Gorman, California

Gorman
Unincorporated community
Gorman, California, from the west side of Interstate 5, which is marked by the white truck.
Location of Gorman in Los Angeles County, California
Coordinates: 34°47′46″N 118°51′06″W / 34.79611°N 118.85167°W / 34.79611; -118.85167Coordinates: 34°47′46″N 118°51′06″W / 34.79611°N 118.85167°W / 34.79611; -118.85167
Country	United States of America
State	California
County	Los Angeles
Area
• Total	6.19169 km2 (2.390625 sq mi)
Time zone	Pacific (UTC-8)
• Summer (DST)	Pacific Daylight Time (UTC-7)
ZIP code	93243
Area code(s)	661

Gorman, California, is an unincorporated community in northwestern Los Angeles County. Tens of thousands of motorists travel through it daily on the Interstate 5 freeway.

Gorman is a historic rest stop in the Tejon Pass, which links Southern California with the San Joaquin Valley and Northern California.

Geography

Gorman is 1,530 acres (6.2 km²) in size.^[1] It lies where three Transverse System mountain ranges meet — the Sierra Pelona Mountains, the Tehachapi Mountains, and the San Emigdio Mountains.

One of the Mountain Communities of the Tejon Pass, it is southeast of Frazier Park and south of Lebec. Interstate 5 runs through Gorman, and State Route 138 connects to the Interstate a few miles south.

California poppies, Lupines, and other wildflowers dramatically cover the hills in the springtime when there is sufficient rain.

Population

The U.S. Census Bureau does not break out separate population figures for this small place, but in 2005 Gorman had only 15 homes and approximately a dozen registered voters.^[1][2]

History

18th century

Gorman is “one of the oldest continuously used trail and roadside rest stops in California,” as the Native Americans of California “would have stopped there when it was the Tataviam village of Kulshra’jek ” explains Mountain Communities historian Bonnie Ketterl Kane.^[3]

The Spanish and Mexican colonial El Camino Viejo passed through the area en route to Old Tejon Pass. The route of the Stockton - Los Angeles Road went through Tejon Pass after 1852.^[4]

19th century

The Gorman area was part of Rancho Los Alamos y Agua Caliente, an 1846 Mexican land grant.

The first American settler in the area was a man named Charles Johnson after 1853.^[3] The 1853 account of Lt. Robert S. Williamson of the vicinity for the transcontinental railroad survey expedition report makes no mention of any habitations on the east side of the pass, only that a good wagon road (Stockton - Los Angeles Road) passed through it.^[5]

After Johnson's death his widow, Soledad Girado ran the place, which by 1855 became known as Rancho la Viuda (Widow's Station).^[3] Historian Frank F. Latta noted that the Johnsons' daughter, Isabel, was the only girl to study at the historic Escuela Normal of Los Angeles in the 1860s.^[6]

Reed's Station

A man named Reed, took up residence next, calling it Reed's Ranch. In 1857 a woman was killed on his ranch when the great Fort Tejon Earthquake struck the area and collapsed the roof of his adobe house.^[7]

Reed then built a substantial log house, that became Reed's Station on the Butterfield Overland Mail 1st Division Stations in 1858. It was a stop for the postal stagecoach. It was located 8 miles southeast of Fort Tejon, and 14 miles west of French John's Station.

The Butterfield Overland Mail ceased in 1861, but was replaced later by the Telegraph Stage Line, which stopped at most of the former stations, including at renamed Gorman's, where the horses were changed. Six of them were used for the pull up Tejon Pass from Bakersfield to Gorman's.^[6]

Gorman

It was next bought by David W. Alexander, the sheriff of Los Angeles County, who sold the place to James Gorman Sr. in 1867 or 1868.^[8] The log "public house", which furnished food, lodgings, and liquor, soon became known as Gorman's Station.^[6] Gorman was a veteran of the Mexican-American War of 1848 and was at Fort Tejon as a civilian teamster and herder in 1854 while it was being built. In 1876, Gorman Sr. died after he was run over by his own supply wagon.^[3]

The first post office was established in December 1877 with Henry Gorman, probably James’ brother, as the postmaster.^[3] (The community today is served by a contract postal unit in the local market, but delivery is through the Lebec post office.) Gorman's widow, Johanna, continued to run the family farm and the roadside rest until she died in 1889.

