Great Unconformity

Of the many unconformities (gaps) observed in geological strata, the term Great Unconformity is applied to either the unconformity observed by James Hutton in 1787 at Siccar Point in Scotland,[1] or that observed by John Wesley Powell in the Grand Canyon in 1869.[2] Both instances are exceptional examples of where the contacts between sedimentary strata and either sedimentary or crystalline strata of greatly different ages, origins, and structure represent periods of geologic time sufficiently long to raise great mountains and then erode them away.

Background

Unconformities in general tend to reflect long-term changes in the pattern of the accumulation of sedimentary or igneous strata in low lying areas (often ocean basins, such as the Gulf of Mexico or the North Sea, but also Bangladesh and much of Brazil), then being uplifted and eroded (such as the ongoing Himalayan orogeny, the older Laramide orogeny of the Rocky Mountains, or much older Appalachian (Alleghanian) and Ouachita orogenies), then subsequently subsiding, eventually to be buried under younger sediments. The intervening periods of tectonic uplift are generally periods of mountain building, often due to the collision of tectonic plates. The "great" unconformities of regional or continental scale (in both geography and chronology) are associated with either global changes in eustatic sea level or the supercontinent cycle, the periodic merger of all the continents into one approximately every 500 million years.

Hutton's Unconformity

Hutton's Unconformity at Siccar Point, in county of Berwickshire on the east coast of Scotland, is an angular unconformity that consists of gently dipping, reddish, Upper Devonian and Lower Carboniferous breccias, sandstones, and conglomerates of the Old Red Sandstone overlying deeply eroded, near-vertical, greyish, Silurian (Llandovery) greywackes and shales. The Llandovery greywackes and graptolite-bearing shales of the Gala Group were deposited by turbidity currents in a deep sea environment about 425 million years ago. The overlying Devonian strata were deposited by rivers and streams about 345 million years ago. Thus, this unconformity reflects a gap of about 80 million years during which deep sea sediments were lithified, folded, and uplifted; later deeply eroded and weathered subaerially; and finally buried by river and stream sediments.[1][3][4]

Exposures of the unconformity at Siccar Point, provided James Hutton, accompanied by John Playfair and Sir James Hall, the clearest example of an unconformable relationship between two sets of sedimentary strata that involved a complex geological history. The clear truncation of near-vertical Silurian sedimentary strata by well-bedded conglomerates and sandstones belonging to the Upper Old Red Sandstone allowed Hutton to demonstrate the existence of significant breaks in the geological record, in this case a break separating strata that were then called alpine schistus and secondary strata. Furthermore, this and other unconformites provided evidence for Hutton’s ideas about the recycling of geological materials and for unconformities representing very large periods of time. He argued that both of these concepts pointed to the great antiquity of the Earth and the vastness of the geological time-scale.[1][5]

Powell’s Unconformity, Grand Canyon

The Great Unconformity of Powell in the Grand Canyon is a regional unconformity that separates the Tonto Group from the underlying, faulted and tilted sedimentary rocks of the Grand Canyon Supergroup and vertically foliated metamorphic and igneous rocks of the Vishnu Basement Rocks. The unconformity between the Tonto Group and the Vishnu Basement Rocks is a nonconformity. The break between the Tonto Group and the Grand Canyon Supergroup is an angular unconformity.[6][7]

Powell's Great Unconformity is part of a continent-wide unconformity that extends across Laurentia, the ancient core of North America. It marks the progressive submergence of this landmass by a shallow cratonic sea and its burial by shallow marine sediments of the Cambrian-Early Ordovician Sauk sequence. The submergence of Laurentia ended a lengthy period of widespread continental denudation that exhumed and deeply eroded Precambrian rocks and exposed them to extensive physical and chemical weathering at the Earth’s surface. As a result, Powell's Great Unconformity is unusual in its geographic extent and its stratigraphic significance.[8][9]

The length of time represented by Powell's Great Unconformity varies along its length. Within the Grand Canyon, the Great Unconformity represents a period of about 175 million years between the Tonto Group and the youngest subdivision, the Sixtymile Formation, of the Grand Canyon Supergroup. At the base of the Grand Canyon Supergroup, where it truncates the Bass Formation, the period of time represented by this angular unconformity increases to about 725 million years. Where the Tonto Group overlies the Vishnu Basement Rocks, the Great Unconformity represents a period as much as 1.2 to 1.6 billion years of time.[7][9] (See also geological timescale.)

