Gothic Revival architecture in Canada

Gothic Revival architecture in Canada is an historically influential style, with many prominent examples. The Gothic Revival was imported to Canada from Britain and the United States in the early 19th century, and rose to become the most popular style for major projects throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

The Gothic Revival period lasted longer and was more thoroughly embraced in Canada than in either Britain or the United States, only falling out of style in the 1930s. The late 19th and early 20th centuries was also the period when many major Canadian institutions were founded. Throughout Canada many of the most prominent religious, civic, and scholastic institutions are housed in Gothic Revival style buildings. In the 1960s and 1970s several scholars, most notably Alan Gowans, embraced Canadian Gothic Revival architecture as one of the nation's signature styles and as an integral part of Canadian nationalism. While largely abandoned in the modernist period, several postmodern architects have embraced Canada's neo-Gothic past.

History

Introduction to Canada

Notre-Dame de Montréal, one of Canada's first major Gothic Revival structure. Its symmetry and straight lines still evoke the previous Georgian and neo-classical styles.

Gothic Architecture is a name given in retrospect to many of the major projects of the High Middle Ages. As this period covered the 13th and 14th centuries, there are no authentic Gothic buildings in Canada. The style was quite out of favour in the 17th century, when Europeans first began erecting structures in Canada, and the style is absent from the early settlements in New France and the Maritimes.

In the 18th century, a growing spirit of Romanticism and interest in the Medieval past led to a revival of Gothic styles in Britain. The style made its way to Canada in the early 19th century. One of the first appearances is in an 1811 proposal by Jeffry Wyatt for a new legislature in Quebec City. One of the first major Gothic Revival structures in Canada was Notre-Dame Basilica in Montreal, which was designed in 1824 by the Irish-American James O'Donnell. The largest church in North America upon its completion, it was one of the first architectural works of international note to be built in Canada. It was also one of the first Catholic Gothic Revival structures, as the movement would not spread from Britain to France and continental Europe until several years later. As the most prominent church in the colony its form was much imitated by local church builders, who constructed miniature versions of the basilica across Quebec.

Protestants also embraced the style. As early as the late 18th century, certain Gothic elements had appeared in a church in Nova Scotia, though the Georgian and Neo-classical styles remained dominant for several decades. The first stone neo-Gothic structure in the Maritimes is St. John's Church in Saint John, New Brunswick. It dates to 1824, the same year work began on Notre-Dame. In the 1830s and 1840s four prominent neo-Gothic Churches were built in Quebec City, representing each of that city's major Protestant denominations.

By the 1840s the Gothic Revival style had become virtually universal among Anglicans and used for most other Christian denominations as well. As in much of the English speaking world the lancet windows and buttresses of the Gothic Revival style soon became permanently associated in most people's mind with ecclesiastical buildings. It was soon also embraced for secular purposes as well, such as government buildings and universities. Canadian universities modeled themselves on the great British universities, Oxford and Cambridge, and this extended to embracing the Gothic architecture used in their construction. Two of the first Gothic Revival colleges were Trinity College in Toronto and Bishop's University in Quebec.The gothic revival architecture became very popular throughout Canada and the U.S and has been known for years

Victorian High Gothic

In the later half of the 19th century, Gothic Revival architecture became the dominant style for major Canadian buildings. As the style became accepted and popular, architects became more willing to experiment and modify its conventions. While previous Gothic Revival architects had attempted to closely recapture the style of the Middle Ages, the new architects retained the Medieval motifs, but recombined them in entirely new ways.

One of the most important examples of this style anywhere in the world were the Parliament Buildings designed by Thomas Fuller. While the style and design of the building is unquestionably Gothic, it resembles no building constructed during the Middle Ages. The forms were the same, but their arrangement was uniquely modern. The Parliament Buildings also departed from Medieval models by integrating a variety of eras and styles of Gothic architecture, including elements of Gothic architecture from Britain, France, the Low Countries, and Italy all in one building.

In his Hand Book to the Parliamentary and Departmental Buildings, Canada (1867), Joseph Bureau wrote, "The style of the Buildings is the Gothic of the 12th and 13th Centuries, with modification to suit the climate of Canada. The ornamental work and the dressing round the windows are of Ohio sandstone. The plain surface is faced with a cream-colored sandstone of the Potsdam formation, obtained from Nepean, a few miles from Ottawa. The spandrils of the arches, and the spaces between window-arches and the sills of the upper windows, are filled up with a quaint description of stonework, composed of stones of irregular size, shape and colour, very neatly set together."

