Great Offices of State

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The Great Offices of State in the United Kingdom are the four most senior and prestigious posts in the British parliamentary system of government.[1][2] They are the:

In 2015, these posts are currently held respectively by: David Cameron; George Osborne; Philip Hammond; and Theresa May. According to convention, when the Prime Minister names his or her Cabinet, either after a general election or mid-term reshuffle, the first announced Cabinet ministers will be the Chancellor, Foreign Secretary and Home Secretary, and usually in that order.

James Callaghan is the only person to date to have served in all four positions.[1][5] In the past hundred years, several other people came close to approaching this distinction: Herbert Henry Asquith and Winston Churchill both served as Chancellor, Prime Minister and Home Secretary while Harold Macmillan and John Major served as Prime Minister, Chancellor and Foreign Secretary. Rab Butler and Sir John Simon served as Chancellor of the Exchequer, Foreign Secretary and Home Secretary. Two of the Great Offices of State have often been held simultaneously by one person, most recently by Ramsay MacDonald, Prime Minister and Foreign Secretary in 1924; Arthur Wellesley, the famous Duke of Wellington, is the only person to have held three of the Great Offices simultaneously, serving as Prime Minister, Home Secretary and Foreign Secretary in the Wellington caretaker ministry. If Jack Straw's belief that the Secretary of State for Justice is the fifth Great Office of State (see below) is correct then two other ministers have held three of the offices, Jack Straw himself, as Home Secretary, Foreign Secretary and Justice Secretary, and Ken Clarke as Home Secretary, Chancellor of the Exchequer[6] and Justice Secretary.[6]

Commons-only nature in modern times

Owing to the political constitution of the United Kingdom, in which the House of Commons retains most of the power, it is accepted that it is no longer practical for holders of the Great Offices of State to be members of the House of Lords. The House of Lords has traditionally been restrained in the passage of financial bills, meaning that the office of Chancellor is effectively limited to the House of Commons. The last holders of the other positions to have been peers were:

It is most exceptional that a holder of a Great Office of State should not hold a seat in Parliament at all, neither in the Commons nor in the Lords. It occurred briefly in 1963, when Alec Douglas-Home was appointed Prime Minister: he disclaimed his peerage on 23 October, and was not returned to the Commons until a by-election on 7 November. More substantially, Patrick Gordon Walker was appointed Foreign Secretary in 1964 despite not holding a Parliamentary seat, having been defeated in his Smethwick constituency seat in the 1964 general election; he held the post for three months until his resignation in January 1965.

Women

Only four women have held any of the Great Offices of State. Out of the four Offices, three have been held by women; Chancellor of the Exchequer is the only position that has not.

Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice

In 2007, many of the functions of the Home Office were transferred to the Secretary of State for Constitutional Affairs, which was renamed the Secretary of State for Justice; like its predecessor, the post of Justice Secretary is held jointly with the role of Lord Chancellor. During the passage of the Constitutional Reform Act 2005, which stripped the Lord Chancellor of judicial office and the Lords speakership, it was announced that future Lord Chancellors would be drawn from the Commons rather than the Lords. Jack Straw, the second Justice Secretary and first Lord Chancellor not a member of the Lords in centuries, appeared to make reference to the fact that this new post could be considered a fifth Great Office, saying that he was "the first holder of this great office of state to sit in the Commons."[7] However, there is as yet no consensus in favour of such a view amongst constitutional analysts, and Straw's comment could be taken as a reference to the Lord Chancellor being one of the Great Officers of State.

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 McKie, David (28 March 2005). "Lord Callaghan". politics.guardian.co.uk (London: Guardian Unlimited). Retrieved 10 June 2008. He had held all four of the great offices of state
  2. ↑ Eason, Gary (27 March 2005). "Callaghan's great education debate". BBC News.
  3. ↑ "Open Politics". news.bbc.co.uk (BBC News). Retrieved 26 July 2007.
  4. ↑ "Article by John Rentoul". comment.independent.co.uk (London: The Independent). 5 December 2004. Retrieved 26 July 2007.
  5. ↑ "Lady Callaghan of Cardiff". The Independent (London). 30 March 2005.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "The Conservative Party | Your team | Members of Parliament | Rt Hon Kenneth Clarke MP". Conservatives.com. Retrieved 2013-12-10.
  7. ↑ "Lord Mayor's annual judges dinner". Ministry of Justice. Retrieved 26 July 2007.