Google Book Search Settlement Agreement

The Google Book Search Settlement Agreement was a proposed settlement agreement between the Authors Guild, the Association of American Publishers and Google in settlement of Authors Guild et al. v. Google, a class action lawsuit alleging copyright infringement. The settlement was initially proposed in 2008, and ultimately rejected by the court in 2011. In late 2013, the presiding U.S. Circuit Judge dismissed Authors Guild et al. v. Google.^[1]

Lawsuit history

Background

In 2002, Google began digitizing books in libraries.^[2] In 2004, Google launched Book Search, allowing users to search its database of books. Users could view snippets of copyrighted books, and download and view full copies of public domain books.

Lawsuit

On September 20, 2005, the Authors Guild filed a class action lawsuit in the Southern District of New York against Google. The Authors Guild argued that Google's Library Project involved "massive copyright infringement" because it created digital copies of copyrighted works.^[3][4] In response, Google temporarily suspended scanning copyrighted works to allow for changes to its Print Publisher Program and allow copyright owners to submit lists of books they wish to be excluded.^[5]

On October 19, 2005, the Association of American Publishers filed another lawsuit against Google for copyright infringement, seeking injunctive relief.^[6] Google responded that its use was a fair use because they were only showing "snippets" for books where they did not have permission from a rightsholder.^[7]

In the Spring of 2006 the parties began negotiations to settle the lawsuit.

Case dismissal

On November 14, 2013 the case, Authors Guild Inc. et al. v. Google Inc. (U.S. District Court, Southern District of New York, No. 05-08136), was dismissed by U.S. Circuit Judge Denny Chin in Manhattan. This was a victory for Google, granting them the right to expand their digital library.^[8]

Proposed settlements

There have been several proposed settlement agreements, but none were accepted.

On October 28, 2008, Google announced an agreement to pay $125 million to settle the lawsuit.^[9] The settlement agreement also included licensing provisions, allowing Google to sell personal and institutional subscriptions to its database of books. On November 9, 2009, the parties filed an amended settlement agreement^[10] after the Department of Justice filed a brief suggesting that the initial agreement may violate US anti-trust laws.

The court held a Fairness Hearing on February 18, 2010.^[11] On March 22, 2011 supervising judge Denny Chin issued a ruling rejecting the settlement.^[12][13] Chin urged that the settlement be revised from "opt-out" to "opt-in" and set an April 25 date for a "status conference" at which to discuss next steps.^[14] A series of status conferences were held throughout 2011, but an amended "opt-in" settlement was not reached. The case was scheduled to go to court by July 2012,^[15] after Judge Chin certified the class represented by the Authors Guild.^[16] However, in 2013, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals overturned the class certification, and remanded the case to the District Court for consideration of the fair use issues.^[17] Judge Chin then received the case and ordered that both parties "file their oppositions to the cross-motions for summary judgment" with brief legal memoranda under a strict timeline for subsequent oral arguments, responses, and replies.^[18] In view of the statements, affidavits, evidence discovery, and arguments, Judge Chin ruled that "the plaintiffs' motion for partial summary judgment is denied and Google's motion for summary judgment is granted".^[18] On 23 December the same year, a filing for appeal was submitted by the Association of American Publishers, Inc. and lawyers on behalf of multiple publishing companies, The Authors Guild et al., moving the case back into the U.S. Second Circuit Courts.^[18][19]

Initial settlement agreement

In October 2008, the parties to the lawsuit proposed a Settlement Agreement, which called for Google to pay out $125 million: $45 million would go to pay rightsholders whose copyrights had allegedly been infringed; $15.5 million to the publishers' legal fees; $30 million to the authors' lawyers; and $34.5 million to create a Book Rights Registry, a form of copyright collective to collect revenues from Google and dispense them to the rightsholders. In exchange, the agreement released Google and its library partners from liability for its book digitization. The agreement was built upon an intricate joint venture arrangement for the management of Google's book project, including a variety of revenue models. Google would generate revenue through an institutional subscription for libraries and a consumer subscription for perpetual access to individual books, referral links to retail booksellers, and advertising on book pages.^[20]

Amended settlement agreement

In November 2009, the parties amended the settlement agreement.^[10] The amended agreement includes the following significant changes:

Foreign works

The amended agreement limited the scope to foreign books that are registered with the U.S. Copyright Office or published in the UK, Canada, or Australia.^[21] Additionally, the amended agreement added board members to the Books Rights Registry from the UK, Canada, and Australia.