This style was also embraced for religious architecture. In most towns in Ontario, and also in many parts of the newly settled west and the Maritimes, elaborate High Gothic churches were built. Unlike in the earlier era, the French Catholic church in Quebec did not embrace this style. During this period the church leadership favoured a neo-baroque style more closely linked to the architecture of New France.

The Victorian High Gothic period also saw a willingness to combine the neo-Gothic with other styles. Two important examples of a mix between Gothic and Romanesque styles are University College in Toronto and the British Columbia Parliament Buildings. Variations on the neo-Gothic style developed in Britain were also imported to Canada. The Scottish baronial style was employed by Chief Dominion Architect David Ewart to create a number of castle like structures in Ottawa. New materials were also incorporated. Cast iron allowed stronger structures with thinner supporting walls to be built, while some recreated gothic forms in brick, rather than the traditional stone or wood.

One style that rose to special prominence was the Château Style of Canada's grand railway hotels, also known as Railway Gothic. This style first appeared in the late 19th century, with grandiose railway hotels such as the Château Frontenac and Banff Springs Hotel. It mixed Gothic Revival with elements borrowed from the castles of the Loire in France.

Architectural dominance

Earnscliffe House in Ottawa is a manor built in the Gothic Revival style

Gothic Revival became the dominant style of Canadian civic architecture largely as a matter of timing. The mid and late 19th century was the period that the Canadian state was formed and when many of its secular and religious institutions were established. Canadian Confederation occurred in 1867, and subsequent years saw a large construction programme as the government and civil service established itself in Ottawa and across the country. Rapid growth of cities, especially in Ontario, saw most Christian denominations in most cities build major churches during this period. The downtowns of most Canadian cities are thus dotted with Gothic Revival churches. Canada's historic secular institutions, such as universities and museums, were also founded in this era of rapid growth.

There are other reasons the Gothic styles became so widespread in Canada. The steep roofs and thick stone walls were well suited to Canada's northern climate. In the United States architects liked to link their republic to those of Ancient Greece and Rome through the neo-classical style. Canada's Loyalists had no such leanings, and the English-Canadian elite was strongly Anglophilic and monarchist. Gothic architecture was seen as symbolic of this. In the late 19th century as Canada began to see an influx of Southern and Eastern European immigrants, the nativist backlash also embraced Gothic Revival architecture as emblematic of Canada's identity as a homeland for the "northern race." In French Canada the civic and religious authorities of the 19th and early 20th century also embraced a strident conservatism.

While during this period the Gothic Revival style was almost universal among Christian religious buildings, it was less so among secular structures. Other revival styles were also popular. Romanesque Revival buildings were popular, as were neo-classical structures. No provincial legislature copied the style of the Parliament buildings. Even in Ottawa several federal government buildings of this period embraced other styles.

Pure Gothic forms were mostly unsuited to the day to day requirements of residential and commercial properties; however, neo-Gothic ornamentation and principles were successfully adapted to these uses, and these structures became quite popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In rural areas the Gothic Cottage was immensely popular until well into the 20th century. Neighbourhoods that grew during this period, such as Cabbagetown and the Annex in Toronto, have many examples of houses that incorporate neo-Gothic elements. This includes a highly vertical emphasis on the structure; ornate decorations on the gables, often incorporating classic Gothic trefoil forms; and lancet windows and door frames. In rural Ontario the ubiquitous Ontario Cottage was often adorned with Gothic elements.

Modern Gothic

Commerce Court in Toronto. A Beaux-Arts building with Gothic Revival elements was the tallest building in Canada from 1930 until 1962

The Gothic Revival style started to wane in popularity in the late 19th century. New technologies such as steel building frames, elevators, and electric lighting were having a considerable impact on how buildings could be used and constructed. Newer styles such as the Beaux-Arts and Art Deco came to prominence. However, this was much less true in Canada. Gothic Revival architecture continued to be one of the most important building styles well into the 1940s, though often in highly modified and original forms. Just before the First World War Toronto saw work begin on three of its best known neo-Gothic structures, Casa Loma, the CHUM-City Building, and Hart House. While the three buildings were erected for completely different purposes, and a very distinct in style, they are all clearly Gothic in inspiration.

