Gotō Shinpei

In this Japanese name, the family name is "Gotō".
Gotō Shinpei
Born 24 July 1857
Isawa District, Iwate, Japan
Died 13 April 1929 (aged 71)
Okayama, Japan
Cause of death
 cerebral hemorrhage
Resting place
 Aoyama Cemetery, Tokyo, Japan
Nationality Japanese
Occupation Politician, Cabinet Minister
Gotō Shinpei in Scout uniform

Count Gotō Shinpei (後藤 新平, 24 July 1857 – 13 April 1929) was a statesman and cabinet minister in the Taisho and early Shōwa period Empire of Japan. He served as the head of civilian affairs of Taiwan under Japanese rule, the first director of the South Manchuria Railway, the seventh mayor of Tokyo City, the first Chief Scout of Japan, the first director of NHK, the third principal of Takushoku University, and in a number of cabinet posts.

Early life

Gotō was born in Isawa, Mutsu Province (present-day in Iwate Prefecture). He entered Sukagawa medical school in Fukushima prefecture at the age of seventeen, and became a doctor in Nagoya, Aichi after graduation. In 1877, he served as a government medic during the Satsuma Rebellion. At the age of 25, he became president of the Nagoya Medical School.[1]

Having distinguished himself through his work at the Nagoya Medical School and at the military hospital in Osaka during the Satsuma Rebellion, Gotō joined the Home Ministry’s medical bureau (衛生局) in 1883, eventually becoming its head. In 1890 Gotō was sent by the Japanese government to Germany for further studies.[1] While at the ministry, in 1890 he published his Principles of National Health (国家衛生原理) and took part in the creation of new sewage and water facilities in Tokyo. This recommended him to Army Vice-Minister Kodama Gentarō (1852-1906), who made Gotō chief of the Army Quarantine Office looking after the return of more than 230,000 soldiers from the First Sino-Japanese War (1895-95). After the war, Gotō returned to the Home Ministry, but remained involved in overseas affairs, advising the new Japanese administration on Taiwan about health issues. In 1896, Kodama, now governor-general of Taiwan, asked Gotō to join him there, eventually making him the first civilian governor of the island in 1898.[2]

Taiwan

At the end of the war, China ceded Taiwan to Japan in the Treaty of Shimonoseki. Kodama became the Governor-General of Taiwan, and Gotō was asked to become the head of civilian affairs in his government.[3]

Gotō ordered a land survey and recruited Scottish engineer William Kinninmond Burton to develop an infrastructure for drinking water and sewage disposal. Gotō replaced the military police by a civilian police force, forbid government officials and teachers from wearing uniforms and swords, and revived traditional forms of social control by enlisting village elders and headmen into the administration.[3] Gotō also built a public hospital and medical college in Taipei, and clinics to treat tropical diseases around the island. Opium addiction was an endemic problem in China at the time, and Taiwan was no exception. Gotō recommended a policy of the gradual prohibition of opium. Under this scheme, opium could only be purchased from licensed retailers. As a result of the strict enforcement, the number of addicts dropped from 165,000 in 1900 to less than 8,000 by 1941,[4] none of whom was younger than 30. In addition, as government revenues from opium sales was lucrative and Gotō used opium sales licenses to reward Taiwanese elite loyal to the Japanese Empire and those who assisted in the suppression of the Taiwan Yiminjun, an armed group that resisted Japanese rule. The plan achieved both its purposes: opium addiction dropped gradually and the activities of the Taiwan Yiminjun were undermined.

As a doctor by training, Gotō believed that Taiwan must be ruled by "biological principles" (生物学の原則), i.e. that he must first understand the habits of the Taiwanese population, as well as the reasons for their existence, before creating corresponding policies. For this purpose, he created and headed the Provisional Council for the Investigation of Old Habits of Taiwan (臨時台湾旧慣調査会).

Gotō also established the economic framework for the colony by government monopolization of sugar, salt, tobacco and camphor and also for the development of ports and railways. He recruited Nitobe Inazo to develop long-range plans for forestry and sub-tropical agriculture. By the time Gotō left office, he has tripled the road system, established a post office network, telephone and telegraph services, a hydroelectric power plant, newspapers, and the Bank of Taiwan. The colony was economically self-supporting and by 1905 no longer required the support of the home government despite the numerous large-scale infrastructure projects being undertaken.[5]

Gotō Shinpei

Statesman

In 1906, Gotō became the first director of the South Manchuria Railway Company. In 1908, he returned to Japan as Minister of Communications and the head of the Railway Bureau (Tetsudoin), under the second Katsura administration. In 1912, Gotō became director of the Colonization Bureau (Takushokukyoku). A close confident of Prime Minister Katsura, he assisted in the formation of the Rikken Dōshikai political party after the Taisho Political Crisis in 1912. Following Katsura’s death, he allied with Yamagata Aritomo and became Home Minister in 1916, and Foreign Minister in the Terauchi administration in 1918.[6]

A strong believer in Pan-Asianism, Gotō pushed for an aggressive and expansionist Japanese foreign policy during World War I, and strongly endorsed the Japanese intervention in Siberia.[6]

Gotō served as Mayor of Tokyo City in 1920, and again as Home Minister in 1923, contributing to the reconstruction of Tokyo following the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake.[6]

In 1924, Citizen Watch Co.'s forerunner, the Shokosha Watch Research Watch Institute produced its first pocket watch, and presented it to the mayor of Tokyo, Gotō Shimpei. Gotō named the watch "citizen" with the hope that the watch, then a luxury item, would one day become widely available to ordinary citizens.

Gotō died of a cerebral hemorrhage in 1929 while on a visit to Okayama.[7] His papers are preserved at the Gotō Shimpei Memorial Museum, which is situated in his birthplace, Mizusawa City, in Iwate Prefecture.

Scouting

Gotō was made the first Chief Scout of Japan and tasked with rebuilding the organization . As Minister of Railways, Count Gotō traveled around the country, and was able to promote Scouting all over Japan in his spare time.

References

External links

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Frederick, Japan Encyclopedia , p. 264.
  2. ↑ Sewell, Bill (2004). "Reconsidering the Modern in Japanese History: Modernity in the Service of the Prewar Japanese Empire". Japan Railway & Transport Review (Japan Review) 16: 213–258.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Tsai, Lee Teng-Hui and Taiwan's Quest for Identity , p. 12-14.
  4. ↑ Jennings, The Opium Empire , p 21-25.
  5. ↑ Rubinstein, Taiwan: A New History, p. 209-211.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Tucker, World War I: A Student Encyclopedia, p. 798-799.
  7. ↑ Perez, Japan at War: An Encyclopedia , p. 99
Political offices
Preceded by
Mizuno Rentarō		 Home Minister
2 Sept 1923 – 7 Jan 1924 		Succeeded by
Mizuno Rentarō
Preceded by
Ichiki Kitokurō		 Home Minister
9 Oct 1916 – 24 Apr 1918 		Succeeded by
Mizuno Rentarō
Preceded by
Motono Ichirō		 Minister for Foreign Affairs of Japan
23 Apr 1918 – 29 Sept 1918 		Succeeded by
Uchida Kōsai
Preceded by
Hayashi Tadasu		 Minister of Communitions
21 Dec 1912 – 20 Feb 1913 		Succeeded by
Motoda Hajima
Preceded by
Hotta Masayasu		 Minister of Communitions
14 Jul 1908 – 13 Aug 1911 		Succeeded by
Hayashi Tadasu
Preceded by
Shimoda Toyomatsu		 Chief Scout of the Scout Association of Japan
1935–1936 		Succeeded by
Isamu Takeshita