A prominent exposure of Powell's Great Unconformity occurs in Frenchman Mountain in Nevada. Frenchman Mountain exposes a sequence of Phanerozoic strata equivalent to those found in the Grand Canyon. At the base of this sequence, the Great Unconformity, with the Tapeats Sandstone of the Tonto Group overlying the Vishnu Basement Rocks, is very well exposed in a manner that is atypical and scientifically significant in its combination of extent and accessibility. This exposure is frequently illustrated in popular and educational publications and often part of geological fieldtrips. There is a gap of about 1.2 billion years where 550 million year old strata of the Tapeats Sandstone rests on 1.7 billion year old Vishnu Basement Rocks.[10][11][12]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Rance, H (1999) Historical Geology: The Present is the Key to the Past. QCC Press, New York, N.Y.
  2. ↑ Merten, G (2005) Geology in the American Southwest: New Processes, New Theories In MF Anderson, ed., A Gathering of Grand Canyon Historians. Proceedings of the Inaugural Grand Canyon History Symposium, January 2002. Grand Canyon Association, Grand Canyon, Arizona.
  3. ↑ Barclay, WJ, MAE Browne, AA McMillan, EA Pickett, P Stone, and PR Wilby (2005) The Old Red Sandstone of Great Britain. Geological Conservation Review Series no. 31. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough, United Kingdom, 393 pp.
  4. ↑ Holdsworth, RE, E Tarvarnelli, and P Clegg (2002) The Nature and Regional Significance of Structures in the Gala Group of the Southern Uplands Terrane, Berwickshire Coast, Southeastern Scotland. Geological Magazine. 139(6):707-717.
  5. ↑ Jutras, P, GM Young, and WGE Caldwell (2011) Reinterpretation of James Hutton’s historic discovery on the Isle of Arran as a double unconformity masked by a phreatic calcrete hardpan. Geology, v.39, p. 147-150.
  6. ↑ Billingsley, GH (2000) Geologic Map of the Grand Canyon 30’ X 60’ Quadrangle, Coconino and Mohave Counties, Northwestern Arizona. Geologic Investigations Series no. I–2688. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Timmons, M, KE Karlstrom, and C Dehler (1998) Grand Canyon Supergroup Six Unconformities Make One Great Unconformity A Record of Supercontinent Assembly and Disassembly. Boatman's Quarterly Review. vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 29–32.
  8. ↑ Shanan, EP, and RR Gaines, 2012, Formation of the ‘Great Unconformity’ as a trigger for the Cambrian explosion. Nature. 484:363-366.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Karlstrom. KE, and JM Timmons (2012) Many unconformities make one 'Great Unconformity. in JM Timmons and KE Karlstrom, eds., pp. 73-79, Grand Canyon Geology: Two Billion Years of Earth's History. Special Paper no. 489. Geological Society of America, Boulder, Coloprado.
  10. ↑ Rowland, S (1987) Paleozoic stratigraphy of Frenchman Mountain, Clark County, Nevada. in ML Hill, ed., pp. 53-56, Centennial Field Guide vol 1. Cordilleran Section of the Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado.
  11. ↑ Rowland, S (nd) Frenchman Mountain Great Unconformity site. Department of Geoscience, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada.
  12. ↑ Palmer, AR. (1998) Chapter 3. Day 0: Early and Middle Cambrian Stratigraphy of Frenchman Mountain, Nevada (Stop 0.1). in ME Taylor, ed., pp. 14 -16, Cambrian and Early Ordovician Stratigraphy and Paleontology of the Basin and Range Province, Western United States, Las Vegas, Nevada to Salt Lake City, Utah July 1–7, 1989. Field Trip Guidebook no. T125. American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C.

External links – Hutton's Unconformity

External links – Powell's Unconformity