In the years after the First World War, when the Gothic Revival was being supplanted in most of the world, Canada was also experiencing greatly strengthened Canadian nationalism. For the first time the Canadian political and cultural elite began to seek a path distinct from that being followed in the United Kingdom and United States. As so many notable Canadian structures were Gothic Revival in style it became closely linked to Canadian identity, and was embraced by the new Canadian nationalism.

Perhaps the most important Gothic Revival structure was the new Centre Block of the Canadian Parliament. The Gothic Revival monument of Thomas Fuller was destroyed by a fire in 1917. Despite the half a century that had elapsed since the first parliament was built, the Gothic Revival style was still the obvious choice to the Canadian Government. The new building had several important differences from the old one, most notably the new Peace Tower. The federal government continued building in the Gothic Revival style, of which long serving Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King was a strong supporter, for several decades. As the federal government expanded, two major civil service office buildings were built in the Gothic style just to the west of Parliament Hill in the 1930s.

After the First World War some of the most prominent Gothic Revival structures were constructed by Canada's universities, in a style that is often known as Collegiate Gothic. The newer universities of western Canada, such as the University of British Columbia and University of Saskatchewan, turned to traditional styles as they underwent large expansions. The older universities of Ontario also built several new Gothic Revival Structures.

Gothic Revival finally almost completely disappeared after the Second World War, as Canada embraced Modern Architecture and the International Style. This was motivated by the prevailing fashion of the period, but also by economics and technology. The stark new structures of steel and glass were vastly cheaper than the often ornate stone constructions of the neo-Gothic style. The style thus almost completely disappeared.

The rise of postmodern architecture, with its interest in history and place, has seen the occasional reintegration of Gothic Revival styles. One example is Massey College at the University of Toronto. Its materials and the elements of its design are fully modern, however the form and arrangement of those materials directly quotes from the Gothic Revival structures on campus. Another is the Windsor Arms Hotel, also in Toronto. It is a modern Gothic styled skyscraper built on the base of an older Gothic Revival structure from the start of the 20th century.

List of Gothic Revival buildings in Canada

Prominent Gothic Revival buildings across Canada listed by city.

St John's

Building Function Year Image
Cathedral of St. John the Baptist Church 1847
St. Patrick's Church Church 1855

Halifax

Building Function Year Image
St. Matthew's United Church Church 1857
St. Mary's Basilica Church 1899
Halifax Armoury 2667 North Park Street at Cunard Street Armoury 1895-99 (completed)
The Khyber originally the Church of England Institute Building 1588 Barrington Street Social Centre 1887-88 (completed)
All Saint's Cathedral 1330 Martello St. Cathedral 1908-1910(unfinished)

Fredericton

Building Function Year Image
Christ Church Cathedral (Fredericton) Anglican Cathederal Church 1845-1853

Charlottetown

Building Function Year Image
St. Dunstan's Basilica Church 1916

Quebec City

Building Function Year Image
Château Frontenac Hotel 1893
Grande Allée Drill Hall 805 Wilfrid-Laurier Ave Drill Hall 1887 (completed) Eugène-Étienne Taché Headquarters and Barracks of Les Voltigeurs de Québec, Quebec City Canada. In the foreground is the Regimental War Memorial.

Montreal

Building Function Year Image
Notre-Dame de Montréal Basilica Church 1829
St. Patrick's Basilica Church 1847
Christ Church Cathedral Church 1859
Black Watch Armoury 2067 de Bleury Street Montreal
45°30′28.37″N 73°34′11.38″W / 45.5078806°N 73.5698278°W
1905-06 (completed) Samuel Arnold Finley and David Jerome Spence[1] View of the entrance to the Black Watch Armoury in Montreal
William and Henry Birks Building McGill University Faculty of Religious Studies 1912
Côte des Neiges Armoury 4185 Chemin de la Côte des Neiges, 1934-35 Thomas W. Fuller Montréal, Quebec
Victoria Rifles Armoury, 691 Cathcart Street 1933 Thomas W. Fuller Montréal, Quebec
Canadian Grenadier Guards’ Armoury 4171 Esplanade Avenue 1913-14 Donald Norman MacVicar Montréal, Quebec
Manège Henri-Julien, 3721 Henri Julien Street, 1911 David Ewart Montréal, Quebec
St. Catharines Armoury 81 Lake Street at Elizabeth Street 1905 David Ewart Montréal, Quebec