Revenue model

The rightsholder has the ability to renegotiate the revenue share, and Google has added flexibility in discounting.

Unclaimed works

The amended agreement created a fiduciary to hold payments due to orphan works.^[22] If the rightsholder is never ascertained, the funds are distributed cy-près instead of redistributed among rightsholders.

Public access license

The amended agreement expanded the number of public licenses allowed for a library.

In February 2009, a Google Book Search Settlement web site was created where rightsholders could claim their books for the purposes of the settlement.^[23] Rightsholders whose books have been digitized by Google and who have claimed their books will receive a one-time payment of $60 per book, or $5 to $15 for partial works (called "inserts"),^[23] plus 63% of all revenues associated with their works, including subscription, referrals, and advertisements.^[23] After claiming a book, a rightsholder will also have the ability to alter the default display settings.

Amended settlement agreement rejection

The court held a Fairness Hearing on February 18, 2010.^[11] On March 22, 2011 supervising judge Denny Chin issued a ruling rejecting the settlement.^[12]

Chin discussed seven objections to the settlement in his opinion, including the common objections about implications relating to copyright, antitrust, privacy, and international law. Chin's primary reason for blocking the settlement was based on the fact that the amended settlement agreement would "release Google (and others) from liability for certain future acts."^[13][24]

Chin urged that the settlement be revised from "opt-out" to "opt-in" and set an April 25 date for a "status conference" at which to discuss next steps.^[14]

A status conference was held on June 1, 2011 which deferred the meeting until July 19.^[25] At the July 19 status conference the parties attempted to "reassure Judge Chin that the negotiations were making real progress," and Judge Chin scheduled another status conference for September 15, urging the parties to come to an acceptable opt-in agreement or face a "tight discovery schedule".^[26] The status conference on September 15 resulted in a discovery schedule that would have had the case at trial by July 2012.^[15]

Criticisms

Copyright

Siva Vaidhyanathan, associate professor of Media Studies and Law at the University of Virginia, has argued that the project poses a danger for the doctrine of fair use, because the fair use claims are arguably so excessive that it may cause judicial limitation of that right.^[27][28] Because of the settlement, Author's Guild et al. v. Google leaves the fair use dispute unresolved.

In December 2009, science fiction and fantasy author Ursula K. Le Guin announced on her website her resignation from the Authors' Guild over the settlement, claiming the leadership of the Guild had "sold us [its members] down the river" and that the settlement threatened "the whole concept of copyright."^[29]

Anti-trust

Since the settlement agreement covers the previously digitized books and provides a revenue model for future digitization, it "[gives] Google control over the digitizing of virtually all books covered by copyright in the United States."^[30] Since the license agreement is non-exclusive, it does not necessarily tie publishers to Google's service. In a journal article, MIT Professor Jerry A. Hausman and Criterion Economics Chairman J. Gregory Sidak conclude that the service will be unable to exercise market power. Hausman and Sidak believe that Google Book Search should, on net, yield a significant gain in consumer surplus.^[31]

Censorship

Google will be able to create a "content management system" with their scans as a result of the settlement^[32] and will have the power to remove inappropriate books the same way that it is able to remove inappropriate movies from YouTube. Some fear that this could lead to censorship and that there is public interest in protecting the scans from being buried behind Google's ranking system.

Privacy

At the Final Fairness Hearing, privacy advocates such as the EFF and ACLU voiced concerns that Google would keep a record of books accessed through Book Search.^[33] Privacy advocates want Google to provide privacy assurances comparable to those enjoyed by visitors to traditional libraries.^[34][35]

Periodicals

In 2008, Google announced that via partnerships with magazine publishers, content from titles such as New York, Popular Mechanics, and Ebony would be made available via Google Book Search.^[36] Section 1.19 and 1.104 of the Settlement Agreement defined books in a way that specifically excluded periodicals, personal papers, and other materials.^[37] As of April 2013, full issues of periodical titles appear in Google Books as individual books, even though most bibliographic databases, many of which provide data to Google, make clear delineations between books and periodicals. Further, Google displays complete back issues of many titles without providing content contributors to those issues a means to exercise their electronic publishing rights.^[38]

Response to the amended settlement

Before the amended settlement, the Open Book Alliance released a framework for "Settlement 2.0":^[39]

• The settlement must not grant Google an exclusive set of rights (de facto or otherwise) or result in any one entity gaining control over access to and distribution of the world’s largest digital database of books.
• Authors and other rights holders must retain meaningful rights and the ability to determine the use of their works that have been scanned by Google.
• The settlement must result in the creation of a true digital library that grants all researchers and users, commercial and non-commercial, full access that guarantees the ability to innovate on the knowledge it contains.
• All class members must be treated equitably.
• The settlement cannot provide for competition by making others engage in future litigation.
• Congress must retain the exclusive authority granted by the U.S. Constitution to set copyright policy.
• All rights holders impacted by the settlement must have a meaningful ability to receive notice, understand its terms and opt-out.
• The parties that negotiated the settlement must live under the terms to which they seek to bind others, rather than their own separately negotiated arrangements.