In 1898, the ranch was bought by Oscar Ralphs, whose brother, George, had already begun a business in Los Angeles (in 1872) that eventually became the Ralphs supermarket chain.^[3][8]

20th century

“	They pioneered country stations when they put this one in.	”
—Lloyd Ralphs, commenting on the first gas station built on the Ridge Route, in 1923.[3]

In 1901, Oscar Ralphs married Mary McKenzie, who, as Mary Ralphs, later served 57 years on the Gorman School Board (from 1908 to 1965) and was honored for her service by Vice President Hubert Humphrey at a National School Boards Association convention.^[8][9]

Ridge Route

The Ridge Route road through Gorman was paved in 1919. In 1923, the first gasoline station in California to be located away from a railroad track was established by Standard Oil.^[3] Gorman was a stop on the Ridge Route, and Highway 99 after 1926, where its Standard service station beckoned travelers. It was a rest stop for the Greyhound bus until 1977, and for long-distance truckers, who now use a Pilot Flying J station in Lebec.

“Being located on the busiest highway in California,” wrote historian Kane, “the people of Gorman knew well the need for an ambulance, as so many of the injured were brought to their homes. An ambulance service was established in 1932 with the purchase of an old Packard automobile that was converted into an emergency unit, equipped with one stretcher. The ambulance could be reached through the switchboard at the motel, and whoever was available would drive it.”^[3]

Aviator Charles Lindbergh established a camp in 1930 on the northeast side of the Gorman Hills, where he tested and flew a folded-wing glider called the Albatross.^[3]

Interstate 5 replaced U.S. Route 99 through Gorman and over Tejon Pass in 1964.

The Umbrellas

"The Umbrellas," a site specific art installation by Christo and Jeanne-Claude, surrounded Gorman and Tejon Pass in late September and early October of 1991. It was created with 1,760 large yellow umbrellas, placed from the roadsides to the mountainsides. A simultaneous installation of blue umbrellas was created in Japan.

Thousands of visitors flocked to Gorman from all over the world.^[10]

21st century

In January 2006, the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors unanimously rejected a bid by 32 of the area’s 75 property owners to give up Gorman so it could be annexed to Kern County. Reasons cited for the proposal included red tape and zoning regulations restricting development in Los Angeles County. However, Los Angeles County and opponents of the proposal did not want to lose sales and occupancy-tax revenue the county collected annually from Gorman businesses.^[1][2]

Government and infrastructure

The Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department (LASD) operates the Santa Clarita Valley Station in Santa Clarita, serving Gorman.^[11] The County of Los Angeles sends a bookmobile to Gorman every Tuesday.^[12]

Education

Gorman Joint School District

Gorman Elementary School

Accounts differ as to the origin of Gorman Elementary School, although the pioneer Ralphs family certainly played a role in its founding. According to researcher Harrison Irving Scott, the first school in the area appears to have been the one-room Manzana School, a mile south of Gorman, where in 1925 there were only four students — the Ralphs brothers, Glenn, Harry, Albert and Dewey. After it was torn down, the children went to Quail Lake School in another one-room schoolhouse. Gorman Elementary School was built by the federal government's Works Progress Administration in 1939. There is no accessible record of the first teacher, but Martha Forth was the second; she taught in 1941–1943.^[8]

Esther Pereira wrote in the Mountain Enterprise, however, that the Ralphs family "founded the school originally as the Quail Lake District. Classes were held in the Ralphs' family living room. The school was relocated to its present site and built on land donated by the Ralphs family, where it became known as the Gorman School District."^[9]