Rest of Quebec

Building Function Year Image
Beauport Armoury or Building 1 1913-4 David Ewart Beauport, Quebec
Coaticook Armoury 1914 David Ewart Coaticook, Quebec
Fraserville Armoury 1910 David Ewart Fraserville, Quebec
Joliette Armoury, Park Street 1909 David Ewart Joliette, Quebec
Lévis Armoury, 10 de l'Arsenal Street; St. David Street at St. Antoine Street, 1911-4 David Ewart Lévis, Quebec
Matane Armoury 374, St. Jerome Street 1913 David Ewart Matane, Quebec
Montmagny Armoury 194 de la Gare Street 1915 Edgar L. Horwood Montmagny, Quebec
Rimouski Armoury 65 Saint-Jean-Baptiste Street East 1910-11 David Ewart Rimouski, Quebec
Riviere du Loup Armoury Joly Street 1904 David Ewart Riviere du Loup, Quebec
Rouyn Armoury 1935-6 Thomas W. Fuller Rouyn, Quebec
Salaberry Armoury 188 Alexandre Taché Blvd 1938 (completed) Charles D. Sutherland Gatineau, Quebec
Sherbrooke Armoury, 64 Belvedere Road South 1907-8 David Ewart Sherbrooke, Quebec
Saint-Hyacinthe Armoury 2155 Laframboise Blvd. 1905-6 David Ewart Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec
Westmount Armoury 4625 St. Catherine Street West 1925 Richard Cotsman Wright Westmount, Quebec
Trois-Rivières Armoury 574 St. Francois-Xavier Street 1905-6 David Ewart Trois-Rivières

Ottawa

Building Function Year Image
Houses of Parliament Government buildings 1865
(Centre Block
rebuilt 1920)
Notre-Dame Cathedral Basilica Church 1846
Earnscliffe Residence 1855
St. Bartholomew's Anglican Church Church 1868
St. Andrew's Presbyterian Church Church 1872
Christ Church Cathedral Church 1872
Ste-Anne Catholic Church Church 1873
Lisgar Collegiate Institute School 1873
Ottawa Normal School College 1874
St. Patrick's Basilica Church 1875
St. Alban's Anglican Church Church 1877
First Baptist Church Church 1877
Cartier Square Drill Hall armoury 1879-80 Thomas Seaton Scott
Canadian Museum of Nature Museum 1905
Glebe-St. James United Church Church 1905
McLeod-Stewarton United Church Church 1906
MacKay United Church Church 1910
St. Peter's Lutheran Church, Ottawa Church 1910
First United Church Church 1911
Connaught Building Office 1916
St. Matthew's Anglican Church Church 1930
Confederation Building (Ottawa) Office 1931
Blessed Sacrament Catholic Church Church 1932
Knox Presbyterian Church Church 1932
Justice Building Office 1938

Kingston

Building Function Year Image
Mackenzie Building, Royal Military College of Canada school 1922
Kingston Drill Hall or 100 Montreal Street, armoury 1899-1899 David Ewart

Toronto

Building Function Year Image
Cathedral Church of St. James Church 1844
St. Michael's Cathedral Church 1845
Metropolitan United Church Church 1872
1 Spadina Crescent University 1875
St. Andrew's Evangelical Lutheran Church (Toronto) Church 1878
Church of the Redeemer Church 1879
College Street United Church Church 1885
Toronto Chinese Baptist Church Church 1886
Bathurst Street Theatre Church 1888
Trinity-St. Paul's United Church Church 1889
Bloor Street United Church Church 1890
Knox Presbyterian Church Church 1909
Birge-Carnegie Library, Victoria College, University of Toronto Library 1910
CHUM-City Building Commercial 1911
Burwash Hall University 1911
Casa Loma Residential 1911
Knox College University 1914
Deer Park United Church Church 1913
Hart House University 1919
Toronto Drill Hall, University Avenue at Armoury Street armoury 1891-93 Thomas Fuller (architect) and Henry Langley
Fort York Armoury 660-700 Fleet Street, armoury 1933-35 Ferdinand Herbert Marani of Marani, Lawson and Morris
Moss Park Armoury 130 Queen Street East armoury
Loreeto Abbey 101 Mason Boulevard convent and school 1929
R.S. McLaughlin Building (later as Samuel McLaughlin Car Showroon, Addison on Bay GM and now Burano condo) car dealership; now podium for condo (facade preserved) 1925