After the amended settlement, the Open Book Alliance said, "Fundamentally, this settlement remains a set-piece designed to serve the private commercial interests of Google and its partners...by performing surgical nip and tuck...[they] are attempting to distract people from their continued efforts to establish a monopoly over digital-content access and distribution."

The Open Book Alliance outlined its major concerns:^[40]

• The settlement still allows Google to purchase a monopoly on digital books.
• Authors must still opt out of the agreement even if they have not given their consent to be included in the deal.
• Google’s claims regarding the Unclaimed Works Fiduciary are misleading and simply false.
• Consumer privacy has not been protected or improved.
• Academic libraries and independent researchers are still at the mercy of pricing from Google’s one stop book shop.
• Instead of negotiating with stakeholders, Google cuts them out.

The ruling outlined key areas of contention with the settlement: 1) Adequacy of Class Notice; 2) Adequacy of Class Representation; 3) Scope of Relief Under Rule 23 (relating to forward-looking business arrangements); 4) Copyright Concerns; 5) Antitrust Concerns; 6) Privacy Concerns; and 7) International Law Concerns. Among those described by Judge Chin to be of most concern were the copyright concerns and the scope of relief under rule 23. While Chin states "that most of the Grinnell factors favor approval of the settlement," several over-riding issues favored denying the settlement.^[37]:18 The settlement would have "transfer[ed] to Google certain rights in exchange for future and ongoing arrangements, including the sharing of future proceeds, and it would release Google (and others) from liability for certain future acts," which "exceeds what the Court may permit under Rule 23." Judge Chin suggested that this is a matter best dealt with by Congress, not the courts. Judge Chin also Determined that the settlement exceeded the scope of the claims against Google and "would release claims well beyond those contemplated by the pleadings." In addition, the judge carefully considered the concerns of members of the class who claimed they were not adequately covered by the class. In considering the copyright claims. Chin wrote, "It is incongruous with the purpose of the copyright laws to place the onus on copyright owners to come forward to protect their rights when Google copied their works without first seeking their permission."

See also

• Google and the World Brain

References

Further reading

• Eric M. Fraser (September 2010). "Antitrust and the Google Books Settlement: The Problem of Simultaneity". Stanford Technology Law Review 2010 (4). SSRN 1417722. 
• James Grimmelmann (April 2009). "How to Fix the Google Book Search Settlement". Journal of Internet Law 12 (10).  (CC-BY)
• Amy Goodman (September 29, 2009). "Scanning the Horizon of Books and Libraries". truthdig. 
• Flood, Alison, "Thousands of authors opt out of Google book settlement", The Guardian, February 23, 2010
• Andrés Guadamuz (July 2009). "Google and Book Publishers Settle: Legal and Technical Implications". WIPO Magazine 2009 (4). 
• Patten, Grant, "Demystifying Google: The Book Search Controversy and How to Understand It", University of Toronto, April 4, 2011
• Harvard Law Review (March 2012). "Southern District of New York Rejects Proposed Google Books Settlement Agreement. — Authors Guild v. Google Inc., 770 F. Supp. 2d 666 (S.D.N.Y. 2011)." (PDF). Harvard Law Review 125 (5). 

External links

• "The Google Book Settlement and the Public Interest". C-SPAN. 11 August 2009. Retrieved 26 April 2015. 
• American Society of Journalists and Authors – statement
• Authors Guild v. Google – Settlement Resources Page
• Google Book Search Settlement administrative site
• Google Book Settlement
• National Writers Union Book Division
• The Public Index, a site to study and discuss the proposed Google Book Search settlement.
• Google Book Settlement (Pro and Con)
• Open Content Alliance
• Open Book Alliance
• Federal District Court Filings (Author's Guild vs. Google, 2005–2009)
• Google and the World Brain, BBC4 Storyville broadcast of a documentary on Google Books and the lawsuit