, comments on an article in the New York Times on the continued occupation of Cuba
  5. ↑ New York Times, January 10, 2012, Give Guantanamo Back to Cuba, Jonathan M. Hansen, cited in Granma
  6. ↑ Guantanamo, Yankee naval base of crimes and provocations, 1970, (Cuban) Ministry of Foreign Affairs, translated 1977 by U.S. Joint Publications Research Service (PDF)
  7. ↑ Alfred de Zayas, "The Status of Guantanamo Bay and the Status of the Detainees" in University of British Columbia Law Review, vol. 37, July 2004, pp. 277–342;, A de Zayas Guantanamo Naval Base in Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Oxford University Press 2012)
  8. ↑ "Guantanamo Bay – Camp Delta". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
  9. ↑ "GTMO CTD Inspection Special Inquiry" (PDF). Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved 26 January 2011.
  10. ↑ "Article 10: Right to fair public hearing by independent tribunal". BBC World Service. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
  11. ↑ "Agenda Item 17 base naval". cubaminrex.cu. Archived from the original on 4 June 2004.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 "Tenant Commands". United States Navy. Retrieved 6 September 2012.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 "The History of Guantanamo Bay, Vol. II 1964–1982". United States Navy. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 "Guantanamo Bay [GTMO] "GITMO"". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  15. ↑ "CNO: Shore and Fleet Organization Branch (SNDL) Collection COLL/94" (PDF). United States Navy. Retrieved 6 September 2012.
  16. ↑ "US Naval Station Guantanamo Bay, Cuba". Net Resources International. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  17. ↑ "Fleet Training Group Moves to Mayport". All Hands (939): 2. July 1995.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 "Naval Station Guantanamo Bay, CU (NAVSTA) Custodian Assignments". Naval Vessel Register. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  19. ↑ "No Name (YC 1639) Open Lighter (NSP)". Naval Vessel Register. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  20. ↑ "YC – Open Lighter". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  21. ↑ "Leeward (YFB) Ferryboat or Launch (S-P)". Naval Vessel Register. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  22. ↑ "Windward (YFB93)". Naval Vessel Register. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  23. ↑ "No Name (YON 258) Fuel Oil Barge (N-S-P)". Naval Vessel Register. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  24. ↑ "Wanamassa (YTB 820) Large Harbor Tug (S-P)". Naval Vessel Register. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 "Port Operations". United States Navy. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  26. ↑ Li, Darryl (2015), "Offshoring the Army: Migrant Workers and the U.S. Military", UCLA Law Review 62: 124–174
  27. ↑ Robert M. Poole. "What Became of the Taino". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 M. E. Murphy. "The History of Guantanamo Bay 1494–1964" 1. United States Navy. Retrieved 9 September 2012. |chapter= ignored (help)
  29. ↑ "Castro: Cuba not cashing US Guantanamo rent checks". Reuters. August 17, 2007.
  30. ↑ "World War II Navy Post Office Numbers".
  31. ↑ Hague, Arnold The Allied Convoy System 1939–1945 Naval Institute Press 2000 ISBN 1-55750-019-3 p.111
  32. ↑ M. E. Murphy, Rear Admiral, U.S. Navy. "The History of Guantanamo Bay 1494–1964: Chapter 18, "Introduction of Part II, 1953 – 1964"". Retrieved 2006-03-15.
  33. ↑ Suzette Leboy and Ben Fox. "Era Ends: Base's last two Cuban commuters retire". Retrieved 2012-12-15.
  34. ↑ M. E. Murphy. "The History of Guantánamo Bay 1494–1964: Chapter 19, "Cuban Crisis, 1962"". Retrieved 2006-03-15.
  35. ↑ John Pomfret, Captain, U.S. Marine Corps. "The History of Guantanamo Bay". II 1964–1982. Retrieved 2008-03-31. |chapter= ignored (help)
  36. ↑ Ralston, Jeannie (April 2005). "09360 No-Man's-Land". National Geographic.
  37. ↑ Virginia Bueno, NAVFAC Public Affairs Officer. "The Department of Navy Debuts Largest Wind Energy Project To Date". Retrieved 2011-11-25.