Guelph

Building Function Year Image
Church of Our Lady Immaculate Church 1846

Rest of Ontario

Building Function Year Image
St. Thomas' Anglican Church (Moose Factory, Ontario) Church 1860s Carpenter Gothic
Erland Lee Museum, Stoney Creek, Ontario private home, now museum 1873 Carpenter Gothic
John Weir Foote Armoury 200 James Street North 1888-1908 Thomas Fuller (architect)/ David Ewart Hamilton
43°15′42.76″N 79°51′58.42″W / 43.2618778°N 79.8662278°W
Exterior view of the John Weir Foote Armoury
London Armoury Dundas, Richmond, Wellington and King Street 1902-3 David Ewart London, Ontario
Niagara Falls Armoury 5049 Victoria Avenue at South Street 1907-10 David Ewart Niagara Falls, Ontario
Peterborough Drill Hall / Armoury [2] 220 Murray Street, 1907-8 (completed) David Ewart Peterborough
44°18′31.16″N 78°19′20.26″W / 44.3086556°N 78.3222944°W
A detail of the exterior of the Peterborough armoury
Victoria Hall / Petrolia Town Hall Greenfield Street 1889 (completed) George F. Durand Petrolia
42°52′52″N 82°08′49″W / 42.881198°N 82.146825°W
View of the clock tower of Petrolia Town Hall

Saskatoon

Building Function Year Image
Caswell School Caswell Hill, Saskatoon Elementary school 1910 , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
Albert Community Centre Elementary school, now Community Centre 1912 David Webster (architect)
College Building University 1913
Buena Vista School, Buena Vista, Saskatoon elementary school 1914
Thorvaldson Building University 1924

Edmonton

Building Function Year Image
Mary Queen of Martyrs Church Church, Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Edmonton 1903
Edmonton Family Worship Centre Church 1905 as Grace Methodist
First Presbyterian Church Church 1912
Robertson-Wesley United Church Church 1913
Connaught Armoury 85th Avenue armoury 1911 David Ewart
Land Titles Building – Victoria Armoury 10523 - 100 Avenue, armoury 1893 Thomas Fuller (architect)
Hudson's Bay Company Stables Ortona Armoury 9722 - 102 Street; armoury 1914 David Ewart
Prince of Wales Armoury 10440 - 108 Avenue 1913-5 Donald Norman MacVicar Edmonton, Alberta

Calgary

Building Function Year Image
Mewata Drill Hall / Calgary Drill Hall armoury 1917-18 (completed) Richard Cotsman Wright Exterior view of the south side of the Mewata Armoury

Winnipeg

Building Function Year Image
Fort Garry Hotel hotel 1913

Vancouver

Building Function Year Image
Holy Rosary Cathedral Church
Point Grey Secondary School School 1929
St. George's School School 1930
Chemistry Building, UBC School
Beatty Street Drill Hall 620 Beatty Street at Dunsmuir Street armoury 1899-1900 David Ewart
Bessborough Armoury 2025 West 11th Avenue armoury 1932-3 Thomas W. Fuller
Lt. Col. James Pemberton Fell Armoury armoury 1914 David Ewart
Seaforth Armoury 1650 Burrard Street armoury 1936 (completed) Thomas W. Fuller
North Vancouver Armoury 15th Street at Forbes Avenue armoury 1914 David Ewart

Victoria

Building Function Year Image
St. Andrew's Cathedral (Victoria, British Columbia) Roman Catholic Church 1890-2
Hatley Park National Historic Site private home, Royal Roads Military College, now Royal Roads University 1906 by Samuel Maclure
Christ Church Cathedral (Victoria, British Columbia) Anglican Church 1929-

Rest of British Columbia

Building Function Year Image
New Westminster Armoury 530 Queen's Ave 1895 Thomas Fuller (architect) New Westminster, British Columbia

Lost Buildings

See also

References

External

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gothic revival.