Gilbertus Anglicus

Gilbertus Anglicus (c. 1180 – c. 1250), also known as Gilbert of England, was an English physician of the Medieval period. He is known chiefly for his encyclopedic work the Compendium of Medicine, (Compendium Medicinae,) most probably written between 1230 and 1250. This was an attempt at a comprehensive overview of the best practice in medicine and surgery at the time.

Life

Little is securely known of the detail of the life of Gilbert. Born about 1180, he received his early education in England before leaving for Europe. It is known that he studied at Western Europe's first and foremost school of medicine, the Schola Medica Salernitana at Salerno, Italy, most probably under the famed surgeon, Roger of Parma.[1] He returned to England to serve under Archbishop Hugo Walter, but left England again some time after the archbishop's death in 1205. It is thought that he spent the remainder of his life on the continent, gaining the soubriquet Gilbert the Englishman from his land of origin.

His major work, the Compendium Medicinae, written in Latin, was produced at some time after the year 1230. The work, running to seven books, is an attempt to provide a comprehensive encyclopedia of medical and surgical knowledge as it existed in his day. Gilbert does not claim to be the originator of most of the material in his book. He quotes extensively from Roger of Palma, and acknowledges that his work is indebted to Greek physicians including Galen, Hippocrates and Theophilus Protospatharius, Arab physicians such as Averroes and Avicenna, as well as a number of the Salernitan Masters of Italy.[2] The Compendium covers the full range of medical and significantly also the surgical treatments in use at the time.

Gilbert was one of the most famous European physicians of the period. His fame lasted for centuries after his death. His Compendium was published in print in 1510, and was reprinted again as late as 1608. Gilbert is listed with the great physicians of all time in the verse of Chaucer.

Wel knew he the olde Esculapius
And Deyscorides and eek Rufus,
Olde Ypocras, Haly and Galyen,
Serapion, Razis and Avycen,
Averrois, Damascien and Constantyn,
Bernard and Gatesden and Gilbertyn.

Works

Translations

Gilbertus's Compendium medicinae was translated into Middle English in the early 15th century.[4] The gynecological and obstetrical portions of that translation were soon excerpted and circulated widely as an independent text known in modern scholarship as The Sickness of Women. That text was then modified further in the mid-15th century by the addition of materials from Muscio and other sources on obstetrics; this is known as The Sickness of Women 2.[5] Between them, the two versions of The Sickness of Women were the most widely circulated Middle English texts on women's medicine in the 15th century, even more popular than the several Middle English versions of the Trotula texts.[6]

Notes

  1. ↑ Handerson, S. 12.
  2. ↑ Handerson, S. 54.
  3. ↑ Handerson 35
  4. ↑ Faye Marie Getz, Healing & Society in Medieval England: A Middle English Translation of the Pharmaceutical Writings of Gilbertus Anglicus (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1991); George R. Keiser, "Epilepsy: The Falling Evil," in Popular and Practical Science of Medieval England, ed. Lister M. Matheson, Medieval Texts and Studies 11 (East Lansing, MI, 1994), pp. 219–44; George R. Keiser, Works of Science and Information. The Manual of Writings in Middle English, gen. ed. Albert E. Hartung, Vol. 10 (New Haven, CT, 1998), p. 3834.
  5. ↑ Monica H. Green and Linne R. Mooney, "The Sickness of Women," in Sex, Aging, and Death in a Medieval Medical Compendium: Trinity College Cambridge MS R.14.52, Its Texts, Language, and Scribe, ed. M. Teresa Tavormina, Medieval & Renaissance Texts and Studies, 292, 2 vols. (Tempe, AZ: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 2006), vol. 2, pp. 455-568; and Alicia Rodríguez-Álvarez and Maria Victoria Domínguez-Rodríguez, “A Middle English Text Revised by a Renaissance Reader: John Wotton’s Annotations to British Library MS Sloane 249 (ff. 180v-205v),” International Journal of English Studies 5, no. 2 (2005), 45-70.
  6. ↑ Monica H. Green, Making Women’s Medicine Masculine: The Rise of Male Authority in Pre-Modern Gynaecology (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), pp. 190-91.

Bibliography

References

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