In 1990 Gorman had the smallest school district, and the smallest school in Los Angeles County, with just three classrooms, each with combined grades.^[13]

Threats to the district's existence

“	I'd stand on my head in the middle of Interstate 5 to save this school.	”
—Cecilia DeFazio, reading aide, cook, and bus driver at Gorman School.[14]

Gorman School District is the smallest in Los Angeles County, and over the years it has faced threats to its existence. In 1971 it was saved when the state Legislature narrowly defeated a measure that would have done away with school districts with fewer than 50 students. Attendance in Gorman School dropped to 32 students, and townspeople hustled to "borrow" 11 children from elsewhere in order to keep up the enrollment.^[15]

"Everybody in town immediately panicked," District Superintendent Lacy H. Ballagh said. "We knew that if the bill passed, our children would probably be sent to the Quartz Hill School District on the outskirts of Lancaster and almost 50 miles (80 km) away.^[15]

In November 1978 the district was threatened when funding was cut back by the passage that year of California Proposition 13 (1978), which limited school district support from the state. Reduced salaries and other cost-cutting measures saved the district at that time.^[14]

By fall 2008, there was only one child from Gorman attending the elementary school; 40 came from the El Tejon Unified School District and one was from Neenach in the Westside Union School District. The Los Angeles County Office of Education had warned a year earlier that the district might be dissolved if it did not find a way to solve its problems.^[16]

But a land developer, Centennial Founders, in the meantime stepped forth with the desire to save the school district until it could build a proposed 23,000-home planned city east of Interstate 5 on Tejon Ranch property along Highway 138. It agreed to pay for a consultant to help the district find ways to stay afloat financially until the homes could be built and new schools constructed and operated there by the Gorman district.^[16]

Enrollment

In September 2008, Gorman Joint School District^[17] had just one K-8 elementary school with an enrollment of 42 pupils, only one of whom lived in Gorman. The others were transfers from neighboring El Tejon Unified School District or Neenach in the Westside Union School District.^[16]

In December 2010 Superintendent and Principal Martin Schmidt said that the district was at that point entirely a "school of choice" which had more than doubled its enrollment to 98 students and increased its Academic Performance Score from 679 to 784, with 800 being the goal for achievement. The increase in enrollment brought twice as much money from the state as before.^[18] Johannis Andrews, the principal for 2011-2012, said in August 2011 that attendance had increased to 101 students, with five teachers.^[19]

In order to bring in additional average-daily-attendance funds from the state, the district before 2008 took on responsibility for the Gorman Learning Center charter school in Redlands, 129 miles (208 km) away (Google map). The center had about 800 home-school students enrolled.^[16]

Ruth Ralphs

In January 2008, Ruth Ralphs was honored for 33 years of service to the Gorman School District. Ralphs was secretary-treasurer of James L. Ralphs Inc. and vice president of Tri-Foods, which owned Carl's Jr. in Gorman. A native of Townsville, Queensland, Australia, she died at the age of 90 on December 30, 2010.^[20][21]

"During many of those 33 years, Ruth also managed Ralphs' family enterprises (such as gas stations, motels, a cafe, grazing rights and an antenna) while serving as postmistress of the Gorman Post Office," the local newspaper, the Mountain Enterprise, reported.^[9]

High schools

The Gorman area is a part of the Antelope Valley Union High School District, but in 1996 just four of its 24 high school children traveled the 40 miles (64 km) to attend Quartz Hill High School in Lancaster, the closest high school in that district. The others attended nearby Frazier Mountain High School under special permits.^[22]

Community colleges

Gorman is part of the Antelope Valley Community College District, whose Antelope Valley College campus is 45.6 miles (73.4 km) away via Highway 138 and West Avenue I.^[23]

Transportation

Seventy-four thousand people pass through Gorman daily via the Interstate 5 freeway,^[24] but residents have a choice of local roads to avoid the freeway. Peace Valley Road parallels the freeway on the west, north of the town, for travel to Frazier Park and Lebec, and Gorman Post Road on the east, south of town, is a direct route to Highway 138.

