Great reed warbler

Great reed warbler
Adult at a bird banding station
Conservation status

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Acrocephalidae
Genus: Acrocephalus
Species: A. arundinaceus
Binomial name
Acrocephalus arundinaceus
(Linnaeus, 1758)

The great reed warbler (Acrocephalus arundinaceus) is a Eurasian passerine in the genus Acrocephalus. It used to be placed in the Old World warbler assemblage, but is now recognized as part of the marsh and tree-warbler family (Acrocephalidae). A. arundinaceus are medium-sized birds and are the largest of the European warblers. They breed throughout mainland Europe and Asia and migrate to sub-Saharan Africa in the winter. Great reed warblers favor reed beds as their habitat during breeding months, while living in reed beds, bush thickets, rice fields, and forest clearings during the winter. Great reed warblers exhibit relatively low sexual dimorphism, and both genders of the species are similar in appearance. This species mates both polygynously and monogamously.

Description

The thrush-sized warbler is one of the largest species of Old World warbler. It measures 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in) in length, 25 to 30 cm (9.8 to 11.8 in) in wingspan and weighs 22 to 38 g (0.78 to 1.34 oz).[2][3][4] The adult has unstreaked brown upperparts and dull buffish-white chin and underparts. The forehead is flattened, and the bill is strong and pointed. It looks very much like a giant Eurasian reed warbler (A. scirpaceus), but with a stronger supercilium.

The sexes are identical, as with most old world warblers, but young birds are richer buff below.

The warbler's song is very loud and far-carrying. The song's main phrase is a chattering and creaking carr-carr-cree-cree-cree-jet-jet, to which the whistles and vocal mimicry typical of marsh warblers are added.

Distribution and ecology

Nest with clutch of eggs

A. arundinaceus breeds in Europe and westernmost temperate Asia. It does not breed in Great Britain, but is a regular visitor. Its population has in recent decades increased around the eastern Baltic Sea, while it has become rarer at the western end of its range. It is a migratory bird, wintering in tropical Africa. This bird migrates north at a rather late date, and some birds remain in their winter quarters until the end of April.[1][5][6]

While there are no subspecies of this bird, mtDNA haplotype data indicate that during the last glacial period there were two allopatric populations of A. arundinaceus. The great reed warblers in southwestern and southeastern Europe were at that time apparently separated by the Vistulian-Würm ice sheets and the surrounding barren lands. Though the data are insufficient to robustly infer a date for this separation, it suggests the populations became separated around 80,000 years ago – coincident with the first major advance of the ice sheets. The populations must have expanded their range again at the start of the Holocene about 13,000 years ago, but even today the western birds winter in the west and the eastern birds in the east of tropical Africa.[6]

Male warbler declaring his territory

This passerine bird is found in large reed beds, often with some bushes. On their breeding grounds, they are territorial. In their winter quarters, they are frequently found in large groups, and may occupy a reed bed to the exclusion of other birds.[5] Like most warblers, it is insectivorous, but it will take other prey items of small size, including vertebrates such as tadpoles.

The great reed warbler undergoes marked long-term population fluctuations, and it is able to expand its range quickly when new habitat becomes available. This common and widespread bird is considered a species of least concern by the IUCN.[1][6]

Behavior

Diet

A. arundinacius has a primarily carnivorous diet. Observation of prey collection specifically during breeding season has shown the retrieval of insect larvae, moths, dragonflies, damselflies, beetles, spiders, small fish, and frogs.[7] A. arundinacius has also been reported to eat fruit during non-breeding seasons.[8] Nestlings typically feed on diptera and arachnids, though this may not be their preferred food.[9]

Communication and courtship

Song, recorded at Diaccia Botrona marsh (Italy)

Male great reed warblers have been observed to communicate via two basic song types: short songs about one second in length with few syllables, and long songs of about four seconds that have more syllables and are louder than the short variety. It has been observed that long songs are primarily used by males to attract females; long songs are only given spontaneously by unpaired males, and cease with the arrival of a female. Short songs, however, are primarily used in territorial encounters with rival males.[10]

During experimental observation, male great reed warblers showed reluctance to approach recordings of short songs, and when lured in by long songs, would retreat when playback was switched to short songs.[10]

Traditionally, monogamous species of genus Acrocephalus use long, variable, and complex songs to attract mates, whereas polygynous varieties use short, simple, stereotypical songs for territorial defense. There is evidence that long songs have been evolved through intersexual selection, whereas short songs have been evolved through intrasexual selection. “A. arundinaceus” is a notable example of these selective pressures, as it is a partial polygynist and has evolved variable song structure (both long and short) through evolutionary compromise.[10]

In addition to communication, the great reed warbler’s song size has been implicated in organism fitness and reproductive success. Though no direct relationship has been found between song size and either territory size or beneficial male qualities, such as wing length, weight, or age, strong correlation has been observed between repertoire size and territory quality. Furthermore, partial correlation analysis has shown that territory quality has significant effect on number of females obtained, while repertoire length is linked to the number of young produced.[11]