  38. ↑ Shane, Scott (23 January 2009). "Obama Orders Secret Prisons and Detention Camps Closed". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-01-22.
  39. ↑ Warren Richey (15 October 2009). "Obama's Guantánamo, Counterterror Policies Similar to Bush's?". Christian Science Monitor..
  40. ↑ "President Obama Issues Executive Order Institutionalizing Indefinite Detention" (Press release). American Civil Liberties Union. 7 March 2011.
  41. ↑ "Obama Makes It Official: Suspected Terrorists Can Be Indefinitely Detained Without a Trial". theatlanticwire.com. 31 December 2011.
  42. ↑ "Judge Blocks Controversial NDAA". courthousenews.com. 16 May 2012.
  43. ↑ "The Homeland Battlefield: 'Hedges v. Obama' Lawsuit Challenging NDAA Begins in NYC". http://www.sparrowmedia.net. 28 March 2012.
  44. ↑ "Obama Defies NDAA Ruling". westernjournalism.com. 31 May 2012.
  45. ↑ "Guantanamo Bay Naval Base and Ecological Crises". Trade and Environment Database. American University. Retrieved 2009-04-19.
  46. ↑ "Yankees Besieged". Time. 16 March 1962.
  47. ↑ Rosenberg, Carol (29 June 1999). "Guantanamo base free of land mines". The Miami Herald. Retrieved 2009-02-14.
  48. ↑ "Destination Guantanamo Bay". BBC News. 28 December 2001. Retrieved 2006-03-15.
  49. ↑ Rasul v. Bush, 542 U.S. 466 (2004).
  50. ↑ In re Guantanamo detainee Cases, 355 F.Supp.2d 443 (D.D.C. 2005).
  51. ↑ DOD Identifies 3 Guantanamo Suicides, Washington Post, 11 June 2006
  52. ↑ Death in Camp Delta, Seton Hall University School of Law. (18 MB)
  53. ↑ "Senate Nixes Obama's Guantanamo Plan". CBC News. 20 May 2009. Retrieved 2011-10-20.
  54. ↑ "5 more detainees transferred from Guantanamo". CBS News. January 14, 2015.
  55. ↑ Warner, Margaret (14 October 2003). "INSIDE GUANTANAMO". Online NewsHour. Retrieved 2006-03-15.
  56. ↑ Joseph A. Morris (15 November 2002). "Profession of the Week: McDonald's workers" (PDF). The Wire (JTF-GTMO).
  57. ↑ Frank N. Pellegrini (22 November 2002). "Monday Night Football at Subways: Open until it is over" (PDF). The Wire.
  58. ↑ Corera, Gordon (16 January 2006). "Guantanamo Bay's unhappy anniversary". The New Nation. Archived from the original on 29 January 2008. Retrieved 2006-03-15.
  59. ↑ "Dining". JTF Guantanamo. Retrieved 2009-01-22.
  60. ↑ Andrew Selsky (27 November 2008). "Not just a prison, the Navy sees many uses for Guantanamo". Miami Herald. Retrieved 2008-11-28. mirror
  61. ↑ Morale, Welfare and Recreation. "Branded Food & Beverage Concepts". U.S. Navy. Retrieved 2010-01-22.
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 "Guantanamo Bay NS". WorldAeroData. Retrieved 31 August 2012.
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 "Guantanamo Bay" (PDF). Naval Aviation News. United States Navy. Retrieved 31 August 2012.
  64. ↑ Gillcrest, Paul (2000). "35 McCalla Field". Sea Legs. iUniverse. ISBN 978-1-4697-9797-7.
  65. ↑ "Section 1: General Entry Requirements" (PDF). United States Navy. Retrieved 31 August 2012.
  66. ↑ "Naval Station Guantanamo Bay, Cuba". Department of Defense. Retrieved 2011-12-13.
  67. ↑ "Guantánamo Stories". Guantánamo Public Memory Project. Retrieved 2013-04-04.
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 Stephen A. Lisio (June 1994). "Guantanamo Bay Naval Base and Ecological Crises". American University.
  69. ↑ "Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Guantanamo Bay, Cuba". Weatherbase. 2011. Retrieved on 24 November 2011.

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