Kern Regional Transit provides bus service Thursdays and Saturdays during the summer months from Gorman to Lebec, Frazier Park, Lake of the Woods, Pinon Pines, and Pine Mountain Club. It offers a dial-a-ride service all year. Connections can be made in Frazier Park or Lebec to a scheduled service to Grapevine and Bakersfield and further connection there to Greyhound and Amtrak.^[25]

See also

• The Mountain Enterprise newspaper, which circulates in Gorman and the surrounding area.
• California Floristic Province.

References and notes

External links

• A History of Gorman, by Bonnie Ketterl Kane

Municipalities and communities of Los Angeles County, California, United States County seat: Los Angeles Cities Agoura Hills Alhambra Arcadia Artesia Avalon Azusa Baldwin Park Bell Bell Gardens Bellflower Beverly Hills Bradbury Burbank Calabasas Carson Cerritos Claremont Commerce Compton Covina Cudahy Culver City Diamond Bar Downey Duarte El Monte El Segundo Gardena Glendale Glendora Hawaiian Gardens Hawthorne Hermosa Beach Hidden Hills Huntington Park Industry Inglewood Irwindale La Cañada Flintridge La Habra Heights La Mirada La Puente La Verne Lakewood Lancaster Lawndale Lomita Long Beach Los Angeles Lynwood Malibu Manhattan Beach Maywood Monrovia Montebello Monterey Park Norwalk Palmdale Palos Verdes Estates Paramount Pasadena Pico Rivera Pomona Rancho Palos Verdes Redondo Beach Rolling Hills Rolling Hills Estates Rosemead San Dimas San Fernando San Gabriel San Marino Santa Clarita Santa Fe Springs Santa Monica Sierra Madre Signal Hill South El Monte South Gate South Pasadena Temple City Torrance Vernon Walnut West Covina West Hollywood Westlake Village Whittier CDPs Acton Agua Dulce Alondra Park Altadena Avocado Heights Castaic Charter Oak Citrus Del Aire Desert View Highlands East Los Angeles East Pasadena East Rancho Dominguez East San Gabriel East Whittier Elizabeth Lake Florence-Graham Green Valley Hacienda Heights Hasley Canyon La Crescenta-Montrose Ladera Heights Lake Hughes Lake Los Angeles Lennox Leona Valley Littlerock Marina del Rey Mayflower Village North El Monte Quartz Hill Rose Hills Rowland Heights San Pasqual South Monrovia Island South San Gabriel South San Jose Hills South Whittier Stevenson Ranch Sun Village Topanga Val Verde Valinda View Park-Windsor Hills Vincent Walnut Park West Athens West Carson West Puente Valley West Rancho Dominguez West Whittier-Los Nietos Westmont Willowbrook Unincorporated communities Agoura Alla Alpine Alsace Altacanyada Andrade Corner Antelope Acres Antelope Center Athens Aurant Bassett Big Pines Castaic Junction City Terrace Cornell Del Sur Del Valle Firestone Park Florence Gorman Hillgrove Hi Vista Indian Springs Juniper Hills Kagel Canyon Kinneloa Mesa Largo Vista Llano Malibu Vista Monte Nido Neenach Ninetynine Oaks Pearblossom Rancho Dominguez Red Box Sandberg Seminole Hot Springs Three Points Two Harbors Universal City Valyermo Ghost towns Achois Acuragna Ahapchingas Alpine Alyeupkigna Awigna Azucsagna Bairdstown Bartolo Cahuenga Chandler Chokishgna Chowigna Clayton Cow Springs Cucamonga Desert Relief Eldoradoville Evergreen Falling Springs Fort Tejon Gaspur Guirardo Hahamongna Harasgna Holland Summit Hollands Holton Honmoyausha Houtgna Hyperion Isanthcogna Juyubit King's Station Kowanga Las Tunas Lyons Station Machado Malibu Mar Vista Maugna Mentryville Motordrome Mud Spring Nacaugna Oberg Okowvinjha Palisades Del Rey Pasinogna Petroleopolis Pimocagna Pubugna Quapa Savannah Saway-yanga Sibagna Sisitcanogna Soledad Sulphur Springs Sonagna Suangna Takuyumam Toviseanga Toybipet Tuyunga Virgenes Wahoo Walton Place Widow Smith's Station Wilsona