Mating system and sexual behavior

Great reed warbler eggs

A. arundinaceus females lay 3–6 eggs in a basket nest in reeds. Some pairs of warblers are monogamous, but others are not, and unpaired, territory-less males still father some young.[12]

A long-term study of the factors that contribute to male fitness examined the characteristics of males and territories in relation to annual and lifetime breeding success. It showed that the arrival order of the male was the most significant factor for predicting pairing success, fledgling success, and number of offspring that survive. It also found that arrival order was closely correlated with territory attractiveness rank. Females seem to prefer early arriving males that occupy more attractive territories. These females also tend to gain direct benefits through the increased production of fledglings and offspring that become adults. In addition, male song repertoire length is positively correlated to annual harem size and overall lifetime production of offspring that survive. Song repertoire size alone is able to predict male lifetime number of surviving offspring. Females tend to be attracted to males with longer song repertoires since they tend to sire offspring with improved viability. In doing so, they gain indirect benefits for their own young.[13][14]

Great reed warblers have a short, polygynous breeding cycle in which the male contributes little to parental care. They defend large territories in reed beds where there is reduced visibility, which may allow males to practice deception by moving and attracting a second female. This second female may not realize that the male has already mated. Polygyny of the great reed warbler was assessed in another study that showed the importance of female choice. The differences in territory characteristics seemed to be more important. However, there is also a strong correlation between male and their territory characteristics. Models based on the polygyny threshold and sexy son hypotheses predict that females should gain evolutionary advantage in either short-term or long-term in this mating system, yet the study did not support this. The data showed that secondary females had greatly reduced breeding success.[15][16]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 BirdLife International (2012). "Acrocephalus arundinaceus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  2. ↑ "Acrocephalus arundinaceus (Linnaeus, 1758)".
  3. ↑ Josep del Hoyo, Andrew Elliott, Jordi Sargatal, ed. (1996). Handbook of the Birds of the World (3 ed.). Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 84-87334-20-2.
  4. ↑ Stevenson, Terry; John Fanshawe (2001). Field Guide to the Birds of East Africa: Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0856610790.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Traylor, Marvin; Daniel Parelius (13 November 1967). "A Collection of Birds from the Ivory Coast". Fieldiana Zoology 51 (7): 91–117.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Bensch, Staffan; Dennis Hasselquist (1 February 1999). "Phylogeographic population structure of great reed warblers: an analysis of mtDNA control region sequences". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 66 (2): 171–185. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1999.tb01882.x.
  7. ↑ Ezaki, Yasuo (1 April 1992). "Importance of communal foraging grounds outside the reed marsh for breeding great reed warblers". Ecological Research 7 (1): 63–70. doi:10.1007/BF02348598.
  8. ↑ Grzimek, Bernhard (2002). Hutchins, Jackson, Bock, Olendorf, ed. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia, Vol. 11.4 (2 ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. p. 17.
  9. ↑ Dyrcz, Andrzej; Flinks, Heiner (1 July 2000). "Potential food resources and nestling food in the Great Reed Warbler (Acrocephalus arundinaceus arundinaceus) and Eastern Great Reed Warbler (Acrocephalus arundinaceus orientalis)". Journal für Ornithology 141 (3): 351–360. doi:10.1007/BF02462245.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Catchpole, Clive K. (1 November 1983). "Variation in the song of the great reed warbler Acrocephalus arundinaceus in relation to mate attraction and territorial defence". Animal Behaviour 31 (4): 1217–1225. doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(83)80028-1.
  11. ↑ Catchpole, Clive K. (1 December 1986). "Song repertoires and reproductive success in the great reed warbler Acrocephalus arundinaceus". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 19 (6): 439–445. doi:10.1007/BF00300547.
  12. ↑ Leisler, B.; M. Wink (1 July 2000). "Frequencies of multiple paternity in three Acrocephalus species (Aves Sylviidae) with different mating systems (A. palustris, A. arundinaceus, A. paludicola)". Ethology Ecology & Evolution 12 (3): 237–249. doi:10.1080/08927014.2000.9522798.
  13. ↑ Catchpole, Clive; Bernd Leisler; Hans Winkler (1 March 1985). "Polygyny in the great reed warbler, Acrocephalus arundinaceus: a possible case of deception". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 16 (3): 285–291. doi:10.1007/BF00310992.
  14. ↑ Hasselquist, Dennis (1 October 1998). "Polygyny in Great Reed Warblers: a long-term study of factors contributing to male fitness". Ecology 79 (7): 2376–2390. doi:10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[2376:PIGRWA]2.0.CO;2.
  15. ↑ Bensch, Staffan; Dennis Hasselquist (October 1991). "Territory Infidelity in the Polygynous Great Reed Warbler Acrocephalus arundinaceus: The Effect of Variation in Territory Attractiveness". Journal of Animal Ecology 60 (3): 857–871. doi:10.2307/5418.
  16. ↑ Hasselquist, Dennis; Staffan Bensch; Torbjörn von Schantz (1 January 1995). "Low frequency of extrapair paternity in the polygynous great reed warbler, Acrocephalus arundinaceus". Behavioral Ecology 6 (1): 27–38. doi:10.1093/beheco/6.1.27.

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