Butterfield Overland Mail 1st Division Stations San Francisco – Western terminus and 1st Division headquarters, located in downtown San Francisco. Clarks's Station – Located 12 miles south of San Francisco in what is now San Bruno. Sun Water Station – Located 9 miles south of Clarks Station in what is now San Mateo. Redwood City – Located 9 miles south of Sun Water Station. Mountain View Station – Located 12 miles south of Redwood City. San Jose Station – Located 11 miles south of Mountain View Station in the city of San Jose. Seventeen Mile House – Located 17 miles south of San Jose. Gilroy Station – Located 13 miles south of Seventeen Mile House in what is now Gilroy, California. Pacheco Pass Station – Located 18 miles east of Gilroy St. Louis Ranch – Located 17 miles east of Pacheco Pass. Lone Willow Station – Located 18 miles east of St. Louis Ranch near Los Banos. Temple's Ranch – Located 13 miles southeast of Lone Willow Station near Dos Palos. Firebaugh's Ferry – Located 15 miles southeast of Temples Ranch, on the San Joaquin River. Fresno City – Located 19 miles southeast of Firebaugh's Ferry. Elkhorn Spring Station – Located 22 miles east of Fresno City near present-day Riverdale. Whitmore's Ferry – Located 17 miles southeast of Elkhorn Spring Station. Head of Cross Creek Station – Located 15 miles southeast of Whitmore's Ferry. Visalia – Located 12 miles southeast of Cross Creek Station. Packwood Station – Located 12 miles east of Visalia. Tule River Station – Located 14 miles south of Packwood Station. Fountain Spring Station – Located 14 miles southeast of Tule River Station. Mountain House – Located 12 miles south of Fountain Spring Station. Posey Creek Station – Located 15 miles southwest of Mountain House, on Posey (Poso) Creek. Gordon's Ferry (Kern River Station) – Located 10 miles south of Posey Creek Station on the Kern River just above present-day Bakersfield. Kern River Slough Station – Located 12 miles south of Gordons Ferry. Sink of Tejon Station – Located 14 miles southwest of Kern River Slough Station. Fort Tejon – Located 15 miles southwest of Sink of Tejon Station. Reed's Station – Located 8 miles southeast of Fort Tejon, near the Tejon Pass summit. French John's Station – Located 14 miles east southeast of Reeds Station, in the vicinity of the mouth of Cow Springs Creek Canyon. Mud Spring, a station operating in 1860, 14 miles east from French Johns and 13 miles north from Clayton's Station (formerly Widow Smith's Station). Widow Smith's Station (Clayton's Station, Major Gordon's Station) – Located 24 miles from French John's Station, in upper San Francisquito Canyon near Green Valley. King's Station – Located 10 miles south of Widow Smith's Station in lower San Francisquito Canyon. Hart's Station or Lyons Station – Located 12 miles south of King's Station, near Santa Clara River. Lopez Station – Located 81⁄2 miles southeast of Hart's Station, in the San Fernando Valley north of Mission San Fernando Rey de España. Cahuenga Station – Located 12 miles southeast of Mission San Fernando, in Cahuenga Pass, the Santa Monica Mountains. Source: "List of Butterfield Overland Mail Stations "Itinerary of the Route"". New York Times. October 14, 1858.